In order to solve the problem that the measurement arm length needs to be obtained in real time when calculating the measurement angle in the process of Tolansky interference small angle measurement, a dual-arm Tolansky interference autocollimation angle measurement scheme is proposed, which not only maintains the function of Tolansky interference, but also integrates the principle of optical leverage. In the simulation study, it is found that the splitter with thickness in the scheme will lead to the lateral offset of the optical axis of the emitted light, which will change the position of the virtual point light source, and finally change the position of the center of the interference circle on the detector. In this work, in order to reduce the influence of the thickness of the beam splitter on the angle measurement accuracy of the angle measurement scheme, the optical path structure of the angle measurement scheme is redrawn, and the relationship between the center offset of the interference ring and the deflection angle, which contains the thickness factor and can accurately describe the optical path, is deduced. Therefore, the corresponding method is adopted as follows. Firstly, the measurement optical path of the splitter with a thickness factor is redrawn, the splitter is partially enlarged, and the original beam is replaced with the center line of the laser beam to draw the optical path. Then, the position of the virtual point light source under the influence of the thickness of the splitter is analyzed by using the single refraction spherical formula and the transition formula of geometric optics, and the relationship between the offset of the interference center and the deflection angle with the thickness of the splitter is established. Secondly, the coordinate information of the center of the interference ring under different thickness parameters of the splitter is obtained by using the virtual simulation experiment, which proves the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Then, simulation experiments such as simulation measurement of multiple sets of setting angles and angle measurement under different splitter thickness conditions are carried out, and the accuracy of the relationship including the splitter thickness factor deduced above is cross-validated. Finally, combined with the actual experiment, measurements are taken on the guide rail and calibrated autocollimator, and the influence of beam splitter thickness on angle measurement accuracy is investigated in detail. The research results are obtained below. Experiments show that the thickness of the splitter will affect the position of the initial center of the circle; with the increase of the thickness of the splitter, the error between the simulation measurement results and the relationship including the thickness factor is within ± 0.5 % at different angles, and the experimental data and theoretical results are in good agreement. At the same angle, as the thickness of the beam splitter increases, the difference between the established relationship and the approximate relationship gradually increases. With 1-mm-thick beam splitter, the relative error between the established relationship and the calculated value of the approximate relationship is only 0.22 % based on the data of the guide rail measured by the calibrated autocollimator. From these results, a conclusion can be drawn below. The utilizing a thinner spectroscope can effectively reduce the calculation and measurement errors, providing an important guidance for carrying out the in-depth research and development of this new autocollimator.

The Donggouba depost is located at north margin of Xiakouyi-Heimulin Meso-Neoproterozoic basement structure zone, east of the Motianling block. It is a special Au-Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic medium deposit related to the Marine volcanic rocks of Bikou island arc in the Jinning Period. By integrating the latest progress on the exploration and previous scientific research data, we systematically summarized the geological characteristics of deposit, investigated the pits, analyzed the sulfur isotope of the ores and, finally, studied the metallogenic regularity of the deposit in terms of the classification of metallogenic periods, tracing the metallogenic materials and the genetic analysis of the deposits. The main results are as follows:（1）the deposit is located within the Neoproterozoic volcanic arc rocks of Bikou Group, and is characterized by multi-stage mineralization superimposition. The mineralization process mainly include three stages: quartz-pyrite-sphalerite initial pre-enrichment mineralization stage; gold-silver-barite main mineralization stage; barite-carbonate late mineralization stage.（2）the sulfur isotope(δ 34 S) of minerals show an order of barite ＞ pyrite ＞ sphalerite ＞ galena, which suggests that the sulfur isotope fractionation had basically reached equilibrium when the deposit was formed. The δ 34 S V-CDT values of the Donggouba deposit generally display the characteristics of granitic sulfur with a small quantity of mantle-derived sulfur, indicating that the sulfur in Donggouba deposit may be dominantly derived from the lower crust magma source with minor mantle material. The sources of the ores may come from the volcanic magmatism of the Jinning island arc.（3）Donggouba deposit is formed by the polyphase tectonic superimposition of ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids derived from Marine intermediate-acid volcanic rocks in the Jinning period. It is a typical volcanic massive sulfide（VMS） type gold, silver, lead and zinc polymetallic deposit.（4）the deposit formed on the active continental margin in Jinning Period, and belongs to the metallogenic geological event related to the breakup and assembly of the Meso-Neoproterozoic ancient continental blocks. It is speculated that the diagenesis and mineralization process of the deposit could be caused by the subduction and convergence of the eastern and western ancient Yangtze microplates and the subsequent tectonic superposition during Jinning period.

