Objective: To evaluate the chemical content [crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF)] and in vitro fermentative characteristics [biogas and CH4 cumulative production, metabolisable energy (ME), degradations: dry matter (DMD) and NDF (NDFD)] of three supplements based on waste mango meal (DMH) and parota pod (HVP), and to simulate their implementation in laboratory grazing. Design/methodology/approach: The supplements: S1= 40% HMD + 60% HVP, S1= 60% HMD + 40% HVP, and S1= 80% HMD + 20% HVP; the treatments to simulate grazing: T1= 70% cobra grass (PCo) + 30% S1, T2= 70% PCo + 30% S2, and T3= 70% PCo + 30% S3. Results: S3 had lower DMD, NDFD and ME (p<0.05). T1 presented higher CP, DMD, NDFD and ME, T3 showed lower NDF (p<0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The study was conducted at the laboratory level, so there are climatological and physiological issues of ruminants that were not considered in the present study. Findings/conclusions: S1 improved the fermentative characteristics of cobra grass when grazing was simulated at laboratory level.

Introduction. The isolation and manipulation of rumen cellulolytic bacterial consortia (CBC) enhance fiber degradation under in vitro conditions. Objective. To obtain CBC from different substrates and simulate ruminal microbiota (RM) manipulation through in vitro gas production test. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from January to June 2024 at the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, Mexico. CBC were obtained from rumen fluid using selective culture media with three distinct substrates: ground sawdust (CBCa), Mulatto grass stalk (CBCt), and ground Mulatto grass (CBCm). Two in vitro assays were performed: a) evaluation of the CBC obtained, and b) addition of the CBC to RM. Both assays measured partial biogas production at intervals 0 to 24 h, 24 to 48 h, and 48 to 72 h, and cumulative production. Dry matter degradation (DMD) and cellulolytic enzyme activity (CEA) were assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h. Variables were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Results. In trial 1, CBCa demonstrated superior cumulative biogas production (p < 0.05); DMD at 24 and 72 h was higher for CBCa (p < 0.05); DMD at 48 h and CEA showed no significant differences among CBC (p > 0.05). In trial 2, the addition of CBC to RM did not significantly alter partial biogas production, DMD at 24, 48, and 72 h, nor CEA at 24 and 48 h (p > 0.05). However, the addition of CBCm increased 13.8 and 36.3 % the cumulative biogas production and CEA at 72 h, respectively. Conclusion. CBC obtained from Mulatto grass demonstrated potential for RM manipulation under the specific in vitro conditions of this study.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de aceite (2 y 4%) y semilla de girasol (18%) sobre la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DISMS), la fibra detergente neutro (DISFDN), la fibra detergente ácida (DISFDA) y el pH ruminal en ovinos. Se utilizó un diseño en cuadro latino 4 × 4 repetido, empleando cuatro borregos machos canulados (60 ± 3 kg PV). Los datos se analizaron mediante el procedimiento GLM de SAS y la comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). La DISMS no presentó diferencias entre tratamientos durante las primeras 48 h de incubación; sin embargo, a las 72 h, la dieta con 4% de aceite de girasol (T4) mostró la mayor degradabilidad (p < 0.05). La DISFDN fue superior (p < 0.05) con la inclusión del 4% de aceite (T4), con incrementos de hasta 36.5% respecto al testigo. En contraste, la DISFDA fue menor (p < 0.05) con la dieta que incluyó semilla de girasol (T2) durante toda la prueba. El pH ruminal se mantuvo dentro de rangos fisiológicos y no mostró diferencias entre tratamientos ni tiempos (p > 0.05). En conclusión, tanto la semilla como el aceite de girasol modificaron la degradación de los componentes fibrosos, destacando el aceite al 4% como la opción más eficiente para mejorar la digestibilidad sin comprometer la estabilidad del ambiente ruminal.

Los frutos de especies arbóreas del trópico seco como el Guásimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) y el Cubato (Acacia cochliacantha) representan alternativas locales para la suplementación de rumiantes. El objetivo fue evaluar la producción y composición del biogás in vitro y la digestibilidad in situ de estos frutos. Se incubaron muestras deshidratadas de ambos frutos en biodigestores para medir la producción de biogás por 72 h de incubación en un sistema cerrado. La digestibilidad in situ fue fermentando bolsas de poli-seda en el rumen de dos vacas fistuladas por 72 h y con esos valores se estimó la cinética. El diseño experimental fue un completamente al azar. Los resultados mostraron que la producción y composición de biogás no presentaron diferencias entre frutos (P > 0.05); sin embargo, Guásimo presentó mayor digestibilidad in situ en los tiempos medidos (P ≤ 0.05), fracción rápida digestibilidad y velocidad a la que la fracción potencialmente digestible. Se concluye, el Guásimo mostró mejor aprovechamiento ruminal, por lo que puede considerarse una opción eficiente como suplemento forrajero en regiones tropicales.

