In gravity separators, also known as settlers, two immiscible liquid phases separate due to differences in density. In extraction mixer-settler units, a dispersion needs to be separated within the separator unit. In order to overcome the hitherto purely experimental design, a knitted mesh adapted model as well as an automated test facility were developed in this work, which easily enable a scale-up to industrial units. An automation allows for a controlled investigation of knitted meshes as coalescing aids in settlers, and this was achieved via photo-optical probes with an optimized image analysis technique. It overcomes the limitations of neuronal network training based on manually annotating images using computer-generated image data. Therefore, the new methodology and setup are explained in detail, and the derivation and application of a new model to design separators with knitted meshes as coalescing aid is presented and compared to experimental results using meshes of different structures and materials. Finally, case studies and scale-up are discussed.

The digitization of extraction columns requires a profound knowledge of the present hydrodynamics/mass transport interaction as well as appropriate measurement techniques for the detection of relevant input and target values. In this article, the different techniques for droplet size distribution as well as concentration determination are presented and new methods for online evaluation are discussed. In combination with the simulation of droplet size, holdup and solute concentration distribution, an online-capable process tool for controlling and optimizing extraction columns will be obtained.

The efficiency of many chemical engineering applications depends on the surface/volume ratio of the dispersed phase. Knowledge of this particle size distribution is a key factor for better process control. The challenge of measurements acquired by optical imaging techniques is the segmentation of overlapping particles, especially in high phase fraction flows. In this work, a convolutional neural network is trained to segment droplets in images acquired by a shadowgraphic approach. The network is trained on artificial images and implemented into a droplet size algorithm. The results are compared to an OpenSource segmentation approach.

The complex interactions between the turbulent flow field, bubble size distribution, mass transfer and chemical reactions make the design of bubble column reactors a challenging task. Especially at broad bubble size distributions the commonly used QMOM is not able to track the different velocities of small and large bubbles, while the classes methods are limited due to a high computational load. In this work, we extended our CFD-Sectional QMOM (SQMOM) (Drumm et al., 2008) to model and simulate bubbly gas flow in a rectangular column. For this purpose, we established a setup to measure, in 18 different zones of a rectangular bubble column, the bubble size distribution, the bubble velocity and bubble orientation. The coalescence and breakage model parameters are extracted in a parameter study using the software Dakota for a single case. A satisfactory agreement between local values of three experimentally investigated flow rates and simulations are found without further adjustment of the parameters. This work enables therefore a characterization of heterogeneous bubbly regimes including breakage and coalescence as found in industrial reactive bubble columns.

In recent years, population balance models coupled to computational fluid dynamics have been used as a tool to model bubbly flows. In this work, we established a setup to measure the local size distribution, the velocity and orientation of bubbles in different zones of a bubble column. As a population balance model, we used the sectional quadrature method of moments for the first time in OpenFOAM to simulate the local change in the bubble size distribution and compared its results to the quadrature method of moments as well as to the experimental results. A satisfactory agreement between local experimental values of three investigated flow rates and simulations were found and enables the characterization of heterogeneous bubbly regimes as found in industrial reactive bubble columns.

This paper presents the design of a bond wire antenna suitable for integration with high-speeds MMIC processes. The basic antenna consists of a λ 0 /4 long bond wire attached to the center conductor of a radio frequency contact pad. To enhance the radiation gain in the desired direction a reflector, realized by four additional bond wires, was added at a distance of λ 0 /4. A very good agreement between simulation and measurement was achieved. Efficient radiation in the frequency range 220 to 300 GHz with a maximum gain of 10.1 dBi at 260 GHz was verified by measurements. The measured half power beamwidth at the center frequency of 260 GHz is 15° and 84° in E-plane and H-plane, respectively. The simulations show a maximum efficiency of 88% at 240 GHz and above 65% over the full frequency range.