介绍了一种基于挠度分析的等强度悬臂梁FBG传感器应变标定测试方法和装置,研究了FBG传感器应变传递过程中的相关参量的仿真分析方法,精确测量了应变传递过程中的相关参量,并且针对不同载荷下的等强度悬臂梁的表面应变和挠度进行了理论分析和仿真.同时解析了挠度与梁表面应变、FBG传感器应变的关系,给出了标定后FBG传感器的应变灵敏度,并对挠度法测量FBG传感器的标定结果进行了不确定度评定.当包含因子k=2时,FBG传感器应变灵敏度的相对扩展不确定度＜0.5％,能够满足高精度的应变测试要求,为高精度FBG传感器的应变标定提供了技术支持.

针对在役桥梁结构应变监测系统全天时工况下的在线校准问题,提出了一种基于被动激励的在线校准方法,建立了在线校准系统模型.该模型以桥梁正常通行车辆的动态荷载为激励源,通过应变监测系统与参考系统对结构应变响应参量的同步测量,构建校准溯源链,实现在役应变监测系统不间断工作状态下的在线校准.根据结构应变监测系统计量性能评测需要,建立了基于大样本数据的期间测量误差、基本误差及置信区间的量化分析模型.依托广东九江大桥开展了试验验证,结果表明,所提方法具有现场实施的可行性,由不同数据集计算所得的在线校准结果一致性较好,在包含概率大于90％时,基本误差区间的半宽度偏差不大于±0.005.

位于我国东部的许多新生代盆地,在地质历史时期发育了巨厚的岩盐沉积.尽管这些盆地的成盐模式研究已经历了40多年,但由于缺乏"深水成盐"的现代沉积模式,到底是"深盆-深水"还是"深盆-浅水"成盐,一直难以定论.为了理解"深水成盐"的控制因素,很多现代盐湖开展了水文学和水化学调查,然而这些湖盆的矿物组合各不相同,"深水成盐"的形成条件和控制因素尚不清楚.本文对死海、佛瑞湖等"深水成盐"的现代盐湖以及我国东濮凹陷沙三段的成盐特征进行了解剖,从盐度、水深、湖平面波动以及卤水分层等角度探讨了"深水成盐"的形成条件,对比分析了"深水成盐"的相对位置以及沉积物特征,总结了"深水成盐"的识别标志.研究表明,盐岩层系在岩心和测井资料上显示出多尺度的旋回性."深水成盐"为水深较大的洼陷中心成盐,与盆缘的"浅水成盐"同盆共存.沉积相对岩盐层系的结构和组成有明显的控制作用,其中洼陷带的"深水成盐",主要在洼陷带的卤水-湖底沉积物界面附近,析出和增生粗晶的盐类矿物,常与富含有机质和黄铁矿的暗色泥岩共存;而湖滨附近的"浅水成盐",单层厚度薄,结晶粒度细小,通常含有较多的陆源碎屑.死海为代表的现代盐湖以及东濮凹陷等古代成盐盆地的沉积特征表明,"深水成盐"发生于湖平面的下降期,而且卤水剖面的厚度对蒸发岩的形成分布有明显的控制作用,同时具有"深水"和"深盆"特征的内陆盐湖更容易形成单层厚度大、横向稳定的岩盐沉积.本研究有助于改变人们以往对内陆湖盆成盐机理的认知,尤其是现代盐湖的卤水分层析盐特征,对解读地质历史中的其他成盐事件具有重要启示.基于现代沉积实例的"深水成盐"识别标志,可以为古代岩盐沉积模式的建立提供限定条件.

迈克尔逊干涉术测量微位移可实现纳米甚至更高的分辨力,并且具备能直接溯源至激光波长等诸多优点,是目前微位移测量的重要技术手段.以限制迈克尔逊干涉仪品质提高的非线性误差为主要切入点,对目前各种基于迈克尔逊干涉原理的激光干涉技术进行了分类介绍,主要讨论了微位移测量中实现高精度和高分辨率的干涉测量技术,最后展望了激光干涉法测量微位移的近期发展趋势.

陆相红层因为其含古生物化石稀少给高精度生物、年代地层的对比带来了较大的困难.旋回地层学可以将地层与地时结合起来,解决地层沉积的时限问题.基于前人在对胶莱盆地K/Pg界线识别的基础上,主要利用了一维连续小波变换尺度分析法与频谱分析法对胶莱盆地胶州组K/Pg界线之下、晚白垩世红土崖组玄武岩夹层之上的陆相红层进行旋回地层分析,认为胶莱盆地晚白垩世的陆相红层中保存有米兰科维奇旋回,岁差、斜率和偏心率各个周期在不同的层段响应程度略有不同.根据旋回识别结果及K/Pg界线建立了"浮动天文年代标尺",推测在66～67.77 Ma期间,胶莱盆地陆相红层的平均沉积速率约为5.15 cm/kyr,胶州地区[(67.77～73)±0.3]Ma期间为玄武岩岩浆冷凝固结形成玄武岩进而遭受风化剥蚀及构造沉降的时期,红土崖组与胶州组的时间界线约为67.28 Ma,红土崖组玄武岩夹层的年龄应早于67.77 Ma.

