Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are important potential mineral resources, and hydraulic collection is a promising low-disturbance mining method. However, conventional collectors are limited by unstable flow convergence, weak negative pressure, and dispersed particle trajectories. This study introduces a Coandă surface into the auxiliary nozzle region of a triplex-row jet hydraulic collector and investigates its flow-field regulation mechanism using coupled computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method numerical simulations and bench-scale experiments. The Coandă surface induces a stable wall-attached jet, enhances ambient-fluid entrainment and momentum transfer, and stabilizes the upward converging flow. This flow-field regulation enlarges the low-pressure region, concentrates particle trajectories, promotes particle lifting, and reduces particle–wall collisions. The collection rate first increased and then decreased with the Coandă-surface radius, reaching a maximum of 90.99% at R = 156 mm, corresponding to an increase of 8.40 percentage points over the baseline configuration.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for accurate, continuous, and personalized monitoring strategies. In this review, we highlight hemodynamic decoding as a central framework to advance multimodal connected cardiovascular healthcare. We provide a comprehensive overview of seven major sensing technologies, including piezoelectric, triboelectric, magnetoelastic, optical, capacitive, piezoresistive and bioimpedance sensors, and emphasize that their monitoring capabilities and clinical applications are fundamentally based on hemodynamic signals such as arterial pulse, blood pressure, vascular stiffness, and multiparameter interactions. The underlying physical principles and representative case studies of each modality are summarized, together with a comparative analysis of their performance metrics and clinical relevance. Material selection strategies are systematically discussed, focusing on the balance between sensitivity, flexibility, biocompatibility, and long-term stability. Critical challenges are also addressed, including signal accuracy under dynamic physiological conditions, long-term durability, multimodal data integration, and compliance with privacy and regulatory standards. Finally, we outline future directions involving artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and implantable bioelectronic systems, which hold great promise for enabling next-generation cardiovascular monitoring technologies that are intelligent, scalable, and clinically transformative.

While piezoelectric sensing and energy-harvesting devices still largely rely on inorganic components, biocompatible and biodegradable piezoelectric materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals, might constitute optimal and sustainable building blocks for a variety of applications in electronics and transient implants. To this aim, however, effective methods are needed to position cellulose nanocrystals in large and high-performance architectures. Here, we report on scalable assemblies of cellulose nanocrystals in multilayered piezoelectric systems with exceptional response, for various application scopes. The submicrometer patterning with effective-flow topography and multilayer stacking promote piezoelectric performance. Record output power and pressure sensitivity in the gentle touch range are obtained in flexible, fully biodegradable systems with stable piezoelectric properties and demonstrated compatibility with different cell lines and implanted devices. These architectures offer new design principles for piezoelectric sustainable materials and for realizing an innovative class of practical components for mechanical energy harvesting and biologically relevant wearables and implants.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for advanced technologies capable of continuous, noninvasive, and intelligent monitoring. Piezoelectric sensors, owing to their inherent electromechanical transduction, high sensitivity, and self-powered operation, offer a compelling pathway for next-generation cardiovascular health monitoring. In this review, we summarize recent advances in piezoelectric materials, from zero- to three-dimensional architectures, and their integration into wearable and implantable platforms. Key applications include the assessment of arterial health via pulse wave velocity and vascular stiffness, cuffless blood pressure estimation, and the monitoring of cardiopulmonary functions such as heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and cardiac acoustics. We also highlight emerging strategies such as passive wireless communication enabled by surface acoustic wave principles, and the development of multimodal systems that concurrently capture mechanical, optical, and chemical signals. The convergence of piezoelectric technologies with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things frameworks enables real-time signal processing, remote access, and personalized medical interventions. Finally, we discuss current challenges in material biocompatibility, encapsulation, signal fidelity, and clinical translation, and outline future directions for advancing high-performance piezoelectric systems for intelligent cardiovascular diagnostics and connected healthcare.

Skin wounds caused by trauma, surgery, or disease remain a significant clinical challenge, under-scoring the need for innovative strategies to promote tissue repair and regeneration. We present a wireless and battery-free bioelectronic system with closed-loop capability powered by far-field radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesting for enhanced wound healing and connected healthcare. Unlike conventional near-field systems constrained by transmission distance and alignment, this platform utilizes ambient Wi-Fi signals to drive biocompatible and stretchable molybdenum (Mo)-based composite electrodes, enabling both electrical stimulation and real-time impedance monitoring to dynamically assess wound status. By integrating energy harvesting, electrical stimulation, and feedback sensing into a fully autonomous system, this approach mimics endogenous electric fields to promote keratinocyte migration, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and hair follicle regeneration. Transcriptomic analysis further confirms modulation of inflammatory pathways and activation of regenerative gene programs. With an operating range exceeding 8 meters and smartphone-based control, the system enables adaptive wound care and supports at-home treatment. This work establishes a scalable framework for self-powered bioelectronic medicine, opening new opportunities for regenerative therapy, neuromodulation, and intelligent healthcare applications.