The investigation of transient reactive bubbly flow simulation data offers a variety of data mining challenges due to the interaction of mass transfer, hydrodynamic and local concentration. Modern visualization techniques for Euler-Euler based multiphase simulations are used to study the hydrodynamic in fluence on the reactive mass transfer in a cylindrical bubble column at transient conditions, as it is given during start up of the column. We apply a recently new bubble sampling approach to study the bubble dynamics. The approach is able to conserve the number of bubbles, volume of bubbles and shape of bubbles, while an overlapping of bubbles is avoided. The performed streamline investigations of the continuous phase allow for an investigation of the transient movement of the continuous phase at column start up condition. Especially at different volumetric flow rates, the lambda2 criterion is an appropriate tool to identify mixing effects. With the use of ensemble visualization, different transient cases can be compared. For the investigated bubble sizes, it could be shown that the main difference in contact of bubbles with liquid elements is close to the inlet.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 90, Issue 9 p. 1320-1321 PosterFree Access Einsatz von Gestricken in Flüssig/flüssig-Schwerkraftabscheidern J. Schäfer, Corresponding Author J. Schäfer jan.schaefer@mv.uni-kl.de Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandCorrespondence: J. Schäfer (jan.schaefer@mv.uni-kl.de), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandSearch for more papers by this authorH.-J. Bart, H.-J. Bart Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandSearch for more papers by this author J. Schäfer, Corresponding Author J. Schäfer jan.schaefer@mv.uni-kl.de Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandCorrespondence: J. Schäfer (jan.schaefer@mv.uni-kl.de), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandSearch for more papers by this authorH.-J. Bart, H.-J. Bart Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, DeutschlandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 August 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855407AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume90, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 33. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2018September 2018Pages 1320-1321 RelatedInformation

With Eulerian Method of Moment (MoM) solvers for the CFD simulation of multi-phase fluid flow, the positions of bubbles or droplets are not modeled explicitly, but through scalar fields of moments. These fields can be interpreted as probability density functions describing the distribution of bubble locations. To enable intuitive visualization that allows direct visual comparisons between simulation and physical experiment, explicit instances of the bubble distribution are required. In this work, we examine one sampling-based method for obtaining sets of bubble positions from density fields. Based on an example dataset, we study the influence of the main parameter, the kernel size, on the resulting bubble set. We identify a tradeoff between numerical accuracy and temporal continuity for the visualization.

The Euler-Euler multiphase approach multiphaseEulerFoam is extended by implementation of several population balance models to describe the variation of the dispersed phase bubble size. The different models are compared with each other and with experimental data. A new approach is developed, which allows, in addition to the representation of the bubble size, an accurate visualization of the bubble shape based on the Eotvos and Reynolds number as well as position probability and number of bubbles and therefore simplifies the comparison between simulation and experiment.

Recent years have seen an increase in research activities and commercialization attempts targeting AAL platforms. One such platform, presented in this paper, was created within the WieDAS project, a research cooperation of two academic and several industrial partners. The main goals of the project cover ease of integration of various diverse home automation technologies, use of a semantic model base and technical feasibility for apartment-sized deployments achieved by keeping requirements modest with regard to hardware and infrastructure demands and implementation efforts. The WieDAS core architecture proved to be flexible enough to support a wide range of existing device technologies. AAL application scenarios and system reactions are realized using sets of rules defined in relation to the semantic model elements, resulting in a responsive run-time behavior that can be easily adapted to new scenarios. Based on the WieDAS architecture, two locations of living environments were set up and tested by the targeted middle-aged to senior groups of tenants. Tests were prepared, conducted and evaluated by social scientists. In addition to scientific results, the evaluation provided valuable feedback for the commercial partners.

Future personal living environments feature an increasing number of convenience-, health- and security-related applications provided by distributed services, which do not only support users but require tasks such as installation, configuration and continuous administration. These tasks are becoming tiresome, complex and error-prone. One way to escape this situation is to enable service platforms to configure and manage themselves. The approach presented here extends services with semantic descriptions to enable platform-independent autonomous service level management using model driven architecture and autonomic computing concepts. It has been implemented as a OSGi-based semantic autonomic manager, whose concept, prototypical implementation and evaluation are presented.

