Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of brain cancer known for its rapid progression and treatment resistance, presenting significant challenges for effective management. This article examines the promising potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a groundbreaking platform for both the treatment and diagnosis of this formidable disease. MSNs boast several advantageous properties, including a large surface area, customizable pore sizes, and excellent biocompatibility. These characteristics enable efficient encapsulation of therapeutic agents, controlled release, and targeted delivery directly to GBM cells. One of the key advantages of MSNs is their ability to be functionalized with specific targeting ligands, which enhances their specificity toward tumor cells, facilitates navigation through the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and helps address the issues of tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. When integrated with multimodal therapies, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and photodynamic therapy, MSNs can create synergistic effects that improve therapeutic outcomes while reducing adverse off-target effects. Additionally, MSNs are poised to enhance diagnostic capabilities, improving imaging techniques for the accurate detection and monitoring of GBM. This review consolidates recent advancements in MSN-based approaches, emphasizing their therapeutic and diagnostic potential while also discussing toxicity concerns and outlining future pathways for clinical application to ultimately enhance patient outcomes.

ABSTRACT Cancer chemotherapy remains plagued by poor drug solubility, non‐specific biodistribution, dose‐limiting toxicity, and multidrug resistance. Lipid‐based nanocarriers have emerged as promising solutions, and cubosomes nanoscale dispersions of bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phases offer unique advantages for anticancer drug delivery. This review comprehensively examines cubosomes as advanced platforms for cancer therapy, focusing on their structural characteristics, formulation strategies, and translational potential. The bicontinuous cubic architecture provides distinct hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic domains within a single nanoparticle, enabling unprecedented versatility in drug loading and combination therapy. We discuss composition of cubosomes (stabilizers), preparation methods (top‐down vs. bottom‐up), and characterization techniques (DLS, cryo‐TEM, SAXS). Mechanisms governing drug localization, encapsulation, and diffusion‐controlled release are elucidated, followed by a critical evaluation of applications including conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted delivery, nucleic acid therapeutics, and emerging theranostic platforms. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, significant challenges remain formulation stability, scalable manufacturing under cGMP, comprehensive safety evaluation, and navigation of evolving regulatory pathways for nanomedicines. No cubosome‐based anticancer therapy has yet received clinical approval. Addressing these hurdles through improved formulation strategies, quality‐by‐design approaches, and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential for translation. Cubosomes represent a versatile, promising platform whose future success depends on sustained research efforts bridging laboratory innovation and clinical reality.

Background: Ticagrelor (TICA) and Aspirin (ASP) are widely prevalent antiplatelet drugs. With growing focus on sustainable operations, there is a necessity for green and strong analytical procedures for their simultaneous estimation. Objective: To design and validate a green, QbD-based RP-HPLC technique for simultaneous estimation of TICA and ASP in drug products. Methods: A 3-factor factorial design based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized important parameters: organic solvent composition, flow rate, and column temperature. The optimized mobile phase was acetonitrile and 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid (49:51, v/v) and detection at 225 nm. Validation was done according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines. Green evaluation employed ComplexGAPI, AGREE, and Analytical Eco-Scale. Results: The procedure demonstrated good linearity (TICA: 18–135 μg/mL; ASP: 15–112.5 μg/mL; R² > 0.999), high precision ( %RSD <1.5), and robustness. Green metrics were good (AGREE: 0.79; Eco-Scale: 88). Conclusion: A green, precise, and robust RP-HPLC method was established for the simultaneous estimation of TICA and ASP. Combination of AQbD and green tools lends support to its application in routine quality control with minimal environmental impact.