针对商用空气折射率测量装置受到传感器采集性能和解算公式准确度的影响使得实际测量精度较低的问题,基于便携式多环境参数采集装置,设计了一套空气折射率测量系统,采集环境中的温湿度、大气压强状态信息,对3种折射率间接测量公式进行误差分析,并和商用环境补偿器进行性能对比.实验结果表明:在压强为100.17 ～ 100.21 kPa,温度为21.1 ～21.9℃,湿度为45.9～58.0％ RH的实验条件下,该测量系统的测量偏差比商用环境补偿器低2.69 ×10-7.

利用最新研制的深孔水压致裂地应力测量设备在雪峰山2000 m科钻先导孔内开展了原地应力测量,在孔深170～2021 m范围内获得了16个测段的有效地应力测量数据,是国内首次利用水压致裂法获得的孔深超过2000 m深度的原地应力测量成果.测量结果表明,地应力随孔深增加而逐渐加大,对实测数据进行线性回归,得到最大和最小水平主应力随深度变化的关系分别为:SH=0.03328H+5.25408,Sh=0.0203H+4.5662,在孔深2021 m深度,其实测值分别为66.31 MPa和43.33 MPa.基于实测数据,结合钻孔成像测试和井温测试结果,对测点应力状态进行了综合分析.在170～800 m深度范围,三向主应力关系为SH＞Sh＞Sv,有利于逆断层活动;孔深1000～2021 m表现为SH＞Sv＞Sh,表明该区域深部应力结构属于走滑型.最大水平主应力方向为北西—北西西方向.基于实测地应力数据及莫尔-库伦破裂准则,对测区附近断层活动性进行了分析讨论,认为该区域断层处于稳定状态.

在光纤光栅应变传感器性能测试及关键参数标定校准中,为了准确测量环境温度值,控制环境温场稳定、均匀,提高光纤光栅应变传感器测试准确性,设计了采用标准铂电阻和多路优良热电偶实现空间多点的温场测量方法;通过20℃时温度变化3℃范围内热电偶标定实验和系统的测量不确定度分析,得到整个系统实际测量不确定度在5 mK以内,满足光纤光栅应变传感器的测试需求.

东太平洋海隆为世界典型的扩张脊,其上的洋中脊玄武岩为研究快速扩张作用下的岩浆作用提供了机会.在东太平洋海隆1°N采集到的洋中脊玄武岩内发现了大量结晶状况良好的斜长石斑晶.基于玄武岩的常量元素测试分析,洋脊下部的原始岩浆经历了以橄榄石为主的结晶分离过程,并未发生大规模的斜长石结晶分离.对样品中斜长石斑晶的电子探针测试表明,这些斜长石斑晶为岩浆自生矿物,而非捕掳晶.部分环带斜长石斑晶成分的规律性的变化主要受控于原始岩浆温度的变化,而非岩浆混合作用.我们推测Galapagos三联点下部可能存在一个相对封闭的岩浆体系,为斜长石矿物的结晶提供了时间和空间条件.这些斜长石斑晶形成后并未分离成岩,而是被岩浆带至洋底喷发形成玄武岩.

激光投射式位移计(LDM)是桥梁形变监测的常用传感器,为解决其现场工作状态下的在线校准问题,提出了一种在线比较校准方法.首先,以经过溯源的位移传感器作为参考传感器,在共源随机激励条件下,同步采集RS及待校准激光位移计的现场测量数据;然后,利用基于特征点的分段匹配算法对2传感器数据序列进行匹配,解决因激励源变化和传感器响应特性差异所导致的错位问题,从而获取2传感器对同一输入量的对应测量结果;最后,对匹配后的数据序列进行统计学分析,输出校准结果.依据现场环境,设计并搭建了在线校准模拟系统,并在系统中引入激光干涉仪作为参考数据源,以验证所提方法的有效性.实验结果表明,所提出的在线校准方法与采用激光干涉仪进行同步比较校准的结果高度吻合,且具有在桥梁结构监测现场进行在线校准的可行性.

Red beds are not entirely red sometimes, in which grey-green spheroids or irregular spots can be found. However, the formation mechanism of grey-green spheroids or irregular spots in red beds is not clear so far. Samples taken from well JK1 in Jiaozhou area of Jiaolai Basin displayed that the reduction spheroids have more Vanadium (V) element, less TFe3O4 and Lead (Pb) element, almost the same content of other elements such as FeO and so on, comparing the red parts of the samples. The existence of organisms can explain the existence of green reductive spheres in the red beds formed under the oxidation environment.