El objetivo fue evaluar las características fermentativas in vitro de dietas integrales para becerros con niveles crecientes de vaina de algarrobo (Samanea saman). Los tratamientos fueron 0 (VA0), 10 (VA10), 20 (VA20) y 30% (VA30) de inclusión de vaina. Las variables que se evaluaron son producción de biogás y metano, fracciones fermentables, degradación de materia seca (DMS) y energía metabolizable (EM). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. La respuesta al aumento del contenido de vaina de algarrobo en los tratamientos se calculó mediante contrastes ortogonales lineales y cuadráticos. Los resultados indicaron que VA10 no afectó negativamente la fermentación, mientras que VA20 y VA30 redujeron la producción acumulada de biogás y metano (p<0.05). La fracción media de fermentación mostró una disminución lineal con el aumento del nivel de vaina (p<0.05), sin afectar el resto de las fracciones (p>0.05) la fracción rápida y lenta, así como DMS y EM. En conclusión, la vaina de algarrobo puede considerarse como ingrediente alternativo en dietas tropicales para becerros, recomendando no exceder 10% de inclusión.

The fruits of dry tropical tree species such as Guasimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) and Cubato (Acacia cochliacantha) represent local alternatives for ruminant supplementation. The objective was to evaluate the production and composition of biogas in vitro and the in situ digestibility of these fruits. Dehydrated samples of both fruits were incubated in biodigesters to measure biogas production for 72 h of incubation in a closed system. In situ digestibility was by fermenting poly-silk bags in the rumen of two fistulated cows for 72 h and with these values the kinetics were estimated. The experimental design was completely randomized. The results showed that the production and composition of biogas did not present differences between fruits (P > 0.05); however, Guasimo presented higher in situ digestibility in the measured times (P <= 0.05), fast digestibility fraction and speed at which the potentially digestible fraction. In conclusion, Guasimo showed better rumen utilization, so it can be considered an efficient option as a forage supplement in tropical regions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including sunflower oil (2 and 4%) and whole sunflower seed (18%) on the in-situ degradability of dry matter (ISDMD), neutral detergent fiber (ISNDFD), acid detergent fiber (ISADFD), and ruminal pH in sheep. A repeated 4 x 4 Latin square design was used, involving four rumen-cannulated male sheep (60 +/- 3 kg BW). Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS, and treatment means were compared with Tukey's test (p <= 0.05). No significant differences in ISDMD were observed among treatments during the first 48 h of incubation; however, at 72 h, the diet containing 4% sunflower oil (T4) showed the highest degradability (p < 0.05). The ISNDFD was significantly higher (p <0.05) with the inclusion of 4% oil (T4), with increases of up to 36.5% compared to the control. In contrast, ISADFD was lower (p <0.05) in the diet containing sunflower seed (T2) throughout the evaluation period. Ruminal pH remained within physiological ranges and did not differ among treatments or incubation times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both sunflower seed and oil modified the degradation of fibrous components, with the 4% oil inclusion emerging as the most efficient strategy to enhance digestibility without compromising ruminal stability.

Introducción. El aislamiento y manipulación de consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos ruminales (CBC) mejoran la degradación de fibra en condiciones in vitro. Objetivo. Obtener CBC a partir de diferentes sustratos y simular la manipulación de la microbiota ruminal (MR) mediante una prueba de producción de gas in vitro. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo de enero a junio de 2024 en la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, México. Los CBC se obtuvieron de fluido ruminal en medios de cultivo selectivos usando aserrín molido (CBCa), tallo de pasto Mulato (CBCt) y pasto Mulato molido (CBCm) como sustrato. Se hicieron dos ensayos in vitro: a) Evaluación de CBC obtenidos y, b) Adición de los CBC a MR. En ambos se midió producción parcial de biogás de 0 a 24 h, 24 a 48 h y 48 a 72 h, así como la producción acumulada. La degradación de materia seca (DMS) y actividad enzimática celulolítica (AEC) se midió a 24, 48 y 72 h. Las variables se analizaron en un diseño completamente al azar. Resultados. En el ensayo 1, el CBCa produjo mayor biogás acumulado (p<0,05); la DMS a 24 y 72 h fue mayor para los CBCa (p<0,05); la DMS a 48 h y AEC no mostraron diferencias entre CBC (p>0,05). En el ensayo 2 mostraron que la adición de los CBC a la MR no modificó la producción parcial de biogás, la DMS a 24, 48 y 72 h, ni la AEC a 24 y 48 h (p>0,05); pero la adición del CBCm aumentó 13,8 y 36,3 % la producción acumulada de biogás y AEC a 72 h. Conclusión. Los CBC obtenidos del pasto mulato permiten manipular la MR tras una simulación in vitro en las condiciones específicas del presente estudio.

