枸杞红瘿蚊是宁夏枸杞上重要成灾害虫之一.枸杞白瘿蚊是继枸杞红瘿蚊后在宁夏枸杞上新发现的另一种瘿蚊科害虫.两种瘿蚊均以幼虫为害宁夏枸杞幼嫩花蕾使其不能正常发育,但形成的虫瘿结构差异明显.本文通过外部形态观察、石蜡切片等方法对两种虫瘿发育过程中的外部形态特征、内部组织结构进行了对比.结果表明,两种瘿蚊幼虫的取食不会引起花部结构的增加或缺失,但均影响花部结构发育,使其无法正常开花结果.枸杞红瘿蚊主要造成子房细胞数量增多形成虫瘿,枸杞白瘿蚊主要造成花冠细胞体积增大形成虫瘿.此外两种虫瘿在花柱、花丝、蜜腺、花药、花柄等处均存在一定差异.

The gall midge Gephyraulus lycantha (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a serious gall-forming pest that causes devastating damage in the wolfberry, Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae) in Northwest China. In the present study, the external morphology and ultrastructure of the antennae and the antennal sensilla of G. lycantha were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the moniliform antenna of G. lycantha consisted of a scape, pedicel, and flagellum, and exhibited obvious sexual dimorphism. The male antennae were significantly longer than those of females. Moreover, male flagellomeres were spheroidal nodes separated by slender internodes, whereas those of females were cylindrical with no obvious internodes. There were sex and individual differences in antennal segment number. Male antennae had 10 - 16 flagellomeres, most of which had 15, while female antennae consisted of 8 - 14 flagellomeres, most of which had 12. Moreover, a pair of antennae in the same individual had different numbers of flagellomeres. Four types of sensilla were observed along the surface of the antennae, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla circumfila. Among the types of sensilla, sensilla chaetica were the longest and most prominent sensilla discovered on the antennal flagellum in both sexes. Sensilla trichodea were widely distributed over the antennal surface, including the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Sensilla coeloconica were categorized into four subtypes: sensilla coeloconica Ⅰ, sensilla coeloconica Ⅱ, sensilla coeloconica Ⅲ, and sensilla coeloconica IV; however, sensilla coeloconica IV was absent in females. Sensilla circumfila were found only on cecidomyiidae insect antennae and were attached to the surface by a series of stalks, forming loops around each flagellomere. The numbers of all four types of sensilla on the male antennal windward side were significantly higher than those on the leeward side. The probable biological functions of these sensilla were discussed herein based on their morphology and ultrastructure. These results provide an important basis for further research on chemical communication and strategies for the control of G. lycantha, and it will be able to serve future group Taxonomy studies (species of cecidomyiidae), providing new taxonomic characters (general ultrastructural morphology, number of sensilla and antennal segments, distribution of different types of setae, types and subtypes sensilla), which varies between species and subspecies.

虫瘿是致瘿昆虫刺激植物后诱导形成的畸形结构,是研究植物与昆虫协同进化的理想材料,同时致瘿昆虫通常还是重要的农林害虫.因此,研究致瘿昆虫对寄主植物的影响,一方面可进一步揭示致瘿昆虫与植物的关系,有助于揭示成瘿植物生长的一般过程;另一方面,了解成瘿植物对致瘿昆虫的响应有助于筛选植物抗性指标、抗性基因、敏感基因等,为抗性育种提供理论基础.本文主要围绕致瘿昆虫对寄主植物光合作用、生理和代谢活动的影响等进行了综述.致瘿昆虫普遍引起寄主植物光合色素减少、光合速率降低,虫瘿内部组织中糖类、氨基酸类等初生代谢物质含量增加,虫瘿外部组织中酚类、黄酮类等非挥发性和萜类为主的挥发性次生代谢物质含量增加,寄主植物POD和SOD等保护酶活性增强,以及IAA,SA和JA等植物激素含量提高.现有研究资料显示,致瘿昆虫对寄主植物生理和代谢影响的研究仍处于初级阶段,其影响机制还需要进一步研究.

