Microfibre pollution derived from wastewater discharges containing synthetic fibres less than 5 mm in length poses significant environmental risks. Direct membrane filtration (DMF) offers an alternative solution for treating microfibre-containing wastewater, such as greywater and textile industry wastewater. In this study, the effects of microfibres on DMF performance, especially the interactions between microfibres and other potential foulants, were examined. Three microfibre types, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene (PE), were dosed at 10 mg/L to low-strength municipal wastewater, which was used as the feed water for DMF operated with polyacrylonitrile nanofibre membranes under either crossflow or dead-end filtration mode. The results revealed that the microfibres influenced membrane fouling mechanisms, with their behaviours associated with the microfibre material and the filtration mode. Under crossflow conditions, PET and PA microfibres increased the fouling resistance by 25–50 % compared to the control, because they promoted the deposition of 8–39 % more scalant cations, 17–23 % more fulvic acid-like and 23–34 % more humic acid-like matter on the membrane. Conversely, PE microfibres mitigated fouling by 45 % due to their strong binding capacity with both soluble fluorescent organics and cations. Under dead-end filtration, the three microfibre types led to a reduction in membrane fouling by 23–46 %, indicating that the perpendicular driving force allowed the deposited microfibres to interfere with the organics-cations gel-like matrix formation, resulting in less cake resistance. By elucidating the effects of microfibres in nanofibre membrane filtration, this study supports the development of resilient membrane processes for the treatment of microplastic-containing wastewater.

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) are gaining interest in food processing, with applications ranging from antimicrobial food packaging to sensing and detection of foodborne pathogens. However, scaling their synthesis in a continuous flow system remains a formidable challenge, not only requiring precise control over particle size, process stability and high throughput, but also facing the persistent problem of surface fouling. In flow-based systems, this fouling typically originates at the microreactor inlet, where gold nuclei deposit on channel walls, triggering uncontrolled particle growth and, in extreme cases, complete blockage. In this study, Au-NPs were synthesized via citrate reduction of tetrachloroauric acid in a segmented flow microreactor, with antifouling strategies explored through chemical surface modification. Coating reactor walls with silica nanoparticles and subsequent silanization created a superhydrophobic interface, which showed some success in mitigating fouling. However, the trade-off between fouling prevention and product control remained evident. Importantly, we also show that fouled reactors can be effectively cleaned with aqua regia, a practical approach to prolong continuous operation beyond single use. These findings highlight surface fouling as a critical barrier in scalable Au-NP synthesis and provide insights into the broader challenges of optimising nanoparticle production in continuous flow.

Copper precursor chemistry is fundamental in determining copper speciation and reactive adsorption performance in activated carbon systems; however, its influence in structured adsorbents has not been systematically explored. This study reports the successful fabrication of CuO-functionalized activated carbon microstructures via additive manufacturing, alongside a systematic investigation into the influence of copper precursor chemistry on Cu speciation, dispersion, and dynamic H2S adsorption performance. Three copper precursors: copper nitrate, acetate, and chloride, were introduced into 3D-printed activated carbon microstructures and converted to reactive copper phases through controlled thermal treatment. Comprehensive structural and surface characterization (BET-2D-NLDFT, SEM-EDX, PXRD, and XPS) reveals that precursor chemistry strongly influences copper oxidation state distribution, crystallinity, pore-scale deposition, and final retained Cu loading. Breakthrough testing using dry 500 ppm H2S demonstrates that nitrate-derived microstructures exhibit the most favorable combination of retained Cu loading, reactive CuO/Cu2O abundance (98 wt% collectively), and crystallite development, delivering up to 33% longer breakthrough times and 34% higher equilibrium capacities relative to acetate- and chloride-derived materials. Acetate-derived samples achieve the shortest mass-transfer zone consistent with more efficient pore utilization, while chloride-derived materials show inferior performance, likely associated with lower retained Cu loading, defective and poorly crystalline copper domains. These results highlight the interplay between precursor chemistry and sorbent structure in determining chemisorptive performance. The trends reported here are established under dry conditions and provide insight into precursor-dependent behavior in Cu-functionalized activated carbon microstructures, offering a basis for their rational design under controlled H2S conditions.