The box model is a lightweight component model for the object-oriented paradigm, which structures the flat object-heap into hierarchical runtime components called boxes. Boxes have clear runtime boundaries that divide the objects of a box into objects that can be used to interact with the box (the boundary objects) and objects that are encapsulated and represent the state of the box (the local objects). The distinction into local and boundary objects is statically achieved by an ownership type system for boxes that uses domain annotations to classify objects into local and boundary objects and that guarantees that local objects can never be directly accessed by the context of a box. A trait is a set of methods divorced from any class hierarchy. Traits are units of fine-grained reuse that can be composed together to form classes or other traits. This paper integrates traits into an ownership type system for boxes. This combination is fruitful in two ways: it can statically guarantee encapsulation of objects and still provide fine-grained reuse among classes that goes beyond the possibilities of standard inheritance. It also solves a specific problem of the box ownership type system: namely that box classes cannot inherit from standard classes (and vice versa), and thus code sharing between these two kinds of classes was not possible in this setting so far. We present an ownership type system and the corresponding soundness proofs that guarantee encapsulation of objects in an object-oriented language with traits.

In distributed object-oriented systems, objects belong to different locations. For example, in Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), objects can be distributed over different Java virtual machines. Accessing a reference in RMI has crucially different semantics depending on whether the referred object is local or remote. Nevertheless, such references are not statically distinguished by the Java type system. This chapter presents location types, which statically distinguish far from near references. We present a formal type system for a minimal core language and develop a type inference system that gives maximally precise solutions satisfying further desirable properties. We prove soundness of the type system as well as soundness and correctness of the inference system. We have implemented location types as a pluggable type system for the ABS language, an object-oriented language with a concurrency and distribution model based on concurrent object groups. To facilitate programming with location types, we provide a tight integration of the type and inference system with an Eclipse-based integrated development environment (IDE) that presents inference results as overlays to the source code. The IDE drastically reduces the annotation overhead while providing full static type information to the programmer.

Event processing plays a significant role in the current development of intelligent living environments. It ranges from processing of information produced by a magnitude of sensors to gain insight into the activities of the inhabitants on a more global scale, to the processing of immediate and rather short-lived events of user input on and around interactive systems embedded in common household furniture like tabletops or tablets. Based on the work conducted separately in those two fields, we found that the still evolving field of complex event processing (CEP) provides the methods and tools to handle those distinct use-cases equally. Especially the application to interactive systems, while being novel and uncommon, is well suited and further shows the broad applicability of CEP. The comparison of the two application fields shows that, even though the events occurring in them are distinguished by their intention, commonalities do exist and provide integration points. Furthermore, the integration of those applications within the context of smart homes allows to provide demand-oriented resource management, which realizes self adaptation and control.

A highly integrated W-Band Vivaldi antenna for radar systems in LTCC is presented. The antenna properties are optimized for high accuracy CW radar short distance measurements by the housing design. The presented technique allows to reduce the phase error resulting by multipath reflections and a non-linear phase front in the near field by decreasing the beamwidth using a tapered horn around the planar Vivaldi antenna. The paper describes the phase error sources and the influence of the metallic horn around the antenna. The electrical field propagation is explained and the limitations of the optimization because of higher propagating modes in the housing are determined. All results are verified by measurements.

Modern software systems must support a high degree of variability to accommodate a wide range of requirements and operating conditions. This paper introduces the Abstract Behavioural Specification (ABS) language and tool suite, a comprehensive platform for developing and analysing highly adaptable distributed concurrent software systems. The ABS language has a hybrid functional and object- oriented core, and comes with extensions that support the development of systems that are adaptable to diversified requirements, yet capable to maintain a high level of trustworthiness. Using ABS, system variability is consistently traceable from the level of requirements engineering down to object behaviour. This facilitates temporal evolution, as changes to the required set of features of a system are automatically reflected by functional adaptation of the system's behaviour. The analysis capabilities of ABS stretch from debugging, observing and simulating to resource analysis of ABS models and help ensure that a system will remain dependable throughout its evolutionary lifetime. We report on the experience of using the ABS language and the ABS tool suite in an industrial case study.

The importance of context-awareness is constantly increasing. Users want systems to react dynamically to their current context (e.g. their location). For emerging home service platforms, this represents a key element, as it allows systems to increase the users’ comfort tremendously by acting on sensed and deducted situations. As such systems feature a lot of dynamic interaction between services, it has to be ensured that service selections and bindings simply work. This paper proposes an approach for QoS-based testing and selection of semantic services, which employs a service tester that uses genetic algorithms to check and monitor QoS properties. These properties are used to complete the semantic descriptions of services running on the platform, which are managed by a semantic service registry.