Pseudotorymus jaapiellae is an important ectoparasitoid of the larvae of Gephyraulus lycantha, a serious gall-forming pest that devastates wolfberry, Lycium barbarum, in Northwest China. To provide requisite background for our ongoing research on the mechanisms of P. jaapiellae's host location and subsequent oviposition, we used scanning electron microscopy to describe the external morphologies and distributions of sensilla on their antennae and ovipositors. The geniculate antennae of both male and female P. jaapiellae were each composed of a scape with a basal radiculum, a pedicel, an anellum and a flagellum. We identified nine morphological sensilla types on the antennae of both sexes, including three sensilla trichodea (ST), one sensillum basiconicum (SB), two sensilla chaetica (SCh), one sensillum placodeum (SP), one sensillum coeloconicum (SCo), and one sensillum campaniformia (SCa). Females had significantly more ST I and SP than males had, but males had more ST III than did females. We observed six types of sensilla on the ovipositor, including three ST, one SB, and two SCa. ST II, ST IV and SB II were on the sheath, whereas ST V and the SCa were on the stylus. Finally, the possible biological functions of these sensilla were discussed according to their morphology and ultrastructure. These results provide an important basis for further study on chemical communication between P. jaapiellae and their host, and contribute to the development of a biological control program for G. lycantha, using the parasitoid, P. jaapiellae.

寄生蜂是寄生在寄主体内或体外的一类重要天敌昆虫,在农林害虫生物防治中具有重要作用.寄生蜂对寄主的确定主要依靠触角敲打和产卵器刺探共同完成,作为寄生蜂的重要感觉器官,触角和产卵器上着生有不同种类的感受器,在其寄主搜寻和产卵识别等过程中起着感受外界信息的关键作用.本文综述了国内外有关寄生蜂触角和产卵器上感受器的研究进展,包括感受器的类群划分、超微结构和生理功能等方面,并对该领域中尚待解决的问题和研究展望进行了探讨,以期为深入研究寄生蜂的寄生行为,揭示其对外界信息的感受机制以及将来利用寄生蜂进行害虫的生物防治提供理论基础.

为探明枸杞奈实蝇Neoceratitis asiatica幼期各虫态的形态发育特性,采用田间取样和室内饲养相结合的方法对其卵、幼虫、蛹的生长发育过程、形态变化及识别特征进行系统观察,通过测量口钩和头咽骨的长度来划分幼虫龄期,解剖并观察不同发育时期蛹及蛹壳颜色,利用图像分析系统提取并分析蛹壳颜色的RGB值.结果 表明:枸杞奈实蝇卵的发育可分为初期卵、口钩显现期卵和破壳期卵3个阶段.幼虫分为3个龄期,均具有1对能够自由收缩的骨化口钩及头咽骨,其形态和大小在各龄幼虫之间存在明显差异.预蛹期是从幼虫到蛹蜕变的过渡时期,蛹的形态发育呈规律性变化,可分为隐头蛹期和显头蛹期2个阶段,显头蛹期又可细分为显头蛹初期、黄色眼期、红色眼期、鬃毛蛹期及预成虫期5个阶段.蛹壳颜色随蛹的发育呈不均衡加深趋势,在预蛹期、鬃毛蛹期和预成虫期变化尤为明显.根据蛹壳颜色的RGB值,可制作对应不同发育阶段的蛹壳颜色标准比色板,用于枸杞奈实蝇的发育生物学及防治技术研究.

