In the field of X-ray spectrometry, high-energy resolution and low-energy detection capability are important requirements. The energy resolution of a detector system depends on the intrinsic resolution of the detector chip and on the electronic noise of the system. The intrinsic resolution of the detector chip is based on statistical fluctuations of the signal conversion mechanism and defines a lower limit of the best achievable energy resolution, which is called the Fano limit. The noise, which is added by the readout electronics, depends on the detector characteristics, consisting of leakage current and output capacitance and on the characteristics of the front-end electronics. In order to improve the energy resolution, the detector capacitance and the stray capacitance connected to the output node should be as small as possible.

Graeme M. Day opened the discussion of the introductory lecture by Sarah L. Price: You have nicely outlined a vision for a crystal structure prediction code and what its capabilities should be. In this, you have not said much about what analysis methods this code should have for understanding a

Solid state X-ray detectors have undergone major improvements and advances in the last 50 years. Such advances include, but are not limited to, improvements in energy resolution, count rate and solid angle. One significant improvement is the development of detectors capable of recording both the position and energy of every X-ray event that hits the detector. Such detectors are known as imaging spectrometers, since they combine the spectroscopic performance of the silicon drift detector with the position resolution of an imaging detector.

Journal Article Advanced 4D STEM Imaging with the pnCCD (S)TEM Camera Get access Martin Hum, Martin Hum PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Simson, Martin Simson PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert Ritz, Robert Ritz PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hao Yang, Hao Yang Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 13 Parks Road, Oxford OX13PH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Nellist, Peter Nellist Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 13 Parks Road, Oxford OX13PH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ryusuke Sagawa, Ryusuke Sagawa JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima Tokyo 196-8558, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yukihito Kondo, Yukihito Kondo JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima Tokyo 196-8558, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Henning Ryll, Henning Ryll PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Lothar Striider Lothar Striider PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, GermanyUniversity of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072 Siegen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 23, Issue S1, 1 July 2017, Pages 58–59, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617000976 Published: 04 August 2017

Scanning electron microscope based X-ray EDS analysis and micro focused X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) analysis typically rely on a focused beam to create X-ray images.The beam is addressed to an array of points on a sample, and a full X-ray spectrum is recorded at each point.An X-ray spectrum is a one dimensional data structure where the intensity (usually measured in arbitrary units known as "counts") is a function of energy.Recording these one dimensional data structures at each point in an array creates a three dimensional data structure known as an X-ray spectrum image (XSI).As a technique, X-ray imaging has proved useful in a wide variety of fields, and it was particularly improved by the invention of the silicon drift detector, which reduced the time required to acquire an XSI by a factor of ten or more [1].

The paper considers a general semi-Markov model for limit order books with two states that incorporates price changes that are not fixed to one tick. Furthermore, we introduce an even more general case of the semi-Markov model for limit order books that incorporates an arbitrary number of states for the price changes. For both cases, the justifications, diffusion limits, implementations and numerical results are presented for different limit order book data: Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Intel on 21 June 2012 and Cisco, Facebook, Intel, Liberty Global, Liberty Interactive, Microsoft, Vodafone from 3 November 2014 to 7 November 2014.

Of the few studies that have examined the effects of romantic relationships on academic performance, most have been concerned with adolescent students. This study analyzes a data set of more than 300 students at a midsized, private University in the northeast United States to determine if participating in a romantic relationship predicts grade point average or course attendance. The results of multivariate analyses indicate that being in a romantic relationship while in college is significantly associated with class absences, but not with grade point average. Specifically, logistic regression models show that participation in a romantic relationship more than doubles the odds of failing to attend three or more class meetings per course in a semester. Practical implications of these findings include the consideration of romantic relationships among the undergraduate student body by university administrators and faculty when attempting to address course attendance concerns. Additionally, this study suggests that future researchers examine the characteristics of romantic relationships and romantic partners in order to more fully understand how such relationships might affect the academic performance of university students.

