Surface defects, energy-level misalignment, and residual stress remain critical bottlenecks limiting the efficiency and scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While conventional passivation mitigates isolated defects, it seldom addresses the coupled electro-mechanical vulnerabilities inherent at the perovskite interface. Herein, we report a surface reconstruction strategy mediated by the supramolecular assembly of piperazine diiodide (PDI) and 3-(methylthio)-1-propylammonium iodide (3MTPAI). Such synergistic assembly, governed by strong intermolecular interactions, suppresses disordered aggregation during film formation and triggers beneficial secondary crystallization. The resulting morphological reconstruction effectively alleviates residual stress, thereby enhancing the structural integrity of the perovskite lattice. Simultaneously, the targeted anchoring of formamidinium vacancies and undercoordinated Pb2+ sites creates a highly ordered surface dipole layer. This dipole arrangement modulates the surface work function, inducing a distinct N-type inversion that ensures energy-level alignment with the adjacent electron transport layer. Consequently, the synergy of enhanced builtin potential and suppressed non-radiative recombination yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.73% (certified 25.02%) with improved stability. Furthermore, the exceptional spatial uniformity afforded by such electro-mechanical reconstruction enables a 12.8 cm2 mini-module to achieve a efficiency of 23.76%. Our work establishes a robust supramolecular framework for multi-dimensional surface optimization in high-efficiency, scalable perovskite photovoltaics.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising next-generation photovoltaics, yet their efficiency promotion from lab-scale prototypes to industrial application is fundamentally hindered by interfacial instability and non-radiative recombination. These critical bottlenecks stem from complex defect chemistry, ion migration, energetic mismatches and material degradation at the perovskite heterojunction interface, which conventional empirical strategies often fail to address systematically. This perspective evaluates two pivotal paradigms for multidimensional top interfacial regulation: multimolecular synergistic systems, which utilize cooperative interactions among diverse functional additives, and all-in-one molecular integration, which employs sophisticated, multifunctional single molecules. We analyze how these distinct philosophies influence defect passivation kinetics, energy level alignment, operational resilience against ionic migration and environmental stressors. While multimolecular systems offer modular versatility, all-in-one integration provides superior structural precision to suppress phase separation and interfacial delamination. Furthermore, we assess their comparison and applicable scenarios. Finally, we propose a transition from empirical trial-and-error to data-driven predictive design. By establishing a unified molecular engineering framework, this paper provides a strategic roadmap for bridging the gap between research breakthroughs and reliable, commercially viable perovskite modules.

The clinical utility of microRNA-200c (miRNA-200c)—a established biomarker for ovarian cancer metastasis and chemoresistance—is constrained by the limited sensitivity and specificity of existing detection methods in biofluids. Here we describe an electrochemical biosensor constructed through coordination-driven assembly of histidine-functionalized B,N-co-doped graphene quantum dots (HBN-GQDs) and MnNiCuMoAu0.1 high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles. The resulting HEA heterostructure exhibits 9.75-fold enhancement in electrocatalytic activity relative to conventional Au nanoparticles, attributed to d–p orbital hybridization and interfacial charge redistribution. Following functionalization with thionine (THI) and a miRNA-200c-specific aptamer, the integrated probe (Apt-HEA-THI) enables target-responsive redox cycling amplified by the HEA component. Concurrently, residual HBN-GQDs establish a bio-orthogonal interface that suppresses dielectric interference through semiconductor-mediated charge screening, while N/O-containing moieties enhance biomolecular recognition fidelity. This signal–noise decoupling strategy achieves single-base mismatch discrimination across a 10⁷-fold dynamic range (1 fM–10 nM) and a 0.38 fM detection limit in human serum—performance metrics exceeding PCR-based methods and existing electrochemical platforms. In clinical validation, the assay demonstrated 100% concordance with RNA-seq for distinguishing malignant from benign ovarian lesions. Through synergistic interface engineering, this work establishes a broadly applicable approach for high-fidelity nucleic acid detection in point-of-care diagnostic applications.​