Conventional gas adsorption technologies rely on granular activated carbon (GAC) beds, which inherently suffer from channeling, high pressure drop, and premature breakthrough. This work demonstrates the first use of additive manufacturing to create copper oxide (CuO) impregnated activated carbon microstructures (ACMs) with engineered channel geometries, marking a step-change in toxic gas capture. Impregnation yielded CuO and Cu2O phases uniformly distributed along channel walls, confirmed by PXRD, XPS, and SEM-EDX. Breakthrough testing with 500 ppm H2S in N2 showed effective chemisorption, with tessellated and twodimensional helix geometries achieving breakthrough times up to 10.3 min g-1 and equilibrium capacities of 3.6 and 3.0 mg g-1, respectively. On a Cu-normalized basis, both structures achieved 45-73 mg H2S g-1 Cu with 8%-14% Cu utilization, consistent with state-of-the-art impregnated carbons. Mechanistic analysis revealed early breakthrough followed the Bohart-Adams model (reaction-limited), while later stages were captured by a one-dimensional axial diffusion model (mass transfer limited). These results demonstrate ACMs as efficient, tunable sorbents for toxic gas capture, and highlight the broader potential of engineered carbons for next-generation air filtration technologies.

Nanofiltration (NF) polymeric membranes are typically made from fossil fuel-derived feedstocks and toxic solvents, requiring a shift to more sustainable materials. This study pioneers the use of two biopolymers-cationic lignin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-as polycation and polyanion, respectively, to fabricate a polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) via the layer-by-layer method with water as the sole solvent and on a poly(ether sulfone) (PES) support. At a transmembrane pressure of 2 bar, the pure water permeance was 6 LMHB (L/m2 h bar) for 5 bilayers with a 96% rejection for positively charged methylene blue and 93% for negatively charged reactive orange-16, with a mass balance above 90%, indicating minimal adsorption on the membrane surface. The molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of the PEM ranged from 300 and 620 Da, corresponding to a loose NF membrane. Additionally, the PEM demonstrated excellent stability after 30 days in deionized water, attributed to strong electrostatic interactions between the polyelectrolyte layers. This study demonstrates that effective NF membranes can be produced using sustainable biopolymeric materials and benign solvents. The efficient rejection of small, charged molecules makes the PEM membrane promising for protein removal, wastewater treatment, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical applications.

Membrane distillation (MD) has the potential to tackle water scarcity challenges, as it can process non-traditional water sources to meet the growing water demand globally. However, long-term operation of MD systems is hampered by fouling of the membrane's surface which leads to reduced process efficiency. To address this, this study utilised 3D printed double sinusoidal (wavy) supports designed to enhance hydrodynamics at the membrane surface, mitigate organic fouling, and improve cleaning efficiency in air gap MD (AGMD). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of turbulent water flow showed that wavy surfaces enhance surface shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy, reducing foulant deposition and facilitating foulant detachment during cleaning. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hydrophobic films (thickness > 100 mu m) were attached to 3D printed flat and wavy supports via vacuum filtration, and their long-term AGMD performance was assessed. The composite membranes were tested continuously over 12 days using saline solutions containing humic acid, with a cleaning cycle every 3.5 days. A wavy membrane with a mixed matrix PVDF selective layer containing clay as a filler material, showed best-in-class performance, with a flux decrease of only 28 % and a flux recovery of 91 % before and after the third cleaning cycle, respectively. For comparison, a commercial PVDF membrane and an inhouse fabricated pristine PVDF membrane without any support, showed a flux decrease of 43 and 48 % and flux recovery of 65 and 60 %, respectively, confirming the CFD observations on the anti-fouling behaviour of wavy membranes. Overall, 3D printing allowed the fabrication of novel MD membranes with anti-fouling properties for long-term, efficient desalination and water treatment.