To investigate the hormone responses of Lycium barbarum to Aceria pallida infestation and the effects of exogenous salicylic acid on the infestation and development of gall mite, four phytohormones (salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), Auxin, and abscisic acid (ABA)) of L. barbarum leaves infested with A. pallida were determined by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, the effects of exogenous SA on the growth of gall and mite population were investigated. The results showed that contents of SA and JA in leaves infested with A. pallida were significantly higher (4.0 and 13.0 folds, respectively) than that in control, but that of Auxin and ABA did not change. The growth of gall was inhibited significantly by exogenous SA, with the inhibition increasing with the prolongation of treatment time. Meanwhile, mite population in galls treated with SA was significantly lower than that in control. Our results suggested that A. pallida could induce SA and JA resistance of L. barbarum, and that the exogenous SA could inhibit the growth of gall and mite population. Exogenous SA could be potentially used in A. pallida prevention.

We examined the effects of root extracts of Haloxylon ammodendron and Beta vulgaris in Chenopodiaceae extracted by water and ethanol on seed germination and haustorium formation of Cistanche deserticola by filter paper culture dish method. The results showed that only adding root extract had no effect on seed germination and haustorium formation of C. deserticola. The germination rate of C. deserticola seeds treated by adding 10 mg·kg-1 gibberellin to the root extracted by ethanol was not significantly different from that of the control (GA3), whereas those treated by adding gibberellin to the ethanol extract of two kinds of host root was increased by more than 10 times. The germination rate of C. deserticola seeds in the treatment with adding 1 mg·kg-1 fluridone (FL) to root extract was not significantly different from that in the control with only fluridone, while those in the treatment with B. vulgaris root water extraction was the highest (39.4%). Compared to the treatment of adding gibberellin to the root extract, the germination rate of C. deserticola seeds was only increased. When FL was added to the host root extract, the haustorium was formed on the germination tube, with the formation rate of the ethanol extraction group being the highest (16.2%). Seed germination rate of C. deserticola increased to 52.3% when GA3 and FL were added to the ethanol extract of H. ammodendron, but the formation rate of haustorium was not different from that of FL treatment. Only 6.7% of the seed formation haustorium in the control was significantly lower than that in FL treatment. There were differences in the position and shape of the haustorium of C. deserticola seeds under different treatments. The haustorium produced by adding the extract of the host root mostly appeared at the top of the bud tube, and many papillae raised into claws. The haustorium of FL treatment without adding the extract of the host root mostly appeared at the bottom or the top of the bud tube splitting. The results indicated that ethanol extraction and water extraction could extract the substances that could promote the formation of C. deserticola seeds haustorium from the host root, but did not affect seed germination. GA3 and FL could significantly improve the germination rate of C. deserticola seeds, but the formation of the haustorium was affected by some substances in the host root extract.

Aceria pallida is one of the most common pests in the main production areas of Lycium barbarum in China. The mite mainly feeds on foliage, leading to local tissue deformation and formation of massive galls, which seriously affects the growth and yield of L. barbarum. However, little is known about the influence of galling organisms on plant primary and secondary metabolism. In order to compare the metabolites differences between healthy and the mite infested leaves of wolfberry, and provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the galled leaves, L. barbarum seedlings were infested with A. pallida artificially in the laboratory, the metabolites of L. barbarum leaves were determined by LC-MS/MS. Our results showed that the leaves were rich in amino acids and flavonoid compounds. A total of 204 compounds from 16 classes were detected in L. barbarum leaves based on LC-MS/MS. The primary metabolites are mainly amino acids, and the secondary metabolites are mainly organic acids and flavonoids. The content of the metabolite in the leaves of L. barbarum was significantly affected by the mite, 30 metabolites such as flavonoids and phenylpropanoids were significantly changed, 21 metabolites were up-regulated and 9 metabolites were down-regulated significantly. There were 8 compounds which has pharmacological and biological activity, such as eriodictyol, isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and scopoletin up-regulated significantly. Based on the above findings, we suggest that the galled leaves of L.barbarum have a potential to be developed in the future.