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a highly sensitive analytical technique for trace-level biosensing, benefiting from a high signal-to-noise ratio, controllable excitation, and negligible background interference. However, practical ECL sensor performance is often constrained by sluggish interfacial electron transfer, inefficient co-reactant utilization, and limited luminophore stability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring tunable porosity, modular architectures, and multifunctional chemical environments, have emerged as versatile platforms to address these limitations, while simultaneously introducing new design complexities. This review critically examines recent progress in MOF-enabled ECL biosensing from a sensor design perspective, with a particular focus on signal amplification strategies and their associated performance trade-offs. We analyze how amplification approaches-including nucleic acid-based reaction cascades, self-enhanced ECL systems, and co-reactant regulation strategies-interact with MOF structures to influence sensitivity, dynamic range, reproducibility, and operational robustness. The multifunctional roles of MOFs as nanoreactors, carriers for luminophores and co-reactants, and components of hybrid conductive or catalytic architectures are evaluated in terms of analytical benefit versus synthetic and operational complexity. Finally, key challenges hindering real-world implementation, including signal reproducibility, fabrication scalability, and device integration, are discussed. Design-oriented guidelines are proposed to assist in selecting appropriate MOF architectures and amplification schemes for specific biosensing tasks, aiming to bridge the gap between proof-of-concept demonstrations and practical ECL sensor development for biomedical and environmental applications.

A novel mononuclear Dy(III) complex with the general formula [Dy(pda)Cpipr5(THF)]2·3Tol (1, Na2pda = sodium salt of N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-o-phenylenediamine, CpiPr5 = penta-isopropylcyclopentadienyl) has been synthesized and characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, featuring a sandwich-like structure. The DyIII center adopts a four-coordinate coordination environment with an approximately tetrahedral geometry. Magnetic investigations reveal that complex 1 displays out-of-phase AC susceptibility signals in both zero and applied DC magnetic field, characteristic of a single-molecule magnet. Theoretical calculations also demonstrate that the DyIII ion exhibits strong axial anisotropy.

Perovskite solar cells stand out due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, relatively simple fabrication methods, and tunable bandgaps. Consequently, their wide-bandgap variants (1.65–2.0 eV) are particularly well-suited for use as top cells in tandem solar cell configurations. However, their development remains hindered by certain challenges, such as halide segregation and high defect density. While previous reviews have summarized advances in this field, there is a lack of a comprehensive discussion that spans from challenges to development and applications. This article, from the perspectives of material and process optimization, specifically focuses on the latest breakthroughs achieved over the past year. It systematically outlines strategies, including additive engineering, crystallization kinetics regulation, and interface engineering, to realize defect passivation, film quality improvement, and device performance enhancement. This review not only delves into the mechanistic understanding of halide segregation but also analyzes recent research progress on the integration of wide-bandgap perovskite top cells with various bottom cells, such as copper indium gallium selenide, silicon, narrow-bandgap perovskites, and organic solar cells. Finally, it highlights future research directions, emphasizing that addressing the intrinsic stability of materials and clarifying the microscopic mechanisms of phase segregation are crucial for advancing their industrial applications.

Zn-based rod MOFs are fundamentally limited by Zn-O lability and activation-induced structural collapse, accounting for their scarcity. Here, linker curvature rigidifies Zn-rod secondary building units in NTUniv-69A, preventing pore collapse. The framework overturns the conventional C2 hydrocarbon adsorption hierarchy (C2H2 > C2H6 > C2H4), enabling single-step ethylene purification.

This study proposed a novel perovskite/silicon heterojunction (SHJ) tandem device structure without an interlayer, represented as ITO/NiO/perovskite/SnO2/MoOX/i-a-Si:H/n-c-Si/i-a-Si:H/n-a-Si:H/Ag, which was investigated by Silvaco TCAD software. The recombination layer in this structure comprises the carrier transport layers of SnO2 and MoOX, where MoOX serves dual functions, acting as the emitter for the SHJ bottom cell and as part of the recombination layer in the tandem cell. First, the effects of different recombination layers are analyzed, and the SnO2/MoOX layer demonstrates the best performance. Then, we systematically investigated the impact of the carrier concentration, interface defect density, thicknesses of the SnO2/MoOX layer, different hole transport layers (HTLs) for the top cell, absorption layer thicknesses, and perovskite defect density on device performance. The optimal carrier concentration in the recombination layer should exceed 5 × 1019 cm−3, the interface defect density should be below 1 × 1016 cm−2, and the thicknesses of SnO2/MoOX should be kept at 20 nm/20 nm. CuSCN has been found to be the optimal HTL for the top cell. When the silicon absorption layer is 200 μm, the perovskite layer thickness is 470 nm, and the defect density of the perovskite layer is 1011 cm−3, the planar structure can achieve the best performance of 32.56%. Finally, we studied the effect of surface texturing on the SHJ bottom cell, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 35.31% for the tandem cell. Our simulation results suggest that the simplified perovskite/SHJ tandem solar cell with a dual-functional MoOX layer has the potential to provide a viable pathway for developing high-efficiency tandem devices.