Journal Article Processing a Five Dimensional X-ray Image: Big Data Challenges and Opportunities Get access Jeffrey M Davis, Jeffrey M Davis PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Huth, Martin Huth PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert Hartman, Robert Hartman PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Lothar Strüder Lothar Strüder PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, GermanyUniversity of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, 57072 Siegen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 23, Issue S1, 1 July 2017, Pages 200–201, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617001684 Published: 04 August 2017

JEOL ARM200-CF in order to investigate different samples with the ptychographic phase reconstruction technique.In conclusion, the pnCCD camera enables new techniques in TEM and STEM.Various fields of application benefit from recording two-dimensional detector images at high speeds.With its direct detection, high readout speed and radiation hardness the pnCCD (S)TEM camera permits the recording of tomographic tilt series and large 4D-STEM data cubes in short times and thus paves the way for new science.

The paper considers a general semi-Markov model for Limit Order Books with two states, which incorporates price changes that are not fixed to one tick. Furthermore, we introduce an even more general case of the semi-Markov model for Limit Order Books that incorporates an arbitrary number of states for the price changes. For both cases the justifications, diffusion limits, implementations and numerical results are presented for different Limit Order Book data: Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Intel on 2012/06/21 and Cisco, Facebook, Intel, Liberty Global, Liberty Interactive, Microsoft, Vodafone from 2014/11/03 to 2014/11/07.

Scanning electron diffraction (SED), performed in a (S)TEM, is a powerful technique combining information in reciprocal space and real space to achieve nanoscale crystal cartography of materials structure. SED involves scanning a focused electron beam across a specimen and recording an electron diffraction pattern at each position to yield a 4D dataset comprising a 2D diffraction pattern at every position in the 2D scan region. Obtaining high quality data depends on fast acquisition, large dynamic range, and accurate recording of the location and intensity of diffraction spots. Here, we present SED measurements using the pnCCD (S)TEM camera taking a Ti‐Fe‐Mo alloy for demonstration. The large number of pixels and high readout speed of this camera enables the recording of high quality diffraction patterns in a short acquisition time. Further, using the various camera operation modes, position and intensity of diffraction spots can be determined precisely. The pnCCD (S)TEM camera provides fast acquisition of 2D camera images using a direct detecting, radiation hard pnCCD with 264x264 pixels [1]. Routinely, the readout speed is 1000 frames per second (fps) and can be further increased by binning and windowing. For example, with the pnCCD (S)TEM camera, a 256x256 STEM dataset ‐‐ where a camera image is recorded at each of the 65 536 probe positions ‐‐ can be recorded in less than 70 s. The camera properties can be changed by modifying the voltages applied to the pnCCD and thus adjusted to the experimental needs [2]. Considering scanning electron diffraction experiments, which are performed at high electron beam intensities, the combination of data recorded in two different camera operation modes allows a comprehensive diffraction pattern analysis with quantitative and spatial information. In the high‐charge‐handling‐capacity (HCHC) mode, up to 16 000 incident electrons per pixel per second can be processed for a primary electron energy of 80 keV and a readout speed of 1000 fps. In the case of higher electron rates where the amount of signal exceeds the charge handling capacity of the affected detector pixels, signal spills over into neighboring pixels. Although diffraction spots broaden, the quantitative information is preserved. In the anti‐blooming (AB) mode, the amount of signal exceeding the charge handling capacity is drained from the detector preventing an overflowing of pixels. Thus, the spatial information is preserved. The data can be analysed in a number of ways [3], most simply by plotting the intensity of a subset of pixels as a function of probe position in flexible post‐experiment schemes to obtain ‘virtual diffraction images’ or to perform differential phase contrast analysis. Results are shown (Figure 1) from a Ti(40 at.%)‐Fe(20 at.%)‐Mo(40 at.%) alloy from which SED data was acquired in an FEI Titan G2 80‐200 ChemiSTEM microscope, operated at 200 keV. A diffraction pattern was recorded for each of the 512x512 probe positions using both HCHC and AB modes of the pnCCD (S)TEM camera at a readout speed of 1000 fps. Each dataset was thus acquired with a total acquisition time of less than 5 minutes per STEM dataset. Virtual diffraction images using the AB‐mode data were then formed to discriminate the two phases existing in an ultra‐fine lamellar microstructure [4] in this Ti‐Fe‐Mo alloy. DNJ, RKL & PAM acknowledge: ERC grant 291522‐3DIMAGE and EU grant 312483‐ESTEEM2.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a widely used method for materials characterization. However, for polymorphs such as Rutile and Anatase, both of which are TiO2, the fluorescence spectra will be nearly identical. Differentiating between these polymorphs requires a second measurement with an X-ray diffractometer. Using two instruments increases the cost of the measurement, and it introduces issues with image registration and sample preparation. Previously, simultaneous XRD-XRF has been done by attaching a silicon drift detector (SDD) to an X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. However, due to the typical geometry and source monochromation of an XRD system, the count rate in the SDD is typically low, making the measurement process slow [1]. Overcoming these limitations requires a detector that is both position sensitive and energy dispersive.