Scutellaria baicalensis(S. baicalensis) and Scutellaria barbata(S. barbata) are common medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family. Both produce specific flavonoid compounds, including baicalein, scutellarein, norwogonin, and wogonin, as well as their glycosides, which exhibit antioxidant and antitumor activities. Here, we report chromosome-level genome assemblies of S. baicalensis and S. barbata with quantitative chromosomal variation(2 n = 18 and 2 n = 26, respectively).The divergence of S. baicalensis and S. barbata occurred far earlier than previously reported, and a whole-genome duplication(WGD) event was identified. The insertion of long terminal repeat elements after speciation might be responsible for the observed chromosomal expansion and rearrangement. Comparative genome analysis of the congeneric species revealed the species-specific evolution of chrysin and apigenin biosynthetic genes, such as the S. baicalensis-specific tandem duplication of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase, and the S. barbata-specific duplication of genes encoding 4-Co A ligase. In addition, the paralogous duplication, colinearity, and expression diversity of CYP82 D subfamily members revealed the functional divergence of genes encoding flavone hydroxylase between S. baicalensis and S. barbata. Analyzing these Scutellaria genomes reveals the common and species-specific evolution of flavone biosynthetic genes. Thus, these findings would facilitate the development of molecular breeding and studies of biosynthesis and regulation of bioactive compounds.

Larvae of a previously undescribed gall midge species have been feeding within malformed flower buds of goji berry Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae) in China, preventing fruit development and causing damage to the fruit industry. The new species is named Gephyraulus lycantha Jiao & Kolesik, its morphology is described, the COI mitochondrial gene segment is sequenced, and the biology is outlined. In order to taxonomically accommodate the new gall midge, the scope of the genus Gephyraulus is broadened and now encompasses also species that lack dorso-apical sensoria on the female cercus.

为绿色安全防控枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.,于2016-2018年自宁夏回族自治区中宁县新堡镇宋营村枸杞种植基地枸杞上采集枸杞红瘿蚊,对其各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行室内观察,并对其年生活史及年发生规律进行田间调查.结果 表明:枸杞红瘿蚊成虫羽化高度集中,羽化后的雌成虫不需要补充营养,便可立即求偶、交尾和产卵,孵化后幼虫取食子房,致使花蕾畸形膨大形成虫瘿,幼虫老熟后脱离虫瘿并弹跳入土结茧化蛹.成虫寿命极短,已交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为41.8 h和38.3 h;未交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为28.5 h和16.6 h.枸杞红瘿蚊每年发生6代,以老熟幼虫在地表土层中越冬,每年4月中旬至9月下旬为其为害期,其中第1代、第2代和第6代幼虫为害严重.枸杞红瘿蚊成虫发生高峰期有2个,分别为4-6月和9月.从4月枸杞红瘿蚊越冬代成虫陆续羽化开始,其成虫数量不断增长,4月和5月成虫数量分别为121头和167头,6月达到第1个高峰,为282头,随着枸杞秋枝萌发,9月枸杞红瘿蚊成虫数量又明显增多,达到第2个高峰,为117头.2017年4-10月从田间共收集788头成虫,雌成虫数量为420头,略高于雄成虫数量,雌雄比介于1.11～1.19之间.

植食性瘿蚊是重要的农林害虫,其幼虫危害寄主植物,造成植物细胞分裂或异常分化而产生组织畸形,形成虫瘿.该虫具有成虫体小、寿命极短的特性,成虫羽化后可迅速求偶、交配,并随即寻找寄主植物产卵.在植食性瘿蚊短暂的生活史中要完成种群繁衍,配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用,而植食性瘿蚊自身产生的信息素、寄主或非寄主产生的他感化学物质在调节其选择配偶和寄主植物过程中起着关键性的化学通讯作用.本文综述了国内外有关植食性瘿蚊化学通讯中信息化学物质的研究进展,包括植食性瘿蚊性信息素的释放、提取、组分鉴定、行为生测,以及寄主植物挥发物引诱活性物质的鉴定、筛选和对植食性瘿蚊定向和产卵行为的影响等方面,并对植食性瘿蚊信息化学物质的进一步研究和应用前景进行了探讨,以期为利用信息化学物质监测和防治植食性瘿蚊提供参考.