IntroductionBiofilms may show varying adherence strengths to dentine. This study quantified the shear force required for the detachment of multispecies biofilm from the dentine using fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) and computation fluid dynamics (CFD). To date this force has not been quantified.MethodsMultispecies biofilms were grown over 3, 7 and 14 days on 2 mm thick dentine sections of human molars (n = 8 per group). The FDG technique with different suction flow rates (100%, 80% and 40%) was used to assess biofilm removal. At maximum suction (100%), the flow rate was 500 mL/min. Digital images of each stained dentine sample were captured (10x magnification) before and after subjecting the samples to the various suction flow rates. The change in colour saturation versus control (triangle E) value was determined to assess removal of biofilm using digital softwares (Image J (c) and Colormine (c)). The imposed shear forces were then estimated using CFD and correlated with the triangle E values.ResultsFDG and CFD analysis showed that complete removal of biofilm by using water as the gauging liquid was not possible across any of the experimental groups. Three-day biofilms required significantly lower shear forces for removal than 7-day or 14-day biofilms. The maximum shear forces were seen in the 14-day biofilm group at all flow rates tested. When assessing for residual biofilm on the dentine, the triangle E value showed residual biofilms of approximately 40% at all time periods at a 100% flowrate. Complete removal of multispecies biofilm was not possible in any experimental group.ResultsFDG and CFD analysis showed that complete removal of biofilm by using water as the gauging liquid was not possible across any of the experimental groups. Three-day biofilms required significantly lower shear forces for removal than 7-day or 14-day biofilms. The maximum shear forces were seen in the 14-day biofilm group at all flow rates tested. When assessing for residual biofilm on the dentine, the triangle E value showed residual biofilms of approximately 40% at all time periods at a 100% flowrate. Complete removal of multispecies biofilm was not possible in any experimental group.ResultsFDG and CFD analysis showed that complete removal of biofilm by using water as the gauging liquid was not possible across any of the experimental groups. Three-day biofilms required significantly lower shear forces for removal than 7-day or 14-day biofilms. The maximum shear forces were seen in the 14-day biofilm group at all flow rates tested. When assessing for residual biofilm on the dentine, the triangle E value showed residual biofilms of approximately 40% at all time periods at a 100% flowrate. Complete removal of multispecies biofilm was not possible in any experimental group.ConclusionsThis study for the first-time records forces needed to remove polymicrobial biofilms form the surface of a dentine sample. Within the limits of this study, mature biofilms require greater shear forces for removal. This is important when planning protocols for biofilm removal.

Wastewater treatment processes, including membrane-based separations, are considered a major barrier preventing the discharge of microplastics into aquatic environments. However, there is currently limited understanding of the effects of microfibres, a common type of microplastics, in direct membrane filtration used as an alternative secondary treatment method. This study investigated the filtration performance and fouling mechanisms during track-etched membrane filtration of low-strength primary wastewater dosed with different types of microfibres. The presence of microfibres (10 mg/L) did not affect the treated water quality (such as biodegradable organics and suspended solids), but accelerated cake fouling, as illustrated by both fouling distribution analysis and model fitting. Shorter microfibres (1 mm) led to higher membrane fouling resistance than long ones (5 and 20 mm). Polyamide (PA, 5 mm) microfibres caused a more porous cake layer but also a higher irreversible fouling resistance compared to polyethylene (PE, 5 mm) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 5 mm). Compared to the control (without dosing microfibres), the presence of negatively charged PET, PA, and PE microfibres allowed more deposition of soluble fulvic acid-like matter on the membrane but reduced the accumulation of soluble tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like aromatic proteins possibly due to the stronger interactions of these proteins with the microfibres. However, the organics-cations matrix did not correlate with the cake resistance, suggesting that the microfibres affected the cake structure during cake development. Overall, this study investigated for the first time the microfibres-foulants-membrane interactions in primary wastewater treatment, highlighting the impact of microfibres on the efficiency of membrane-based processes.

AbstractThis work presents the successful manufacture and characterization of bespoke carbon adsorbent microstructures such as tessellated (TES) or serpentine spiral grooved (SSG) by using 3D direct light printing. This is the first time stereolithographic printing has been used to exert precise control over specific micromixer designs to quantify the impact of channel structure on the removal of n‐butane. Activated microstructures achieved nitrogen Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface areas up to 1600 m2 g−1 while maintaining uniform channel geometries. When tested with 1000 ppm n‐butane at 1 L min−1, the microstructures exceeded the equilibrium loading of commercial carbon‐packed beds by over 40%. Dynamic adsorption breakthrough testing using a constant Reynolds number (Re 80) shows that complex micromixer designs surpassed simpler geometries, with the SSG geometry achieving a 41% longer breakthrough time. Shorter mass transfer zones were observed in all the complex geometries, suggesting superior kinetics and carbon structure utilization as a result of the micromixer‐based etched grooves and interlinked channels. Furthermore, pressure drop testing demonstrates that all microstructures had half the pressure drop of commercial carbon‐packed beds. This study shows the power of leveraging 3D printing to produce optimized microstructures, providing a glimpse into the future of high‐performance gas separation.

