OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND:Occupational therapists usually assess hand function through standardised tests, however, there is no consensus on how the scores assigned to hand dexterity can accurately measure hand function required for daily activities and few studies evaluate the movement patterns of the upper limbs during hand function tests. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in muscle activation patterns during the performance of three hand dexterity tests. METHODS:Twenty university students underwent a surface electromyographic (sEMG) assessment of eight upper limb muscles during the performance of the box and blocks test (BEST), nine-hole peg test (9HPT), and functional dexterity test (FDT). The description and comparison of each muscle activity during the test performance, gender differences, and the correlation between individual muscles' sEMG activity were analysed through appropriate statistics. RESULTS:Increased activity of proximal muscles was found during the performance of BEST (p < .001). While a higher activation of the distal muscles occurred during the FDT and 9HPT performance, no differences were found between them. Comparisons of the sEMG activity revealed a significant increase in the muscle activation among women (p = .05). Strong and positive correlations (r > .5; p < .05) were observed between proximal and distal sEMG activities, suggesting a coordinate pattern of muscle activation during hand function tests. CONCLUSION:The results suggested the existence of differences in the muscle activation pattern during the performance of hand function evaluations. Occupational therapists should be aware of unique muscle requirements and its impact on the results of dexterity tests during hand function evaluation.

ABSTRACT Introduction: reduction in strength and reduction in speed of muscle contraction are the two major causes of functional impairment in the elderly. Objective: to examine age-related changes in the temporal development of the force of the handgrip and knee extensors in women. Methods: the sample consisted of 52 women subdivided in three groups (JO. n=24, 25.2±3.7 years; MI. n=13, 58±4.2 years; ID. n=15, 71.3±3.9 years). Tests of handgrip and knee extension were performed. Three attempts of maximum isometric effort were performed in each test, and the curve with the maximum strength value was selected for analysis by means of an algorithm developed using MATLAB ® . The fat free mass (FFM) was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: we observed similar values in strength (p=0.831) and FFM (p=0.207) of the upper limb. The rate of the force development (RFD) was lower in the initial periods of muscle contraction (0-50 and 0-100ms) in the MI group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.000 for 50ms and 100ms, respectively) and ID (p = 0.003 p = 0.000 for 50ms and 100ms, respectively). The FFM and lower limb strength were lower in the MI group (p=0.006, p =0.014, respectively) and ID (p 0.05), but lower in the ID group (p<0.05) compared to the JO in all analyzed intervals. Conclusion: the results of this study demonstrate that the muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs are affected in different magnitudes by the aging process. The differences between limbs may be related to the quantity and quality of physical activities.Keywords: aging, muscle strength, hand strength.

INTRODUÇÃO: redução na força e na velocidade da contração muscular são duas das maiores causas de debilidade funcional em idosos.OBJETIVO: analisar as mudanças relacionadas à idade no desenvolvimento temporal da força de preensão manual e dos extensores do joelho em mulheres.MÉTODOS: a amostra foi constituída por 52 mulheres subdivididas em três grupos (JO. n=24, 25,2±3,7 anos; MI. n=13, 58±4,2 anos; ID. n=15, 71,3±3,9 anos). Os testes realizados foram o de preensão manual e o de extensão do joelho. Foram executadas três tentativas de esforço isométrico máximo em cada teste, e a curva com o valor máximo de força foi selecionada para análise por meio de um algoritmo desenvolvido em linguagem Matlab(r). A massa livre de gordura (MLG) foi avaliada por meio da absortometria radiológica de dupla energia.RESULTADOS: foram observados entre os grupos valores semelhantes de força (p=0,831) e MLG do membro superior (p=0,207). A taxa de desenvolvimento da força (TDF) foi menor nos intervalos iniciais da contração muscular (0-50 e 0-100ms) nos grupos MI (p=0,005 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente) e ID (p=0,003 e p=0,000, para 50ms e 100ms, respectivamente). A MLG e a força do membro inferior foram menores nos grupos MI (p=0,006, p=0,014, respectivamente) e ID (p<0,000, p=0,000, respectivamente) em comparação ao JO. Já a TDF dos extensores do joelho foi semelhante no grupo MI (p>0,05), porém, menor no grupo ID (p<0,05) em comparação ao JO, em todos os intervalos analisados.CONCLUSÃO: os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os grupos musculares dos membros superiores e inferiores possam ser afetados em diferentes magnitudes pelo envelhecimento. As diferenças entre os membros podem estar relacionadas à quantidade e qualidade das atividades físicas realizadas.

