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Thirteen Beagle × Telomian hybrid and twelve Telomian × Beagle hybrid dogs, bred, born and raised at the BGSU Canine Research Laboratory, all exhibited extreme timidity, fearfulness, and restlessness when removed from their normal social environment. At 7–15 months of age, an attempt was made to train some of these “kennel dogs” to sit quietly in response to verbal commands during systematically applied 3 min sessions. Performance was markedly improved following treatment with a low dose of morphine sulfate (0.25 mg kg−1) and made worse by treatment with naloxone (0.25 mg kg−1). Attempts to socially rehabilitate other such animals with conjoint, long-term administration of these drugs and exposure to humans was generally unsuccessful, even though animals treated with morphine exhibited more improvement than those treated with naloxone (when tested in the non-drugged state). However, while under the influence of their respective drugs, morphine-treated animals were less socially solicitous than placebo-treated ones, and naloxone-treated animals were more solicitous. In general, these results are consistent with the idea that modification of opioid activity systematically modified social responsivity, but the capacity of these treatments to promote rehabilitation of poorly-socialized animals remains in doubt.

American AnthropologistVolume 83, Issue 2 p. 424-426 Free Access Physical Anthropology: Dominance Relations. D Omark, F. Strayer, and D. Freedman, eds J. P. Scott, J. P. Scott Bowling Green State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author J. P. Scott, J. P. Scott Bowling Green State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1981 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1981.83.2.02a00350AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume83, Issue2June 1981Pages 424-426 RelatedInformation

American AnthropologistVolume 82, Issue 1 p. 172-173 Methods of Inference from Animal to Human Behaviour. Mario von Cranach J. P. Scott, J. P. Scott Bowling Green UniversitySearch for more papers by this author J. P. Scott, J. P. Scott Bowling Green UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1980 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00560Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume82, Issue1March 1980Pages 172-173 RelatedInformation

This experiment concerns 2 issues: the time of onset of the process of social attachment in the dog, and the nature of the interaction between the emotion of separation distress and that caused by discomfort. The subjects were 48 puppies from 4 genetic backgrounds: beagles, Telomians, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Puppies were divided into 4 groups nd isoalted for short periods under comfortable and uncomfortable conditions beginning at 3, 11, 17, and 25 days from birth. The dependent variable was distress vocalization during a 10-min period. Separation distress did not occur before 11 days and remained at a low level until 21 days, when it rose rapidly. The process of attachment is thus initiated in the transition period but does not reach a high level until some 2 weeks later. Interaction between the 2 kinds of affect is compatible and additive.

This study tested the hypothesis that reducing the amount of living area space of a group of dogs leads to a greater frequency of agonistic interaction. Three litters of 6-month-old Telomians were tested in their 3 × 4 m home pen either in the full room or a 1.5 × 2 m section. The frequency of barks, growls, yelps, rushes, snaps, and bites were recorded daily for four 10-min periods: morning undisturbed, morning during feeding, afternoon undisturbed, and afternoon during bone competition. Results show that (1) most agonistic behavior was initiated and controlled by the dominant dogs, and (2) the level of agonistic interactions for any given condition was approximately the same regardless of area sizes. The data suggest that dogs reared together can form stable dominance orders which are not seriously disturbed even by severe crowding.

A model of childhood hyperkinesis, using the Telomian-beagle hybrid dog, is described, demonstrating the interactions of genetics and separation in the development of this syndrome and in the favorable responses of some of these dogs to amphetamine. This work represents the collaboration of three laboratories, utilizing chiefly methods of inhibitory training. Inducing separation distress enhanced the resistance to inhibitory training and the favorable responses to amphetamine.

The possibility that brain opiate systems participate in the control of social affect was assessed by determining capacity of low doses of exogenous opiates (0.125-0.50 mg/kg oxymorphone, and 0.10-0.50 mg/kg morphine sulfate) to reduce distress vocalizations of socially isolated puppies. Low doses of opiates were capable of profoundly reducing crying as well as the motor agitation they exhibit during brief periods of social isolation. Since reductions in crying could be obtained with morphine in the absence of any gross behavioral disturbances, the possibility is entertained that brain opiates may function to control the intensity of emotions arising from social separation. Possible parallels between the biological nature of narcotic addiction and the formation of social bonds are discussed.

Forty-one Telomian, beagle, and F1 hybrid puppies were tested in the presence and absence of a sound-producing stimulus under 2 social conditions, single and paired, at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. The sound stimulus definitely produced fearful reactions, as measured by tail carriage, which were not affected by social condition and accompanying differences in distress vocalization. Nor was distress vocalization significantly altered by the sound stimulus. We conclude that sound-induced fear and separation distress are separate and independent affective states. Social condition and the presence of the sound stimulus produced interactive effects at the behavioral level in that paired animals showed longer latencies to contact and maintained greater distances from the sound stimulus.

This paper outlines the basic principles arising from a polysystemic theory of agonistic behavior in nonhuman animals and the practical implications of these principles to the problem of the control of undesirable and injurious forms of human violence. A major conclusion is that one of the most effective methods of establishing and maintaining habits of constructive and peaceful behavior is employment in useful and rewarding occupations.

Twenty-four puppies (8 each of Shetland sheepdogs, Telomians, and beagles) served as subjects in this experiment which was designed to examine the effectiveness of 12 stimulus conditions (food, toys, canine contact, and human contact) on alleviation of separation-induced distress vocalization. Testing consisted of a prestimulus trial, stimulus trial, and post-stimulus trial each session 3 times a week from 4 to 8 weeks after birth. Overall results showed human contact to be the most effective, followed by canine contact, toys, and food. Breed differences were significant in only 2 of the stimulus conditions. In the typical case of effective treatment, the vocalization rate declined from the prestimulus trial to a low point in the stimulus trial and then increased again in the post-stimulus trial.

Most behavior is expressed within social systems, and the genetic analysis of its variance therefore presents theoretical and technical problems that have been sidestepped in most previous research. The dog presents obvious advantages for studying behavioral interactions between genotypes. Two sets of data are summarized that indicate that the magnitude of genetic differences is related to the differentiation of social roles in a competitive situation, whereas similarity of genotypes is an advantage in a situation demanding coordinated activity. Issues concerning the use of correlational techniques to study social behavior are raised.

This paper reviews the evidence that social disaggregation is a major cause of destructive violence in non-human animal societies. The multifactorial theory of agonistic behavior is modified into a polysystemic theory which relates factors on each level to each other in an integrated model. As a result, it is suggested that disaggregation of systems on any level may lead to maladaptive violence. On theoretical grounds it is concluded that disaggregations of ecosystems and social systems are more probable and hence more dangerous than those of physiological and genetic systems. Applications of these findings to human affairs are discussed, both as explanations and as guides to positive action.