Low-cost solution processing has enabled perovskite solar cells to rapidly improve their efficiency. However, the uncontrolled morphology of the photoactive layer hinders their further enhancement. Specifically, the solvent-solute interactions in the precursor solution lead to a special stage during film formation, namely the solvate phase, playing a vital role in determining the quality of perovskites via subsequent phase transitions. We herein investigate the impact of host/guest solvent systems on the crystallisation of photovoltaic perovskites and their corresponding effect on device figures of merit. In particular, we found that the barrier of the dominating phase transformation process could be manipulated by balancing the interaction of solvent-PbI2 and solvent-FAI. Additionally, we reveal that the strong binding energy between the solvent and PbI2 restrains solvent evaporation at the bottom of the perovskite crystals, leading to the presence of voids during annealing. Enhanced solvent-FAI intermolecular interactions, combined with the improved miscibility between the solvent component and antisolvent could facilitate the extraction of solvents from the saturated perovskite precursor solution, avoiding the formation of voids. By systematically manipulating the above processes, we obtained an optimized morphology with enhanced crystal quality with device efficiency increasing from 22.06% to 23.24%. We believe the simple methodology presented here provides new insights into understanding the solution-solid transitions of photovoltaic perovskites.

Ln-based bacteriostatic agents have potential application prospects in the field of biomedicine. Three linear complexes based on 2-quinolinecarboxylic acid (HL) ligand with chemical formula Ln4(L)12(H2O)6.4H2O (Ln = Tb (1), Ho (2), Er (3)) were isolated by hydrothermal method. In complexes 1-3, four metal cores exhibit a linear tetranuclear structure. Antibacterial tests have revealed that all complexes possess strong bacteriostatic activity, which against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli., especially for Er-containing complex. This series of lanthanide complexes are the promising clinical antibiotics, and this study will affords a idea for the synthesis of Ln-based bacteriostatic agents.

The development of novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid materials incorporating isothiocyanate ligands represents an ongoing challenge in chemistry and materials science. In this study, we successfully constructed a dinuclear manganese compound, [(CH3)3S]5[Mn2(SCN)9]. This compound exhibits a remarkable order-disorder transition of the isothiocyanate ligands and (CH3)3S+ cations, which drives reversible structural phase transitions (SPTs) with a critical temperature (T c) of 206 K. Simultaneously, striking step-like anomalies are observed in the dielectric constant. Magnetic investigations reveal antiferromagnetic interactions between the dinuclear Mn2+ ions (J = -6.11 cm-1). These findings provide new theoretical foundations for designing multifunctional materials with tunable dielectric properties.

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells developed rapidly in recent years due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, minimizing the optical loss originated from reflection and parasitic absorption in transparent electrode is important to further improve the short circuit current density (JSC) of devices. Actually, zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO) and zirconium-doped indium oxide (IZrO) single layer thin films have certain shortcomings in terms of photoelectronic performance as transparent electrode in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. In this work, we designed and fabricated IZrO/IZO multilayer thin film that possesses improved electrical and optical properties compared to single layer films. The main reason comes from the IZrO/IZO multilayer thin film with better crystalline structure than that of single layer film. Additionally, the gradient refractive index in the IZrO/IZO multilayer thin film also plays a role in anti-reflection which promote the enhancement of JSC and then PCE. Finally, we obtained PCE of 30.74 % in the P-I-N type perovskite/silicon two-terminal tandem solar cell with an active area of 1.05 cm2 when applying IZrO/IZO multilayer thin film as the transparent electrode.

As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology,achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs.The intercon-necting layer,which connects the two sub-cells,plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance.It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface.Therefore,the properties of the inter-connecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance.In this work,we applied statistical analysis and machine learn-ing algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer.A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parame-ters was established,and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression,random forest,and multilayer per-ceptron(a type of neural network).The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters,providing valu-able insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells.The final opti-mized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%,providing guidance and direction for the devel-opment of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells have undergone rapid improvement over the past decade, with their efficiency rivaling that of silicon-based solar cells. Nevertheless, the solvate-based phase transition leads to hardly controlled nucleation and thus inhomogeneous film formation. Herein, we propose a "host-guest-additive" ternary solvent strategy, aiming to regulate the processing window for photovoltaic perovskites. Our analysis shows that the optimized nucleation window is the most conducive factor for fabricating high-quality perovskite films. Furthermore, by the insertion of an additive, the degree of solvent-solute interaction can be tailored. The time window for nucleation of perovskite therefore is optimized, rendering improved surface flatness, uniformity, and grain sizes. Based on these findings, we fabricated solar cells, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 24.47%, a substantial improvement over the baseline performance of 22.31%. To further verify the availability of our strategy, we also made perovskite minimodules with an active area of 12.8 cm2, which also showed improved efficiency from 18.99% to 20.86%. The 3D microscope reveals improved uniformity of the resulting perovskite film across monitored large areas, indicating the application of our ternary strategy for scaling up photovoltaic perovskites. We believe the findings unearthed here provide critical insights for systematically exploring synergistic multicomponent solvent effects in film formation of perovskites.