A coupled physics informed neural network (CPINN) was used to simulate liquid diffusion controlled drying, an energy intensive process in the food industry. The architecture of the CPINN was designed to permit the prediction of thermo-physical properties and key source and sink terms at the solution boundaries which cause the solution to be highly coupled. The CPINN structure improves upon limitations of using PINNs in low-temperature food drying simulations, most notably allowing multiple and highly coupled variables to be simulated in additional to ensuring dynamic thermo-physical properties updates. The CPINN successfully solved a system 1-D partial differential equations (PDEs), capturing phenomena such as transient moisture diffusion and heat conduction, evaporative and convective heat transfer at the drying surface and moisture loss to the drying air. A benchmark simulation was used to compare the CPINN predicted product temperature, (T) over cap (p), and predicted moisture content, (X) over cap (p,) against a numeric solution. The mean absolute error for the respective comparisons was 0.12 degrees C and 0.0035 kgm(.) kg(s)(-1). Training the CPINN for the first time was the rate limiting step, requiring the greatest time to solve when compared to the numeric solution, with solution times of t(cptnm) = 321 min and t(rk) = 82.7 min, respectively, or a time reduction fraction of t(r) = 3.9, due to generalised initialisation of the CPINN parameters. By utilising a staged transfer learning approach, t(r) was reduced to a range of 0.28-0.027 whilst maintaining solution accuracy, representing a 3 to 37 times faster solution. By saving a library of CPINN models, solutions at key drying conditions of interest can be rapidly evaluated at run time, meaning the saved CPINN effectively acted as a method to compress solutions of PDEs. The techniques used here show how CPINNs can be applied to coupled and multi-scale PDEs using a physics-based approach to problems in the food processing and other sectors.

Tailoring the shape of porous ceramic tubes can improve the performance of several processes by enhancing fluid mixing and mass transfer and reducing fouling. Ceramics are, however, difficult to fabricate in complex geometries by conventional manufacturing methods. In this work, Digital Light Processing 3D printing of an acrylate-based resin containing an organometallic titania precursor was used for the first time to produce ceramic tubes in novel sinusoidal and twisted shapes, optimized with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). CFD simulations of water in the laminar flow regime inside and around the tubes indicated improved fluid mixing by formation of vortices and fluid recirculation, increase of wall shear stress and enhancement of vorticity. Composite tubular structures with a 10 cm height and a wide range of design parameters (wavelength, peak amplitude, twist angle) were printed with a high resolution of 50 μm using resin containing 25% wt. titanium acrylate, while shorter structures could also be printed using 50% wt. titanium acrylate. The printed tubes maintained their sinusoidal or twisted shape after thermal post-treatment (de-binding and sintering) despite shrinkage of 35–45 % due to decomposition of the organic components of the starting material. The final sintered structures were made of pure titania and had a high porosity of 82 to 92 %. Overall, simulation-led design and 3D printing allowed for the production of porous ceramic tubes in unconventional shapes that have great potential to boost the efficiency of separation, contacting and catalytic processes.

The integration of battery energy storage systems(BESS)throughout our energy chain poses concerns regarding safety,especially since batteries have high energy density and numerous BESS failure events have occurred.Wider spread adoption will only increase the prevalence of these failure events unless there is a step change in the management and design of BESS.To understand the causes of failure,the main challenges of BESS safety are summarised.BESS consequences and failure events are discussed,including specific focus on the chain of events causing thermal runaway,and a case study of a BESS explo-sion in Surprise Arizona is analysed.Based on the technology and past events,a paradigm shift is required to improve BESS safety.In this review,a holistic approach is proposed.This combines currently adopted approaches including battery cell testing,lumped cell mathematical modelling,and calorimetry,along-side additional measures taken to ensure BESS safety including the requirement for computational fluid dynamics and kinetic modelling,assessment of installation level testing of the full BESS system and not simply a single cell battery test,hazard and layers of protection analysis,gas chromatography,and com-position testing.The holistic approach proposed in this study aims to address challenges of BESS safety and form the basis of a paradigm shift in the safety management and design of these systems.

