Pastures and grasslands are the largest land cover of Earth's surface, comprising fundamental landscapes for water and nutrient cycling, food production, biodiversity conservation and land management in the planet. Monitoring the conditions and productivity aspects of these lands can lead to major contributions for land degradation mitigating in line with sustainable development goals defined by the United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda. Nevertheless, an operational approach able to monitor productivity of pastures and grasslands at global scale and high spatial resolution (e.g. 30-m) is a challenging research problem. Aiming to contribute with this topic, the current work present a methodology to derive 30-m bi-monthly time-series of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) for pastures and grasslands of the world based on GLAD Landsat ARD (collection-2) and a customized Light Use Efficiency Model (LUE). The Landsat imagery were aggregated by every two months and gapfilled by an temporal interpolation based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The complete, consistent and gapfilled Landsat time-series was used to estimate the Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), which combined with 1-km MODIS temperature (MOD11A2) and 1° CERES Photosynthetically Active Radiation (SYN1deg v4.1 - PAR) images resulted in 30-m global GPP time-series product from 2000 onwards. Our preliminary validation approach, based on FLUXNET2015 data, indicated a R2 of 0.67 and RMSE of 2.06 for in-situ stations located Europe. We are working to release the first version of the product as open data (CC-BY license) in the context of the Global Pasture Watch project and the World Resources Institute's Land & Carbon Lab, establishing partnerships with local organization and research institute to collect feedback and additional validation data to improve further versions of the product.

The article presents results of using remote sensing images and machine learning to map and assess land potential based on time-series of potential Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) composites. Land potential here refers to the potential vegetation productivity in the hypothetical absence of short-term anthropogenic influence, such as intensive agriculture and urbanization. Knowledge on this ecological land potential could support the assessment of levels of land degradation as well as restoration potentials. Monthly aggregated FAPAR time-series of three percentiles (0.05, 0.50 and 0.95 probability) at 250 m spatial resolution were derived from the 8-day GLASS FAPAR V6 product for 2000-2021 and used to determine long-term trends in FAPAR, as well as to model potential FAPAR in the absence of human pressure. CCa 3 million training points sampled from 12,500 locations across the globe were overlaid with 68 bio-physical variables representing climate, terrain, landform, and vegetation cover, as well as several variables representing human pressure including: population count, cropland intensity, nightlights and a human footprint index. The training points were used in an ensemble machine learning model that stacks three base learners (extremely randomized trees, gradient descended trees and artificial neural network) using a linear regressor as meta-learner. The potential FAPAR was then projected by removing the impact of urbanization and intensive agriculture in the covariate layers. The results of strict cross-validation show that the global distribution of FAPAR can be explained with an R2 of 0.89, with the most important covariates being growing season length, forest cover indicator and annual precipitation. From this model, a global map of potential monthly FAPAR for the recent year (2021) was produced, and used to predict gaps in actual vs. potential FAPAR. The produced global maps of actual vs. potential FAPAR and long-term trends were each spatially matched with stable and transitional land cover classes. The assessment showed large negative FAPAR gaps (actual lower than potential) for classes: urban, needle-leave deciduous trees, and flooded shrub or herbaceous cover, while strong negative FAPAR trends were found for classes: urban, sparse vegetation and rainfed cropland. On the other hand, classes: irrigated or post-flooded cropland, tree cover mixed leaf type, and broad-leave deciduous showed largely positive trends. The framework allows land managers to assess potential land degradation from two aspects: as an actual declining trend in observed FAPAR and as a difference between actual and potential vegetation FAPAR.