针对超精密机床主轴回转误差分析仪校准难的问题,分析了主轴回转误差分析仪的系统组成及测量原理,提出了一种基于示值误差、线性度、重复性等主要计量特性的校准方法;搭建了一种专用的校准装置,该装置采用纳米微动台进行位移驱动,采用高精度激光干涉仪作为计量标准,测量线符合阿贝原则,能够在普通实验环境条件下实现:位移范围±1 mm内最佳测量能力优于10 nm,10 min内示值稳定性优于2 nm;进行了主轴回转误差分析仪校准试验,给出了不确定度评定方法.该校准方法及装置能够满足主轴回转误差分析仪以及各种纳米级位移传感器及仪器的溯源需要.

盐类析出模拟实验有助于增进对成盐模式的理解,但运用正演模拟进行类比分析的前提是实验模型与盐湖原型的沉积机理具有相似性.基于现代盐湖的野外地质调查,对岩盐析出模型与现代盐湖在沉积物的结构、空间分布以及沉积机理的相似性等方面进行了对比分析.研究表明,深度较小的水槽,以空气—卤水界面析盐和蒸发泵成盐为主;而对于水深和规模较大的现代盐湖来说,上述两种成盐方式主要分布于湖盆边缘的浅水区,水深较大的斜坡带和洼陷带以卤水—湖底沉积物界面析盐为主,反映了水深较浅的水槽无法再现古代盐湖的湖盆底形和沉积物分布特征.现代沉积调查显示,在封闭的内陆盐湖盆地中,岩盐通常形成于湖退期—低位期,其沉积厚度从湖盆边缘向洼陷中心有逐渐增大的趋势,即岩盐的沉积中心和洼陷中心保持一致.岩盐的结构跟沉积环境密切相关,盆缘滨岸带的岩盐多为薄层状与砂岩共存,晶体粒度小;而洼陷带以粗粒结晶的盐岩为主,单层厚度大,常与暗色泥岩互层.岩盐沉积中心和洼陷中心关系的厘定,对于湖盆的古地貌恢复和沉积体的预测,具有重要的理论和现实意义.

为了合理评价应变传感器(应变计)的计量特性,讨论了应变计的相关国家标准和技术规范中计量特性的不同之处,并以振弦式应变计为例,归纳出应变计的计量特性参数.对应变计校准现状进行分析,设计了一种基于激光干涉法的高精度校准装置,标距范围可以达到500 mm,并提出了系列计量特性的高精度计算方法.通过试验对应变计的计量特性进行测试,并评估了综合误差的校准不确定度U =0.10％(包含因子k=2).

The Baota limestone is widely distributed in the Yangtze area, and is characterized by unique "turtle crack" structure, which is a good marker for regional stratigraphic correlation. However, the relationship between the morphology of the "turtle crack" and the internal composition and structure of the rock remains unclear. Field outcrops and directional section observations indicate that Baota Formation limestone could be divided into two components, namely "grayish black reticulate patterns" and "grayish white matrix"; on the cut plane perpendicular to the strata, distal distribution of both components is in disorder, and the "V" shape arrangement is not obvious; cut plane which is parallel to the strata shares the same reticular morphology as weathering surface. Using cathodoluminescence, fluorescence, SEM, TOC and hardness testing, the authors carried out a series of comparative analyses on the petrological characteristics of "grayish black" reticulate patterns and "grayish white matrix". The results show that the former component is darker bioclastic limestone with lower hardness and higher content of organic matter, and asphalt veins can be seen under fluorescence; the latter component is lighter micrite with higher hardness and lower content of organic matter, and the fluorescence is not obvious. The difference in color and anti-weathering capability between two components is the internal cause for Baota Formation limestone forming "turtle crack" structure morphology on the ground.

In order to realize high accuracy measurement of the physical dimension of unit cells in a crystal lattice, the measurement accuracy analysis for crystal plane spacing of nitride epitaxial layer is discussed. An angular analysis for X-ray diffractometer system is established and the measurement uncertainty from the experimental apparatus, measurement method are also analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the accuracy of the system's angular can get U = +/- 0.01 degrees (k=2) and the measuring accuracy of lattice plane spacing is within 0.01% of the d-spacing.These results represent an improvement in the existing measurement capabilities by more than an order of magnitude and make more numerous systematic effects visible and reproducible.

介绍了激光衍射测角仪的测量方法,与传统的光学编码测角仪、光学分度测角仪、光栅测角仪等相比,具有分辨率和精度更高等优点,特别是分辨率比同分度盘直径的传统测角仪(光栅测角仪)提高20倍以上.激光衍射的应用将对提高测角水平和伺服控制技术有重要的意义.