Background: Aging is a multifactorial process that leads to changes in the quantity and quality of skeletal muscle and contributes to decreased levels of muscle strength. Objective: This study sought to investigate whether the isometric muscle strength, fat-free mass (FFM) and power of the electromyographic (EMG) signal of the upper and lower limbs of women are similarly affected by aging. Method: The sample consisted of 63 women, who were subdivided into three groups (young (YO) n=33, 24.7±3.5 years; middle age (MA) n=15, 58.6±4.2 years; and older adults (OA). n=15, 72.0±4.2 years). Isometric strength was recorded simultaneously with the capture of the electrical activity of the flexor muscles of the fingers and the vastus lateralis during handgrip and knee extension tests, respectively. FFM was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The handgrip strength measurements were similar among groups (p=0.523), whereas the FFM of the upper limbs was lower in group OA compared to group YO (p=0.108). The RMSn values of the hand flexors were similar among groups (p=0.754). However, the strength of the knee extensors, the FFM of the lower limbs and the RMSn values of the vastus lateralis were lower in groups MA (p=0.014, p=0.006 and p=0.013, respectively) and OA (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p<0.000, respectively) compared to group YO. Conclusions : The results of this study demonstrate that changes in isometric muscle strength in MLG and electromyographic activity of the lower limbs are more pronounced with the aging process of the upper limb.

OBJETIVO: Investigar quatro parâmetros de definição de pressão respiratória máxima e avaliar suas correlações e concordância para medidas de PImáx e PEmáx. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 49 sujeitos saudáveis, eutróficos, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 23,08 ± 2,50 anos. As medidas foram realizadas utilizando-se um transdutor de pressão, e os parâmetros foram estimados a partir de um algoritmo matemático desenvolvido para a pesquisa: pressões de pico (Ppico), de platô (Pplatô), média máxima (Pmédia) e segundo a área (Párea). Foi empregada a estatística descritiva para caracterização da amostra, seguida por ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste post hoc de Bonferroni ou teste de Friedman e teste post hoc de Wilcoxon, assim como correlações de Pearson ou Spearman, segundo a normalidade dos dados. A concordância entre as variáveis foi avaliada pelo método gráfico de Bland & Altman. RESULTADOS: Houve diferenças significativas entre todos os parâmetros, tanto para PImáx (Ppico = 95,69 ± 27,89 cmH2O; Párea = 88,53 ± 26,45 cmH2O; Pplatô = 82,48 ± 25,11 cmH2O; Pmédia = 89,01 ± 26,41 cmH2O; p < 0,05 entre todos) quanto para PEmáx (Ppico = 109,98 ± 40,67 cmH2O; Párea = 103,85 ± 36,63 cmH2O; Pplatô = 98,93 ± 32,10 cmH2O; Pmédia = 104,43 ± 36,74 cmH2O; p < 0,0083 entre todos). Houve baixa concordância entre a maior parte das medidas, sendo as diferenças entre os parâmetros maiores quanto mais elevados os valores pressóricos considerados. CONCLUSÕES: Os parâmetros avaliados não são intercambiáveis, sendo as diferenças entre eles maiores à medida que valores pressóricos mais elevados são atingidos.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate four parameters defining maximal respiratory pressures and to evaluate their correlations and agreements among those parameters for the determination of MIP and MEP.METHODS:This was a cross-sectional study involving 49 healthy, well-nourished males and females. The mean age was 23.08 ± 2.5 years. Measurements were carried out using a pressure transducer, and the estimated values for the parameters peak pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplateau), mean maximal pressure (Pmean), and pressure according to the area (Parea) were determined with an algorithm developed for the study. To characterize the study sample, we used descriptive statistics, followed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test or by the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon post hoc test, as well as by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients, depending on the normality of the data. The agreement between the variables was assessed with Bland & Altman plots.RESULTS:There were significant differences among all of the parameters studied for MIP (Ppeak = 95.69 ± 27.89 cmH₂O; Parea = 88.53 ± 26.45 cmH₂O⁻; Pplateau = 82.48 ± 25.11 cmH₂O⁻; Pmean = 89.01 ± 26.41 cmH₂O⁻; p < 0.05 for all) and for MEP (Ppeak = 109.98 ± 40.67 cmH₂O; Parea = 103.85 ± 36.63 cmH₂O; Pplateau = 98.93 ± 32.10 cmH₂O; Pmean = 104.43 ± 36.74 cmH₂O; p < 0.0083 for all). Poor agreement was found among almost all of the parameters. Higher pressure values resulted in larger differences between the variables.CONCLUSIONS:The maximal respiratory pressure parameters evaluated do not seem to be interchangeable, and higher pressure values result in larger differences among the parameters.