Background: Ascorbic acid and gallic acid are known for immune-boosting and antioxidant properties. Objectives: To develop a straightforward, sensitive, validated, and economical reverse phase liquid chromatographic technique for the simultaneous measurement of ascorbic and gallic acid in granule formulation and natural extracts (Amla and Chyavanprash). These compounds are essential for their therapeutic benefits. Materials and Methods: Ascorbic and Gallic acid were separated from the complex mixture of various polyphenols present in natural extract. At 30 degrees C, these two compounds were separated using a Thermo C18 analytical column with an isocratic program consisting of two solvents-A & B. The ratios of Solvent- A (0.3% orthophosphoric acid in HPLC grade water) and Solvent-B (80% acetonitrile in HPLC grade water) were 85:15 v/v, and the flow rate is 0.5 mL/min. using a UV-PDA detector at a single wavelength of 250 nm. Results: In accordance with ICH guidelines, the developed method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, Limit of Detection (LOD), & Limit of Quantification (LOQ). The granule formulation has 0.261% gallic acid and 0.079% ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid and gallic acid in natural extracts and granule samples were successfully quantified and validated using the RP-HPLC method. The method proved it's simple, precise, sensitive, rapid and robust.

Background: cerebral ischemia still represents one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. A prompt treatment using strong neuroprotective medications is one potential method of pharmacological therapy for brain ischemic stroke patients. Thyroid hormone (T3) has been demonstrated to protect against ischemic damage. Despite the fact that thyroid hormone may pass across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Objective: we hypothesized that the effectiveness of thyroid hormone in ischemic brain stroke can be improved by encapsulation in nanoparticulate delivery vehicles. Methods: We tested our hypothesis by generating thyroid hormone encapsulated in nanoparticles or brain-targeted nanoparticles using biodegradable polymers by utilizing an environment-friendly Supercritical Assisted Atomization (SAA) process as an alternative to a thyroid hormone solution in the setting of the MCAO stroke model. The biggest benefit of our proposed exploit of thyroid hormones in ischemic stroke is the fact that this strategy uses the body’s endogenous hormones at sub-toxic levels to afford significant improvement in a life-endangering situation. According to our preliminary studied considerations, some tests were performed setting the saturator operating conditions in a pressure range between 5 and 15MPa and a temperature range between 70 and 90oC. Results: The best results in terms of stability of the process and morphology of thyroid hormone nanoparticles were observed operating at 10MPa and 80oC. Our preliminary investigations also show that treatment with T3 significantly decreased infarct area (~36%) and analysis of hemispheric areas for edema formation showed that the edema formation induced by transient-MCAO was reduced by ~60% upon T3 treatment. Conclusion: Thus, innovation in our proposal lies in our hypothesis, and our novel approaches directed at tackling edema in stroke.

Cancer cells require energy to carry out essential tasks, grow, and survive, like all other body cells. The pathophysiological process of cancer is a complex one. The cytotoxicity, lack of selectivity, generation of multidrug resistance, and proliferation of stem-like cells are some of the issues facing current chemotherapy. To this end, nanoconstructs with unique inherent properties, including optical, magnetic, and electrical, with a desired nano range (<100 nm), have shown remarkable applications. There are numerous significant categories into which nanomaterials employed in cancer therapy can be divided. These nanomaterials, which target the immune system, tumour microenvironment, and cancer cells, have been modified for various cancer therapies to improve drug capacity and bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and improve specificity. The distinct bioactivities of inorganic metallic NPs include silver (Ag), gold (Au), cerium (Ce), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt) and zinc (Zn), giving them a prominent position among other NPs. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), particularly, have garnered attention due to their unique pharmacological properties. As an essential trace element, Se forms the active site in selenoproteins like selenocysteine (Sec), which regulates the physiological redox balance through its oxidoreductase activity. SeNPs have emerged as promising therapeutic agents in recent decades due to their reduced toxicity compared to Se, which has a narrow therapeutic window. SeNPs also exhibit synergistic effects with the therapeutic cargo, enhancing the anticancer activity. In this review, we have discussed the pharmacological effects of SeNPs, their pharmacological protective role against inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated conditions, and the latest advances in their synthesis and functionalization, utilized in cancer medication delivery systems, targeted drug delivery systems and gene delivery systems. In addition, we present an update on the most recent reported preclinical research involving the utilization of SeNPs in cancer treatment.