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate images inside the months and one image before and after, about 5 to 6 images for a single month depending on the number of images inside the month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. Cloudy pixels were removed and only positive values of water vapor were considered to compute the statistics. The time-series gap-filling and time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, trend analysis of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels: Technical issues and questions about the code: GitLab Issues General questions and comments: LandGIS Forum Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

General Description The dataset contains composites at 250 m spatial resolution of (1) monthly potential FAPAR for the year 2021 from ensemble ML model predictions, (2) the model deviance for each prediction, (3) the yearly average of potential FAPAR, (4) the yearly average of actual FAPAR and (5) the yearly average of the difference between actual and potential (actual minus potential) FAPAR. The dataset is based on the 95th percentile of the monthly aggregated FAPAR derived from 250 m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR. Potential FAPAR was predicted by fitting an ensemble ML model using globally distributed training points (cca 3 Mio) and a set of 52 biophysical covariates including several layers related to human pressure. The code for modeling potential FAPAR is openly available at https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. Data Details Time period: January 2021 - December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR Statistical methods used: Ensemble machine learning Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: pot.fapar = Potential Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: eml = ensemble machine learning Position in the probability distribution / variable type: m = mean Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20210101 = 2021-01-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2021-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230924 = 2023-09-24 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)

List of Subdatasets: Long-term data: 2000-2021 5th percentile (p05) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 50th percentile (p50) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 95th percentile (p95) monthly time-series: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 General Description The monthly aggregated Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) dataset is derived from 250m 8d GLASS V6 FAPAR. The data set is derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and LAI data using several other FAPAR products (MODIS Collection 6, GLASS FAPAR V5, and PROBA-V1 FAPAR) to generate a bidirectional long-short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) model to estimate FAPAR. The dataset time spans from March 2000 to December 2021 and provides data that covers the entire globe. The dataset can be used in many applications like land degradation modeling, land productivity mapping, and land potential mapping. The dataset includes: Long-term: Derived from monthly time-series. This dataset provides linear trend model for the p95 variable: (1) slope beta mean (p95.beta_m), p-value for beta (p95.beta_pv), intercept alpha mean (p95.alpha_m), p-value for alpha (p95.alpha_pv), and coefficient of determination R2 (p95.r2_m). Monthly time-series: Monthly aggregation with three standard statistics: (1) 5th percentile (p05), median (p50), and 95th percentile (p95). For each month, we aggregate all composites within that month plus one composite each before and after, ending up with 5 to 6 composites for a single month depending on the number of images within that month. Data Details Time period: March 2000 – December 2021 Type of data: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) How the data was collected or derived: Derived from 250m 8 d GLASS V6 FAPAR using Python running in a local HPC. The time-series analysis were computed using the Scikit-map Python package. Statistical methods used: for the long-term, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) of p95 monthly variable; for the monthly time-series, percentiles 05, 50, and 95. Limitations or exclusions in the data: The dataset does not include data for Antarctica. Coordinate reference system: EPSG:4326 Bounding box (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax): (-180.00000, -62.0008094, 179.9999424, 87.37000) Spatial resolution: 1/480 d.d. = 0.00208333 (250m) Image size: 172,800 x 71,698 File format: Cloud Optimized Geotiff (COG) format. Support If you discover a bug, artifact, or inconsistency, or if you have a question please raise a GitHub issue: https://github.com/Open-Earth-Monitor/Global_FAPAR_250m/issues Reference Hackländer, J., Parente, L., Ho, Y.-F., Hengl, T., Simoes, R., Consoli, D., Şahin, M., Tian, X., Herold, M., Jung, M., Duveiller, G., Weynants, M., Wheeler, I., (2023?) "Land potential assessment and trend-analysis using 2000–2021 FAPAR monthly time-series at 250 m spatial resolution", submitted to PeerJ, preprint available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3415685/v1 Name convention To ensure consistency and ease of use across and within the projects, we follow the standard Open-Earth-Monitor file-naming convention. The convention works with 10 fields that describes important properties of the data. In this way users can search files, prepare data analysis etc, without needing to open files. The fields are: generic variable name: fapar = Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation variable procedure combination: essd.lstm = Earth System Science Data with bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi–LSTM) Position in the probability distribution / variable type: p05/p50/p95 = 5th/50th/95th percentile Spatial support: 250m Depth reference: s = surface Time reference begin time: 20000301 = 2000-03-01 Time reference end time: 20211231 = 2022-12-31 Bounding box: go = global (without Antarctica) EPSG code: epsg.4326 = EPSG:4326 Version code: v20230628 = 2023-06-28 (creation date)