BACKGROUND: Given the variety of available hand-held dynamometers and their different handle shapes, reliability studies are needed. Objectives: To compare the accuracy and reliability between three different hand-held dynamometers and analyze the influence of their handles on grip strength. Methods: The tests were performed with the Jamar® dynamometer, the Takei® dynamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer with modified handle. Eighteen healthy volunteers aged 20.0±1.3 years without history of musculoskeletal disorders or trauma in the evaluated limbs were included. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To verify possible differences between the dynamometers, repeated measures ANOVA was administered, followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Reliability between measurements was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was tested using Bland and Altman plots. The dynamometers calibration process was evaluated using linear regressions. RESULTS: We observed statistically significant differences on the female group between the Jamar® and the Takei® dynamometers (females p<0.001 and males p=0.022) and the EMG System Manual Transducer (female p<0.001 and males p=0.007). However, the Takei® dymamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer were similar for both female (p=0.161) and male groups (p=0.850). Although acceptable values of intraclass correlation coefficients between measurements were identified, low agreement between the Jamar® dynamometer and all other instruments was found. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that there is an influence of the dynamometer's handle shapes on the measurements of grip strength. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the need for previous calibration of this type of instrument.

OBJETIVO: Investigar quatro parâmetros de definição de pressão respiratória máxima e avaliar suas correlações e concordância para medidas de PImáx e PEmáx. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 49 sujeitos saudáveis, eutróficos, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 23,08 ± 2,50 anos. As medidas foram realizadas utilizando-se um transdutor de pressão, e os parâmetros foram estimados a partir de um algoritmo matemático desenvolvido para a pesquisa: pressões de pico (Ppico), de platô (Pplatô), média máxima (Pmédia) e segundo a área (Párea). Foi empregada a estatística descritiva para caracterização da amostra, seguida por ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste post hoc de Bonferroni ou teste de Friedman e teste post hoc de Wilcoxon, assim como correlações de Pearson ou Spearman, segundo a normalidade dos dados. A concordância entre as variáveis foi avaliada pelo método gráfico de Bland & Altman. RESULTADOS: Houve diferenças significativas entre todos os parâmetros, tanto para PImáx (Ppico = 95,69 ± 27,89 cmH2O; Párea = 88,53 ± 26,45 cmH2O; Pplatô = 82,48 ± 25,11 cmH2O; Pmédia = 89,01 ± 26,41 cmH2O; p < 0,05 entre todos) quanto para PEmáx (Ppico = 109,98 ± 40,67 cmH2O; Párea = 103,85 ± 36,63 cmH2O; Pplatô = 98,93 ± 32,10 cmH2O; Pmédia = 104,43 ± 36,74 cmH2O; p < 0,0083 entre todos). Houve baixa concordância entre a maior parte das medidas, sendo as diferenças entre os parâmetros maiores quanto mais elevados os valores pressóricos considerados. CONCLUSÕES: Os parâmetros avaliados não são intercambiáveis, sendo as diferenças entre eles maiores à medida que valores pressóricos mais elevados são atingidos.OBJECTIVE: To investigate four parameters defining maximal respiratory pressures and to evaluate their correlations and agreements among those parameters for the determination of MIP and MEP. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 49 healthy, well-nourished males and females. The mean age was 23.08 ± 2.5 years. Measurements were carried out using a pressure transducer, and the estimated values for the parameters peak pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplateau), mean maximal pressure (Pmean), and pressure according to the area (Parea) were determined with an algorithm developed for the study. To characterize the study sample, we used descriptive statistics, followed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test or by the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon post hoc test, as well as by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients, depending on the normality of the data. The agreement between the variables was assessed with Bland & Altman plots. RESULTS: There were significant differences among all of the parameters studied for MIP (Ppeak = 95.69 ± 27.89 cmH2O; Parea = 88.53 ± 26.45 cmH2O; Pplateau = 82.48 ± 25.11 cmH2O; Pmean = 89.01 ± 26.41 cmH2O; p < 0.05 for all) and for MEP (Ppeak = 109.98 ± 40.67 cmH2O; Parea = 103.85 ± 36.63 cmH2O; Pplateau = 98.93 ± 32.10 cmH2O; Pmean = 104.43 ± 36.74 cmH2O; p < 0.0083 for all). Poor agreement was found among almost all of the parameters. Higher pressure values resulted in larger differences between the variables. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal respiratory pressure parameters evaluated do not seem to be interchangeable, and higher pressure values result in larger differences among the parameters.