The protocols of the in vitro gas production technique are intended to be standardized when evaluating tree species for feeding ruminants. The objective was to determine the effect of sample arrangement in the biodigester, as well as to characterize in vitro mature and immature leaves and fruits of Genipa americana. In a vial, the sample was placed directly or in a poly-silk bag; 40 mL of anaerobic culture medium, under CO2 flow and 10 mL of fresh rumen fluid as inoculum. The vials were incubated 72 h at 39 °C. Biogas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and dry matter degradation (DMD) at 72 h. The statistical analysis was a completely randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with type of sample (leaf, immature and mature fruit) and disposition (direct or bagged) as factors. Biogas production showed no interaction between factors (P > 0.05); but DMD showed interaction (P ≤ 0.05). Biogas production showed no interaction between factors (P > 0.05); but DMD showed interaction (P ≤ 0.05). Biogas production did not show differences in sample arrangement (P > 0.05), except for 2 h (P ≤ 0.05). Leaves presented lower cumulative biogas production (P ≤ 0.05). DMD was different in the arrangement of mature and immature fruits (P ≤ 0.05), while in leaves there were no differences by arrangement (P ≤ 0.05). Sample arrangement affected the values of DMD and biogas production at 2 h in fruits.

This article describes the use of surgical dissection of the medial patellar ligament in a Swiss Brown cow. The surgical procedure offers excellent results for the patient, is a technique that is easy to use for the field veterinarian and does not require increased care for the owner. Further studies are needed to obtain epidemiological data and to determine the risk factors associated with the bovine knee in our region.

El objetivo fue evaluar el uso creciente de aceite de ajo, ajonjolí y canela en la producción de CH4 in vitro de pasto llanero con 60 días de rebrote. Se evaluó la adición de 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 y 10 % de aceite de ajo, canela o ajonjolí en una fermentación in vitro usando como sustrato pasto llanero con 60 días de rebrote. Las variables evaluadas fueron producción acumulada de CH4 a las 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 h, degradación de materia seca (DMS) y los estimadores de cinética de producción de CH4 (A= potencial de producción de CH4, b= tasa constante de producción de CH4 y k= tiempo lag). La producción de CH4 y DMS se analizaron con un diseño experimental completamente al azar y contraste ortogonal. Los estimadores fueron un análisis descriptivo. El aumento de aceite de ajo y canela redujo linealmente la producción de CH4 a las 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 h. La DMS disminuyó linealmente con cualquiera de los tres aceites (P<0.05). El mayor valor de A fue con 2.5 % de aceite de ajo, el mayor valor de k y b fue con 10 % de aceite de canela. En conclusión, el uso de aceites de ajo y canela mostraron una disminución lineal de la producción de CH4 y DMS de pasto llanero en condiciones in vitro.

Objective: To carry out an in vitro, in situ, and in vivo evaluation of soybean paste (T1) and sesame paste (T2) supplements for calves under grazing conditions. Methodology: Partial (24, 48, and 72 h) and accumulated biogas and methane production, as well as dry matter degradation (DMD), were measured in the in vitro analysis. The digestibility kinetics parameters (a, b, a+b, c, k, ED) were estimated in the in situ test. Feed supplement consumption (SC), daily weight gain (DWG), bacterial and protozoan populations, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were evaluated in the in vivo test. A completely randomized experimental design was used. Results: T1 produced a higher amount of partial and accumulated biogas and methane at 24 h, as well as the highest values in the b, a+b, k, and ED (p ≤ 0.05) parameters. Meanwhile the rest of the in vitro, in situ, and in vivo variables did not record any differences between treatments (p > 0.05). Study Limitations/Implications: The production of sesame paste is seasonal; consequently, its harvest limits its year-round availability. Conclusions: Based on the in vitro, in situ, and in vivo evaluations, sesame paste is a feasible option to replace soybean paste as a source of protein, in the supplementation of calves in the tropics.