目的:研究接种枸杞木虱后对宁夏枸杞生长及叶片叶绿素荧光参数和叶片生理生化的影响,解析枸杞木虱的为害特点,为科学防控提供理论依据.方法:培育宁夏枸杞实生苗并接种枸杞木虱,分别在枸杞木虱接种后第3、6、9、12天测量枸杞植株地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量、干质量、叶片面积和根系长度、叶片叶绿素荧光参数及生理生化等指标,分析枸杞木虱对宁夏枸杞生长的影响.结果:接种枸杞木虱第6天即可显著抑制枸杞植株的正常生长,叶片光合能力、可溶性蛋白和多糖显著下降;总酚、类黄酮和过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的变化无一致性规律.结论:枸杞木虱为害后可在短期内显著抑制宁夏枸杞根系生长和叶片光合作用.

Plant-derived volatiles are important for guiding herbivorous insects to their host plants. Jaapiella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is the most serious pest of Lycium barbarum. The young flower buds of L. barbarum are attractive to females of Jaapiella sp. for oviposition in the field. In this study, we compared response of Jaapiella sp. to volatiles from flower buds of L. barbarum at different stages, and clarified the crucial semiochemicals attracting Jaapiella sp. to lay eggs. Volatiles from young and mature flower buds were collected using SPME, and then identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both electrophysiological and behavior experiments were conducted to measure the attraction of eight synthetic compounds to females and screen the crucial components based on gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and Y-tube bioassays, respectively. Results showed that qualitative and quantitative diffe-rences between two odor profiles. Consistent electroantennographic response was observed for eight compounds from headspace collections, of which five synthetic compounds (3-carene, camphene, terpinolene, d-limonene, and (+)-pinene) were essential for significant preference or avoidance. Our results indicated that these compounds from L. barbarum flower buds could be effective candidates as oviposition attractant or repellents of Jaapiella sp., which would be helpful in the exploitation of new control agent to Jaapiella sp. in the field.

Intestinal bacteria have a significant role in metabolism and the pharmacologic actions of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), as typical phenolic natural products, possess wide bioactivities, but low oral bioavailability. The aim of this work was to elucidate the metabolic mechanism underlying PhGs in the intestinal tract and screen for more active metabolites. In this study, a rapid and reliable method using an effective post-acquisition approach based on advanced ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Exactive-HRMS) provided full MS and HCD MS2 data. Thermo Scientific™ Compound Discoverer™ software with a Fragment Ion Search (FISh) function in one single workflow was developed to investigate the intestinal microbial metabolism of four typical PhGs. Furthermore, antioxidant activity evaluation of PhGs and their related metabolites was simultaneously carried out in combination with a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to understand how intestinal microbiota transformations modulate biological activity and explore structure-activity relationships (SARs). As a result, 26 metabolites of poliumoside, 42 metabolites of echinacoside, 42 metabolites of tubuloside, and 46 metabolites of 2'-acetylacteoside were identified. Degradation, reduction, hydroxylation, acetylation, hydration, methylation, and sulfate conjugation were the major metabolic pathways of PhGs. Furthermore, the degraded metabolites with better bioavailability had potent antioxidant activity that could be attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups. These findings may enhance our understanding of the metabolism, pharmacologic actions, and real active forms of PhGs.

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are the main component of light-harvesting complexes in cyanobacteria and red algae. In addition to their important role in photosynthesis, PBPs have many potential applications in foods, cosmetics, medical diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, basic researches and technological innovations are urgently needed for exploring those potentials, such as structure and function, their biosynthesis as well as downstream purification. For medical use and application, mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects must be elucidated. Focusing on these issues, this article gives a critical review on the current status on PBPs, including their structures and functions, preparation processes and applications. In addition, key technical challenges and possible solutions are prospected.