Resumen pt: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a taxa de desenvolvimento da forca de membros superiores e inferiores por meio de esforco isometrico maximo em mu...

Objective: To investigate four parameters defining maximal respiratory pressures and to evaluate their correlations and agreements among those parameters for the determination of MIP and MEP. Methods: This was a crosssectional study involving 49 healthy, well-nourished males and females. The mean age was 23.08 ± 2.5 years. Measurements were carried out using a pressure transducer, and the estimated values for the parameters peak pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplateau), mean maximal pressure (Pmean), and pressure according to the area (Parea) were determined with an algorithm developed for the study. To characterize the study sample, we used descriptive statistics, followed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test or by the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon post hoc test, as well as by Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients, depending on the normality of the data. The agreement between the variables was assessed with Bland & Altman plots. Results: There were significant differences among all of the parameters studied for MIP (Ppeak = 95.69 ± 27.89 cmH 2 O; Parea = 88.53 ± 26.45 cmH 2 O; Pplateau = 82.48 ± 25.11 cmH 2 O; Pmean = 89.01 ± 26.41 cmH 2 O; p < 0.05 for all) and for MEP (Ppeak = 109.98 ± 40.67 cmH2O; Parea = 103.85 ± 36.63 cmH2O; Pplateau = 98.93 ± 32.10 cmH2O; Pmean = 104.43 ± 36.74 cmH 2 O; p < 0.0083 for all). Poor agreement was found among almost all of the parameters. Higher pressure values resulted in larger differences between the variables. Conclusions: The maximal respiratory pressure parameters evaluated do not seem to be interchangeable, and higher pressure values result in larger differences among the parameters.

A Ioga é um sistema filosófico milenar originário da Índia, cujo objetivo principal é o desenvolvimento da união entre corpo e mente, através de exercícios, respiração e meditação, visando o bem-estar físico e mental. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da prática regular de Hatha Ioga sobre a função ventilatória de mulheres saudáveis. Estudo transversal controlado, no qual participaram 25 mulheres, sendo os grupos IOGA e controle, compostos por 13 e 12 voluntárias, respectivamente. As voluntárias do grupo IOGA praticavam Hatha Ioga há pelo menos seis meses. A frequência respiratória foi avaliada através da contagem em um minuto; as pressões inspiratórias e expiratórias máximas foram avaliadas através da manovacuometria; as mobilidades torácicas axilar e xifóidea através da cirtometria; a capacidade vital forçada e o pico de fluxo expiratório através da espirometria. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos apenas com relação à frequência respiratória e mobilidade xifóidea. Pode-se concluir que a prática regular de Hatha Ioga mostrou-se capaz de influenciar positivamente a frequência respiratória e a mobilidade xifóidea.