Journal Article Setup and Practical Applications of a pnCCD Based XRF System Get access Jeffrey M Davis*, Jeffrey M Davis* PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Huth, Martin Huth PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sebastian Ihle, Sebastian Ihle PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel Steigenhofer, Daniel Steigenhofer PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Holl, Peter Holl PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gerhard Lutz, Gerhard Lutz PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Udo Weber, Udo Weber PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Adrian Niculae, Adrian Niculae PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Lothar Striider Lothar Striider PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 21, Issue S3, 1 August 2015, Pages 167–168, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615001634 Published: 23 September 2015

Earlier findings suggest that female house mice, Mus musculus, breeding communally care for each other's offspring indiscriminately in a communal nest. The ultimate explanation for this apparently altruistic behaviour is still not well understood. Communal breeding creates a situation in which deceptive behaviour may be an alternative tactic, possibly coexisting with genuine altruism. To investigate this phenomenon we studied caring behaviour and infanticide as two opposite facets of communal breeding in triplets of unrelated females, and developed a dynamic model to help interpret our results. Of the 142 litters observed, in 30 all pups were killed by adult females and in 37 only some of the litter survived infanticide. Our empirical results are in concordance with our model's prediction and show that asynchrony in reproduction has a strong nonlinear effect on reproductive success: pups of litters born in the middle of the caring period of any female in the group had the lowest expected survival probability. Females that partly or totally lost their litter tended to spend less time caring for pups that were not their own, but they still contributed considerably to the common care. These findings suggest that infanticide is an effective strategy to exploit nestmates. As house mice are unable to discriminate between similarly aged young pups, synchronous breeding (e.g. by oestrus synchronization) may be an effective counterstrategy against infanticidal conspecifics.

Journal Article Characterization and Comparison of Detector Systems for Large Area X-ray Imaging Get access Jeffrey M Davis, Jeffrey M Davis PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Julia Schmidt, Julia Schmidt PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Martin Huth, Martin Huth PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sebastian Ihle, Sebastian Ihle PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel Steigenhofer, Daniel Steigenhofer PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Peter Holl, Peter Holl PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gerhard Lutz, Gerhard Lutz PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Udo Weber, Udo Weber PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Adrian Niculae, Adrian Niculae PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heike Soltau, Heike Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Lothar Struder Lothar Struder PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 21, Issue S3, 1 August 2015, Pages 1637–1638, https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761500896X Published: 23 September 2015

Dynamic processes that can, in principle, be observed in TEM imaging can be too fast to be resolved with conventional cameras which are typically running below 40 frames per second (fps). The pnCCD (S)TEM camera is routinely running at 1000 fps in full frame mode [1]. This camera uses a direct detecting, radiation hard pnCCD with 264x264 pixels and features binning and windowing modes which substantially increase the frame rate. For example, 4-fold binning in one direction, i.e. 66x264 pixels, yields a readout speed of 4000 fps. In windowing modes up to 20000 fps are possible.

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pnCCDs are a special type of charge coupled device (CCD) which were originally developed for applications in X-ray astronomy. At X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFEL) pnCCDs are used as imaging X-ray spectrometers due to their outstanding characteristics like high readout speed, high and homogenous quantum efficiency, low readout noise, radiation hardness and a high pixel charge handling capacity. With pnCCDs it is possible to separate one photon from no photon and two photons as well as being able to measure up to up to 104 photons per pixel per frame. However, extremely high photon intensities can result in pixel saturation and charge spilling into neighboring pixels. Because of this charge blooming effect, spatial information is reduced. Due to the deep understanding of the internal potential distribution we can enhance the pixel full well capacity even more and improve the quality of the image. This paper describes the influence of the operation voltages and space charge distribution of the pnCCD on the electric potential profile by using 2D numerical device simulations. Experimental results with signal injection from an optical laser confirm the simulation models.