To compare the polysaccharides( LBLP),total flavonoids( LBLTF) and total phenols( LBLTP) of Lycium barbarum leaves from 14 production areas from Ningxia,Qinghai and Gansu at different harvesting time. Our results showed that there were significant difference of LBLP,LBLTF and LBLTP among different production areas. The LBLP collected from Xiangride township production area,Dulan,Qinghai was as high as 15. 02%. The LBLTF collected from Dagele township production area,Geermu,Qinghai was as high as28. 63%. The LBLTP collected from Keluke township production area,Delingha,Qinghai was as high as 16. 7%. There were also significant difference of these 3 components between different harvest periods. The average LBLP in May( 10. 20%) was significantly higher than that in June( 8. 49%). However,the average LBLTF( 17. 71%) and LBLTP( 12. 77%) in June was significantly higher than that in May( 14. 15%,11. 19%). The LBLTF and LBLTP have a positive correlation with the altitude of production areas,but there was no significant association between LBLP and altitude. The LBLP,LBLTF and LBLTP in different production areas and harvesting time was significant difference,the results provide some references for furthermore development and utilization of L. barbarum leaves.

Objective: Cistanche deserticola is a famous and endangered medicinal plant that is parasitic upon Haloxylon ammodendron with rather low parasitic rates. It is important to find high affinity germplasms for increasing the survival of C. deserticola. However, little is known in genetic variation and high affinity populations of H. ammodendron in China. Methods: In this study, 98 accessions of H. ammodendron seeds were collected from five regions covering almost the entire natural distribution of H. ammodendron in China. Their genetic variations were analyzed using AFLP and ITS by the maximum parsimony method, and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The parasitic rates of C. deserticola on different accessions of H. ammodendron were calculated in the field experiment. Results: Both AFLP and ITS methods consistently revealed that there was a high level of genetic diversity in the natural populations of H. ammodendron. Hierarchical population structure analysis uncovered a clear pattern that all populations were grouped into three main clusters, and eight populations from eastern region were genetically clustered together. These regions were significantly differentiated (P < 0.05), 13.10% of variation occurred among populations, and 86.90% within populations was revealed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The populations of Inner Mongolia had the highest parasitic rates followed by Ganjiahu Reserve and Yongning Plantation for the top three, which were not completely related to the genetic variation. Conclusion: Genetic characteristics of H. ammodendron in China were clarified and the order of affinity of different populations was given, which were primers for discovering high affinity germplasms. (C) 2019 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Heortia vitessoides is the most serious pest of Aquilaria sinensis,which is an economically important evergreen tree native to China and is the principal source of Chinese agarwood. In severe infestations,the insects completely eat up the leaves of A. sinensis,causing severe economic losses. In a more recent study,we found that the antennal sensilla of adult play important roles in the host location,mating and oviposition of H. vitessoides. Here,the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of H. vitessoides were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that the antennae of both sexes of H. vitessoides were filiform in shape,which consist of the scape,pedicel and about 64 segments of flagellomeres. Eight morphological sensilla types were recorded in both sexes,including sensilla trichodea,sensilla chaetica,sensilla basiconica,sensilla coeloconica,sensilla styloconica,sensilla auricillica,sensilla squamiformia and böhm bristle. Major differences were recorded in the distribution and quantity of different sensilla types in each segment of antenna. The sensillas are almost confined to the ventral and lateral surfaces rather than the back side of antennae. Antennal flagella contained the most sensilla while the scape and pedicel segments only contained böhm bristles and sensilla squamiformias. Sensilla trichodea Ⅲ were only found on male antennae. These results are discussed in relation to the possible roles of the sensilla types in the host location,mating and oviposition selection behavior of H. vitessoides.