Chlorite (ClO2- ) is a regulated byproduct of chlorine dioxide water treatment processes. The transformation of chlorite under UV irradiation into chloride (Cl-) and chlorate (ClO3- ) involves reactive species chain reactions that could enhance chlorine dioxide water treatment efficiency while reducing residual chlorite levels. This study conducted a mechanistic investigation of chlorite phototransformation by analyzing reaction intermediates and stable end products, including chlorine dioxide (ClO2), free chlorine (HOCl/OCl-), hydroxyl-radical (center dot OH), Cl-, and ClO3- through combined experimental and modeling approaches. Experiments were performed at UV254 irradiation in pure buffered water within the pH range of 6 to 8. Results indicated that the apparent quantum yields for chlorite phototransformation increased from 0.86 to 1.45, and steady-state center dot OH concentrations at 1 mM initial chlorite concentration rose from 8.16 x 10-14 M - 16.1 x 10-14 M with decreasing pH values. It was observed that under UV irradiation, chlorite acts as both a significant producer and consumer of reactive species through three distinct reaction pathways. The developed kinetic model, which incorporates optimized intrinsic chlorite quantum yields Phi inchlorite ranging from 0.33 to 0.39, effectively simulated the loss of oxidants and the formation of major products. It also accurately predicted steady-state concentrations of various species, including center dot OH, center dot ClO, Cl center dot and O3. For the first time, this study provides a comprehensive transformation pathway scheme for chlorite phototransformation. The findings offer important insights into the mechanistic aspects of product and oxidizing species formation during chlorite phototransformation.

The manufacture of tailored carbon‐based adsorbent structures with exceptionally low‐pressure drops and improved kinetics using stereolithographic 3D printing is presented. Adsorbent structures are printed from commercial resins with square, circular, and hexagonal cross‐sectional microchannels. These structures can reduce energy use by 50–95% compared to conventional carbon‐packed beds. The activated 3D printed carbon achieves Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas over 1000 m2 g−1 and shows outstanding butane adsorption capacities, over twice the capacity of a commercial carbon and a comparable capacity to phenolic‐based carbons. The structures also show excellent uptakes of cyclohexane, up to 0.62 g g−1 in a saturated feed. The introduction of complex axial geometries including spirals and chevrons enable superior adsorption kinetics and premature breakthrough of contaminants at high gas flow rates. These results demonstrate the success of intelligent manufacturing of low‐pressure drop, high‐capacity micro‐structured adsorbents, allowing for the development of gas separation technologies for applications such as greenhouse gas removal and respiratory protection.

This work addresses the production and characterization of alginate-carrageenan matrixes, cross-linked with epichlorohydrin in the presence of different flexible chain polymers: polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidine. These matrixes were obtained by ionotropic gelation in two different sizes: macro and microspheres. The different systems were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM and TGA. The obtained matrixes showed differences in their water content, shape and roughness due to the addition of flexible chain polymers into their composition.These matrixes were used for the adsorption of lysozyme. The adsorption process was found to follow a first order kinetics model and was not influenced by the type of polymer attached. In addition, the Langmuir model was the most suitable isotherm model for our data. The addition of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone decreases the adsorption capacity of the original matrixes, in both macro and micro scale. Finally, it was shown that when decreasing the size of the spheres, their adsorption capacity increases up to 5 times.