Mexico and several Central American countries have developed a culinary system based on maize (Zea mays L.). The deployment of this system has turned maize grain into a staple food and has promoted the generation of a wide variety of native morphotypes or races. These races' origins have a long generational history built by thousands of families of small producers dedicated to their cultivation, selection, and protection. The variety of native maize races has also promoted different forms of processing, with nixtamalization being one of the most relevant. This type of alkaline cooking increases the bioavailability of nutrients from the maize grain and allows the preparation of tortillas, one of the most consumed products in Mexico. Milpa, a traditional form of maize cultivation, is another contribution that increases the variety of plant products for a rich gastronomy and supplements the caloric value of the maize grain. Reports have indicated that the maize grain of native races is also a source of bioactive compounds that are still uncharacterized in different races. These compounds can be used for techno-industrial purposes and as a way to benefit the health of people in rural and semi-urban areas through food.This review aims to demonstrate the existence of a diverse array of maize races, each adapted to specific geographical conditions in Mexico. This represents significant biological and genetic diversity that should be preserved within the national territory, as these materials are used in the preparation of a large number of foods.

Objective: To assess the productive behavior of rabbits fed with a diet that included 33% fresh Leucaena leucocephala foliage during the fattening phase. Design/Methodology/Approach: Twenty 60-day-old New Zealand rabbits with an average live weight of 960 g were used. Using a completely randomized, 2×2 factorial design, five male and five female rabbits were distributed among the following treatments: ACCH treatment (300-g commercial feed for female rabbits), ACCM treatment (300-g commercial feed for male rabbits), ACFLCH treatment (200-g commercial feed with 100 g Leucaena foliage for female rabbits), and ACFLCM treatment (200-g commercial feed with 100 g Leucaena foliage for male rabbits). An analysis of variance and a Tukey's test were applied to determine the effect of the treatments on each of the variables analyzed. Results: The rabbits that consumed the ACFLCM and ACFLCH diets with the addition of Leucaena gained more weight (P<0.05): 23.18±6.35 and 21.59±10.23 g/rabbit/day. Feed intake was higher (P<0.05) with a Leucaena foliage diet: 48.04.2±0.50 and 47.68±0.84 g/rabbit/day. A significant difference (P>0.05) in final weight was observed among treatments (ACCM, 1,971±256.6; ACFLCM, 2,211.8±197.7; ACCH, 2,012.4±275.6; and ACFLCH, 2,184.0±464.9). Study Limitations/Implications: Proper and correct use of available forage must be made to guarantee that animals have access to food all year round. Findings/Conclusions: The addition of Leucaena foliage in the diet did not generate a decrease in growth or feed intake.

The protocols of the in vitro gas production technique are intended to be standardized when evaluating tree species for feeding ruminants. The objective was to determine the effect of sample arrangement in the biodigester, as well as to characterize in vitro mature and immature leaves and fruits of Genipa americana. In a vial, the sample was placed directly or in a poly-silk bag; 40 mL of anaerobic culture medium, under CO2 flow and 10 mL of fresh rumen fluid as inoculum. The vials were incubated 72 h at 39 degrees C. Biogas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and dry matter degradation (DMD) at 72 h. The statistical analysis was a completely randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with type of sample (leaf, immature and mature fruit) and disposition (direct or bagged) as factors. Biogas production showed no interaction between factors (P > 0.05); but DMD showed interaction (P <= 0.05). Biogas production showed no interaction between factors (P > 0.05); but DMD showed interaction (P <= 0.05). Biogas production did not show differences in sample arrangement (P > 0.05), except for 2 h (P <= 0.05). Leaves presented lower cumulative biogas production (P <= 0.05). DMD was different in the arrangement of mature and immature fruits (P <= 0.05), while in leaves there were no differences by arrangement (P <= 0.05). Sample arrangement affected the values of DMD and biogas production at 2 h in fruits.

Los subproductos del maíz (olote, totomoxtle y rastrojo) podrían servir como sustrato para producir extractos enzimáticos por fermentación sólida (FS). El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la actividad de enzimas celulasas y lacasas de cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus a cinco y diez días de FS. La FS se realizó en matraces Erlenmeyer con 50 g de sustrato (80 % humedad) inoculados con 5 g de una cepa e incubados a 30 ºC. En cada tiempo de fermentación se obtuvo el extracto enzimático y al fermento sólido se le determinó proteína cruda (PC), materia orgánica (MO), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA). El diseño experimental fue un arreglo factorial 2x3x2 en un diseño completamente al azar; usando cepas, sustratos y tiempo de fermentación como factores. La actividad enzimática de las celulasas y la PC no mostraron diferencias entre cepas y tipos de sustrato (p > 0.05). La FS a 10 d mostró mayor actividad de las celulasas y PC que a los cinco días; la mayor actividad de las lacasas fue en la FS por cinco días usando la cepa P15 y olote o rastrojo; el fermento con rastrojo presentó menor FDN que totomoxtle y olote; el fermento sólido a diez días mostró mayor FDA que a cinco días de FS; la FS con diez días usando rastrojo y la cepa MR mostró menor MO (p < 0.05). En conclusión, olote y totomoxtle son sustratos efectivos en FS para producir extractos enzimáticos de celulasas y lacasas, además el contenido de nutrientes del sustrato se modificó con el tiempo de fermentación.