Yoga is an ancient philosophic system that originated in India and whose main objective is the development of the union of mind and body through exercise, respiration and meditation. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of regular practice of Hatha Yoga on the respiratory function of healthy women. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted on 25 female volunteers divided into two groups: Yoga (n=13) and control (n=12). The volunteers of the Yoga group had practiced Hatha Yoga for at least 6 months. The respiratory rate was counted over one minute. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were assessed with a manovacuometer. Axillary and xiphoid mobilities were assessed by cyrtometry. Chest expansion at the axillary and xiphoid levels was measured by cyrtometry. Forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow were assessed by spirometry. Significant differences between groups were only observed for respiratory rate and xiphoid mobility. In conclusion, regular practice of Hatha Yoga had a positive impact on respiratory rate and xiphoid mobility in the population studied.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, em um grupo de mulheres saudáveis, os efeitos da prática regular de Ioga sobre a qualidade de vida. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal controlado, no qual participaram 25 mulheres saudáveis, com idades entre 20 e 59 anos, divididas nos grupos IOGA (praticantes há pelo menos seis meses) e CONTROLE (sedentárias), compostos respectivamente por 13 e 12 voluntárias. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada utilizando-se o questionário SF-36. Para análise estatística foram realizados o teste t independente e as provas não paramétricas de Mann-Whitney. O grupo IOGA apresentou pontuação significativamente mais elevada no domínio "dor" e no escore físico geral (p < 0,05) do questionário SF-36. Concluímos que, na população avaliada, a prática regular de Hatha Ioga demonstrou ser capaz de influenciar positivamente determinados aspectos da qualidade de vida.The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in a group of healthy women, whether the regular practice of Hatha Yoga could have an impact on their quality of life. It was a transversal controlled study, composed by 25 women, aged between 20 and 59 years, divided in two groups: YOGA (at least six months of Hatha Yoga practice) and CONTROL (non-active women), composed by 13 and 12 volunteers, respectively. The quality of life was assessed through the SF-36 questionnaire. The statistical procedures included the independent t test and the Mann-Whitney tests. The YOGA group presented higher scores in the "body pain" domain and in the general physical score (p < 0,05). It can be concluded that, in the assessed population, the regular practice of Hatha Yoga has positively influenced some aspects of the quality of life.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in a group of healthy women, whether the regular practice of Hatha Yoga could have an impact on their quality of life. It was a transversal controlled study, composed by 25 women, aged between 20 and 59 years, divided in two groups: YOGA (at least six months of Hatha Yoga practice) and CONTROL (non-active women), composed by 13 and 12 volunteers, respectively. The quality of life was assessed through the SF-36 questionnaire. The statistical procedures included the independent t test and the Mann-Whitney tests. The YOGA group presented higher scores in the "body pain" domain and in the general physical score (p < 0,05). It can be concluded that, in the assessed population, the regular practice of Hatha Yoga has positively influenced some aspects of the quality of life.

Yoga is an ancient philosophic system that originated in India and whose main objective is the development of the union of mind and body through exercise, respiration and meditation. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of regular practice of Hatha Yoga on the respiratory function of healthy women. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted on 25 female volunteers divided into two groups: Yoga (n=13) and control (n=12). The volunteers of the Yoga group had practiced Hatha Yoga for at least 6 months. The respiratory rate was counted over one minute. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were assessed with a manovacuometer. Axillary and xiphoid mobilities were assessed by cyrtometry. Chest expansion at the axillary and xiphoid levels was measured by cyrtometry. Forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow were assessed by spirometry. Significant differences between groups were only observed for respiratory rate and xiphoid mobility. In conclusion, regular practice of Hatha Yoga had a positive impact on respiratory rate and xiphoid mobility in the population studied.

LIMA, J. R. P.; BRANCO, F. C.; RIBEIRO NETO, F.; NOVO JÚNIOR, J. M. Indirect cycle ergometer calibration by oxygen consumption. R. bras. Ci. e Mov. 2003; 11(3): 33-36. Usually, mechanical cycle ergometers (Cycle-Mec) are calibrated in a fragmented way: speed of the wheel and the applied resistance are calibrated independently. For more accurate calibration, it should be performed the dynamic calibration, using a torquimeter while the Cycle-Mec works at different speeds for each possible load, calibrating the system in the real test situation. As the dynamic calibration demands sophisticated equipments, inaccessible to most of the evaluation centers, the objective of this work was to experiment the indirect dynamic calibration of a Cycle-Mec by comparing the oxygen consumption (VO2), in several loads, with the VO2 predicted by regression equation used in aerobic assessment. After speed and resistive load calibration, 7 male individuals (70.6 ± 4.3 kg, 177.3 ± 5.0 cm, 25.9 ± 7.7 years) pedaled at 50 rpm, with initial resistive load of 0.95 kg (286.9 kgm.min-1) and increments of 1.0 kg each 3 min (302 kgm.min-1), until 4.95 kg (1494.9 kgm.min-1). The cadence was marked by digital metronome. Metabolic Analyzer Aerosport Teem 100 measured VO2. For Predicted VO2 calculation it was applied the equation: Predicted VO2 = Nominal power x 2 + (3,5 X corporal weight). Nominal Power was corrected by the equation: Corrected Power = / 2. Comparing nominal and corrected power it was possible to observe that the error of the studied Cycle-Mec was larger as nominal power increases. Correction of nominal power is obtained by the equation: Corrected power = 0.53 x Nominal Power + 55.12.