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is an important water treatment process for removing sus-pended solids. Understanding the characteristic size and spatial distribution of both bubbles and suspended solids, including their hydrodynamics, within flotation tanks is key to optimising flotation performance. In this study, a continuously operating lab scale DAF tank was constructed to simultaneously monitor size distributions and motions of microbubbles (o = 67-86 & PLUSMN; 13-19 & mu;m) and spherical polyethylene microplastic particles (o = 69.8 & PLUSMN; 5.3 & mu;m) in unbuffered water at circumneutral pH without salt addition and with 0.5 g L- 1 sodium chloride (NaCl) added. Microplastic particles were used for the first time in such a setup. Particle tracking showed different flow regimes in the separation zone, with short-circuiting flow paths varying at different flow rates. Within the range of flowrates employed, the bubble bed that formed was not prominent enough to promote stratified flow. The addition of NaCl greatly reduced microplastic particle counts within the separation zone during flotation. This new multi-factorial approach provides critical insights into the variations in DAF performance. & COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creative-commons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Since the discovery of nanobubbles (NBs) in 1994, NBs have been attracting growing attention for their fascinating properties and have been studied for application in various environmental fields, including water and wastewater treatment. However, despite the intensive research efforts on NBs' fundamental properties, especially in the past five years, controversies and disagreements in the published literature have hindered their practical implementation. So far, reviews of NB research have mainly focused on NBs' role in specific treatment processes or general applications, highlighting proof-of-concept and success stories primarily at the laboratory scale. As such, there lacks a rigorous review that authenticates NBs' potential beyond the bench scale. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the recent progress in NB research in the field of water and wastewater treatment at different scales, along with identifying and discussing the challenges and prospects of the technology. Herein, we systematically analyze (1) the fundamental properties of NBs and their relevancy to water treatment processes, (2) recent advances in NB applications for various treatment processes beyond the lab scale, including over 20 pilot and full-scale case studies, (3) a preliminary economic consideration of NB-integrated treatment processes (the case of NB-flotation), and (4) existing controversies in NBs research and the outlook for future research. This review is organized with the aim to provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of the subject matter while highlighting key insights as well as knowledge gaps requiring research to advance the use of NBs in the wastewater treatment industry.

Membrane ozonation of bromide-containing, high-color natural organic matter (NOM) containing groundwater was performed using single-tube polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and multi-tube polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane contactors, and compared to batch ozonation. For membrane ozonation, dissolved ozone concentration, water color (VIS436), ultraviolet light absorption (UV254) and bromate formation were correlated with ozone dose, ozone gas concentration, hydraulic retention time and Hatta number (Ha). NOM color removal of up to 45 % for the single-tube contactor and 17 % for the multi-tube contactor were achieved while containing bromate formation below 10 µg L-1. Higher color removal using higher ozone doses was associated with high bromate formation i.e. >>10 µg L-1. In membrane ozonation, low ozone gas concentrations, long hydraulic retention times and high Ha resulted in low dissolved ozone concentrations due to quenching of ozone by NOM. At specific ozone doses of < 0.5 mg O3/mg DOC and Ha > 1, single-tube ozonation resulted in comparable results to batch ozonation while bromate formation was higher in the single-tube contactor at specific ozone doses > 0.5 mg O3/mg DOC and Ha < 1. At comparable ozone doses and Ha, bromate formation in the multi-tube contactor was always higher compared to single-tube and batch ozonation. This could be associated with the uneven ozone distribution within the multi-tube contactor. Results show that ozone dose is the major driver for selectivity between bromate formation and NOM color removal in both membrane and batch ozonation. Bromate formation in membrane ozonation may be controlled by adjusting gas concentration, Ha and hydraulic retention time. Membrane module design and process parameters of membrane ozonation reactors significantly affect treatment performance and should be optimized for selective target compound removal over by-product formation.

Commercial fire escape masks (FEMs) use packed bed filters to remove gaseous and vaporous toxic components in the event of building fires. Packed bed filters incur a high pressure drop and commercial masks have no method to remove environmental (fire) or process (reaction and adsorption) heats. Here we derive a computationally efficient numeric model based on a bi-linear driving force (LDF) model to investigate the purification of gas streams in a square channelled monolith filter containing an impregnated activated carbon (AC) section to adsorb and react toxic components, and a section consisting of shape stable phase change materials (SS-PCMs) to absorb heat. The modelled test gas mixture contained an adsorbing component, cyclohexane, and a reacting component, carbon monoxide, permitting the combined effects of heat generation, heat absorption, component reaction and component adsorption to be studied for a novel filter. The biLDF model was validated against a three-dimensional model and provided excellent accuracy at significantly reduced computational time ca. 99.7%. Additionally, the bi-LDF model was used to optimise the dimensions and configuration of the filter, specifically finding an optimal channel diameter, d(ch), to wall thickness, t(w), aspect ratio of d(ch) = 1.3t(w). The optimal configuration consisted of an initial 2.0 cm long impregnated AC section followed by a 2.5 cm SS-PCM section at the outlet, providing 18 min of thermal protection whilst preventing cyclohexane vapour breakthrough for 21 min. Pt/TiO2 was confirmed to be a viable CO oxidation catalyst with a minimum weight fraction within the impregnated monolith of 2.5 wt%. The success of this work represents a step change in FEM design and more widely in air purification devices where heat absorption is important.