During coupling with carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO₂RR), plastic reforming as an effective alternative anodic reaction to replace oxygen evolution reaction (OER), offers dual benefits of reducing energy consumption and producing valuable chemicals. However, balancing the energy requirements of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oxidation with CO₂RR is challenging, as both half-reactions must operate under compatible conditions for high efficiency. Here, it is developed a bifunctional copper hydroxide catalyst capable of simultaneously converting both PET and CO₂ into valuable chemicals, which simplifies the system complexity. The copper hydroxide-derived catalyst achieves a formate FE of 89.5% produced on anode and an ethylene FE of 60.8% on cathode. It is discovered that CuOOH forms when Cu(OH)₂ is immersed in an EG electrolyte, enhancing EG adsorption and promoting its oxidation. After pre-reduction, the Cu(OH)₂-derived catalyst shows increased exposure of Cu(100) facets and enhanced C-C coupling for CO₂ reduction to ethylene. Driven by a silicon solar cell module, the product formation rates of 4.72 mmol/h/cm2 (formate) and 9.65 mmol/h/cm2 (ethylene) is achieved by the system at a current density of 302.7 mA/cm2. This work proposes a sustainable strategy utilizing a bifunctional catalyst for solar electrochemical upcycling of PET plastic, coupled with CO₂ reduction, to generate value-added fuels.

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have drawn widespread attention owing to their higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, reducing the reflection and parasitic absorption as much as possible in the transparent electrode is of considerable interest to promote the tandem device to obtain higher circuit current density (JSC). Furthermore, the carrier vertical and lateral transport capability of transparent electrodes also affects the electrical performance of solar cells. Herein, we designed and realized a stacked structure of a columnar-equiaxed zirconium-doped indium oxide (IZrO) film. The optimal stacked IZrO thin film shows carrier density and mobility of 9.4 × 1020 cm-3 and 29.7 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. Additionally, it also shows superior optical transmittance and lower parasitic absorption in the visible-to-near-infrared region. In addition, reflectance in the perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cell shows an obvious reduction after the application of a stacked IZrO transparent electrode because of the gradient refractive index. Finally, the stacked IZrO transparent electrode was incorporated into P-I-N-type perovskite/textured-silicon tandem solar cells, and the champion stacked IZrO-based device showed PCE of 30.12% with an active area of 1.05 cm2.

[4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as the hole transport materials have been demonstrated remarkable potential in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the hydrophobicity of Me-4PACz presents a critical challenge for the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films due to its poor wettability. Here, a doped Al2O3 with Me-4PACz to modify the Me-4PACz surface was proposed. On one hand, this approach improved the wettability of the Me-4PACz film, enhancing the coverage, uniformity, and buried interface properties of the perovskite film. On the other hand, compared to Al2O3 modification alone, doping Al2O3 with Me-4PACz allowed direct contact between the perovskite and Me-4PACz, resulting in better buried interface passivation. As a result, we achieved an efficiency of 22.71% for single-junction wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (1.68 eV). Additionally, the efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells was improved from 28.68% to 30.92%, with a significant reduction in hysteresis. Furthermore, the tandem cells demonstrated no degradation after 4200 s of operation at the maximum power point.

Two mononuclear octahedral Co(II) complexes, [Co(L)X2] (L = 1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole, X = NCS− (1) and NCSe− (2)), have been synthesized and characterized. The central Co(II) ions in two complexes adopt an octahedral geometry, coordinated by four N atoms from the ligand and two N atoms from the anion. Direct-current magnetic data revealed large easy-plane magnetic anisotropy in both 1 and 2. Dynamic magnetic measurements demonstrated that 1 and 2 display field-induced slow magnetic relaxation. For 1 and 2, the Raman mechanism is found to the dominant process in the whole temperature range. Compared to 1, the magnetic relaxation of 2 is faster, likely due to the presence of the hydrogen bonding system in 2.