The immune system and cancer cells interact intricately during the growth of tumors, and the dynamic interplay between immune activation and suppression greatly influences the cancer outcome. Natural killer cells (NK), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Dendritic cells (DC), employ diverse mechanisms, to combat cancer. However, the challenges posed by factors such as chronic inflammation and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) often hinder immune cells' ability to detect and eliminate tumors accurately. Immunotherapy offers a promising approach, reprogramming the immune system to target and eliminating cancer cells while minimizing side effects, enhancing immune memory, and lowering the risk of metastasis and relapse compared to traditional treatments like radiation and surgery. Nanotechnology presents a potential solution by enabling safer, more efficient drug delivery through nanoparticles. These nanoengineered drugs can be tailored for controlled activation and release. Improving TME characters holds potential for enhancing personalized immunotherapy and addressing T cell availability issues within tumor sites, particularly when combined with existing therapies. This review discusses TMEs and the strategies to overcome immunosuppression in TME, and various immune cell-based strategies to improve antitumor response. It also focuses on the strategies for constructing microenvironment responsive nanoplatforms based upon the factors present at higher levels in TME like acidic pH, hypoxia facilitated by poor oxygen supply, higher expression of certain enzymes, and other factors such light, ultrasound and magnetic field. Combination immune therapies combined with immunotherapy include photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy and radiotherapy, revealing a high level of anticancer activity in comparison to a single therapy, enhancing immunogenicity, promoting therapeutic efficacy, and lowering metastasis. In conclusion, cancer immunotherapy is a potential technique to combat cancer cells and boost the immune system, hindering their growth and recurrence. In order to prevent cancer, it helps the immune system target cancer cells selectively and strengthens its long-term memory. Clinical trials are extending the application of immunotherapy and identifying strategies to improve the immune system tumor-fighting capabilities. Immunotherapy has enormous promise and gives hope for more successful cancer treatment.

Ferroptosis is a novel type of controlled cell death resulting from an imbalance between oxidative harm and protective mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential in combating cancer. It differs from other forms of cell death, such as apoptosis and necrosis. Molecular therapeutics have hard time playing the long-acting role of ferroptosis induction due to their limited water solubility, low cell targeting capacity, and quick metabolism in vivo. To this end, small molecule inducers based on biological factors have long been used as strategy to induce cell death. Research into ferroptosis and advancements in nanotechnology have led to the discovery that nanomaterials are superior to biological medications in triggering ferroptosis. Nanomaterials derived from iron can enhance ferroptosis induction by directly releasing large quantities of iron and increasing cell ROS levels. Moreover, utilizing nanomaterials to promote programmed cell death minimizes the probability of unfavorable effects induced by mutations in cancer-associated genes such as RAS and TP53. Taken together, this review summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in ferroptosis along with the classification of ferroptosis induction. It also emphasized the importance of cell organelles in the control of ferroptosis in cancer therapy. The nanomaterials that trigger ferroptosis are categorized and explained. Iron-based and noniron-based nanomaterials with their characterization at the molecular and cellular levels have been explored, which will be useful for inducing ferroptosis that leads to reduced tumor growth. Within this framework, we offer a synopsis, which traverses the well-established mechanism of ferroptosis and offers practical suggestions for the design and therapeutic use of nanomaterials.

Eco-friendly biodegradable polymers are a potential carrier material for specific drug delivery because of their nontoxic and biocompatible nature. In recent research, the development of nanoparticles based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) polyesters and their copolymers with glycolic acid (PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) has increased. Besides that, there are several ecofriendly biodegradable polymers of natural origin from the proteins category such as gelatin, collagen, and silk, and from the polysaccharides category such as hyaluronic acid, alginates, agarose, and chitosan. In this chapter, the utilization of eco-friendly biodegradable polymers and their nanotechnology-based drug delivery applications have been discussed. Advanced treatment of diseases with the use of ecofriendly biodegradable polymers requires carriers that can deliver their payload in a highly site-specific way to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations in affected tissues.