Maize by-products (corn stover, totomoxtle and stubble) could serve as a substrate to produce enzyme extracts by solid fermentation (SF). The objective of this study was to quantify the activity of cellulase and laccase enzymes of Pleurotus ostreatus strains at five and ten days of SF. The SF was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 g of substrate (80% humidity) inoculated with 5 g of a strain and incubated at 30 degrees C. At each fermentation time, the enzymatic extract was obtained and crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined from the solid ferment. The experimental design was a 2x3x2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design; using strains, substrates and fermentation time as factors. Cellulase enzyme activity and CP showed no differences between strains and substrate types (p > 0.05). The SF at ten days showed higher cellulase activity and CP than at five days; the highest laccase activity was in the SF for five days using strain P15 and corn stover or stubble; the ferment with stubble showed lower NDF than totomoxtle and corn stover; the solid ferment at ten days showed higher ADF than at five days of SF; the SF with ten days using stubble and strain MR showed lower OM (p < 0.05). In conclusion, olote and totomoxtle are effective substrates in SF to produce enzymatic extracts of cellulases and laccases, and the nutrient content of the substrate changed with fermentation time.

Background and Aim: Mexico is the fifth largest producer of mangoes in the world. For the conservation of agro-industrial waste and crop residues, the ensiling technique has shown good results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing the level of mango silage (86% waste mango and 14% pangola grass hay) in calf diets on in vitro gas production, in situ digestibility, intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal characteristics. Materials and Methods: The diets contained 0 (T0), 30 (T1), 45 (T2), and 60% (T3) mango silage. The partial (24, 48, and 72 h) and cumulative (72 h) biogas, CH4 production, and degradation were determined in the in vitro evaluation. In situ digestibility and estimators of fermentation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) were determined. Intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and rumen parameters of calves (200 kg) were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Response to increased mango silage was calculated by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts. Results: In vitro partial and cumulative biogas production decreased linearly (p < 0.05), and the partial and cumulative CH4 production did not show linear or quadratic contrast (p > 0.05); in vitro DM degradation, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradation, and in vitro acid detergent fiber degradation showed a linear increase (p < 0.05). In situ dry matter digestibility (DMDis), in situ organic matter digestibility (OMDis), b, a + b, c, and effective digestibility (ED) of DMDis, a, a + b, c, and ED of OMDis increased linearly (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake, OM intake, and crude protein intake showed a linear increase (p < 0.05); NDF intake and ADF intake presented a quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and hemicellulose, pH, N-NH3, total bacterial count, acetate, propionate, butyrate, volatile fatty acids, acetate: propionate ratio, cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa did not present a linear or quadratic orthogonal effect (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The in vitro, in situ, and in vivo variables demonstrated that up to 60% mango silage can be used for the intensive fattening of calves in confinement.

The low nutritive value of pastures in tropical regions represents a limitation in the productivity of grazing ruminants. The objective was to determine the in vitro chemical and fermentative characteristics of nine tropical grasses (Aruana [Panicum maximun Jacq. cv. Aruana], Bermuda [Cynodon dactylon L.], Estrella de África [Cynodon Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst], Insurgente [Brachiaria brizantha Hochst. Stapf.], Llanero [Andropogon gayanus Kunth], Mombaza [Panicum maximun Jacq. cv. Mombaza], Pará [Brachiaria mutica Stapf], Pangola [Digitaria eriantha Steud.], and Tanzania [Panicum maximun Jacq. cv. Tanzania]) at three regrowth ages (30, 45, and 60 days). The chemical analysis was used to determine the concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash (Ce). The in vitro trial measured partial (24, 48, and 72 h) and cumulative biogas and methane production, fermentation kinetics estimators (A, b, and k), dry matter degradation (DMD) and detergent neutral fiber degradation (NDFD), pH, and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3). The experimental design was completely randomized at each regrowth age. In conclusion, based on chemical analysis and fermentative characteristics, Pangola and Estrella pastures performed better at each regrowth age.