Retention of toxic metals/metalloids like arsenic via mineral-water interaction plays a crucial role in the environmental behavior of pollutants. However, the influence of mineral crystallinity on the retention of toxic elements, the evolution of liquid composition, and the interaction mechanism are poorly understood. This study investigated the interaction between As(V) and calcium phosphate (CaP) under oxic conditions with varying crystallinities, particularly amorphous CaP (ACP), across varying As(V) concentrations and pH conditions. Results revealed that the amorphous phase substantially influenced As(V) fate, with the As(V) retention potential of ACP and poorly crystalline hydroxylapatite (HAP) being 13.65 and 12.61 times higher than highly crystalline HAP, respectively. As(V) retention involves the dissolution of ACP and the recrystallization of As(V)-substituted HAP, correlated with three distinct ACP transformation stages during recrystallization. The lower pH (7.5) facilitated ACP dissolution, and the elevated Ca2+ concentration enhanced the volume of CaP recrystallization. Conversely, higher pH levels (8.0, 8.5, and 9.0) promoted a higher degree of recrystallization, evidenced by reduced residual Ca2+ levels after 48 hrs (post-crystallization stage). Meanwhile, As-bearing CaP forms with greater competition between PO43- and AsO43- at higher initial As(V) concentrations than lower ones. Additionally, lattice distortion, increases in species of surface bond groups, and reduced crystallinity were observed in the As(V)-bearing CaP product. Overall, this study underscores the pivotal role of ACP and its poorly crystalline counterparts in arsenic retention through the dissolution-recrystallization mechanism.

With enhancements in the performance of flexible pressure sensors, they are becoming increasingly important in flexible electronics and interactive applications. Although various structures have been developed to improve the sensor, achieving high sensitivity and wide-range pressure detection remains a major challenge. In this work, a piezoresistive pressure sensor with a stepped porous structure is proposed, which effectively improves the sensitivity and simultaneously broadens the sensing range. Owing to the synergistic effect of the porous and step-like structure, the sensor features a high sensitivity (214.74 kPa-1, 187 times higher than a flat-structured device), a wide detection range (0-245 kPa), and a stability of over 12000 loading-unloading cycles. Additionally, in the actual experiments, the device is capable of detecting various physiological signals of humans in real time and can be applied in human-computer interaction cases involving spatial pressure distribution and game control, indicating great application prospects in healthcare monitoring and human-computer interaction.

Piezoelectric amino acid crystalline films are ideal for biodegradable biomedical applications due to their strong performance, biodegradability, and flexibility. However, while they excel in the longitudinal direction (d33), many self-powered sensors require the transverse piezoelectric coefficient (d31) for bending mode operation. To fully unlock the potential of amino acid-based films for practical application, we developed a novel bending piezoelectric sensor based on Glycine-PVA films featuring a single-point design to enable local stress concentration. This device can smartly leverage the high d33 piezocoefficient of Glycine-PVA films when bended and generate over 9 times improvement in biomechanical sensing compared to control device working on low d31 coefficient. The innovative design significantly enhances piezoelectric output by transforming bending stress into vertical concentrated stress, enabling the precise detection of subtle biomechanical stimulations. We optimized the sensor with PLGA and beeswax encapsulation for controlled degradation and long-term stability, making it suitable for both short- and long-term applications. In vivo tests confirmed its biocompatibility and safety, providing a strong foundation for real-time biomedical monitoring and diagnostics.

We designed a piezoelectric metasurface that provides acoustic energy harvesting and noise insulation for scalable applications. The acoustic energy harvester (AEH) is created using a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) with an asymmetric-symmetric structure and a hierarchical pore network, enabling the conversion of environmental noise into electrical energy while providing noise mitigation. Compared to monolithic PENGs, the hierarchical porous structure enhances sound insulation and absorption properties in low-and mid-frequency noise environments. The multi-layered AEH has a subwavelength thickness of 25 mm and a sound absorption coefficient of 0.995 at 714 Hz, a sound insulation of 33.49 dB at 390 Hz, and a power density of 23.9 mW/m2 at 82 Hz and 100 dB. In a demonstration, the hierarchical piezoelectric metasurface generated an output of 2.8 V when placed in a 113 dB sound field, harvesting sound from an aircraft.

Soft actuators are limited by single-mode driving technology, which poses challenges in dealing with complex and multidimensional movements. In this study, a multiresponsive soft actuator was fabricated by integrating a microwrinkling structure into an MXene-based film, enabling programmable motions. To achieve this, we introduced n-hexane into the film preparation process and utilized its rapid volatilization to accelerate the shrinkage difference between the film and the substrate. This resulted in anisotropic folding and excellent mechanical properties. Due to the remarkable moisture absorption and excellent toughness of MXene-based films, it exhibits rapid actuation in response to moisture gradients and light stimuli with large bending deformation, fast actuation speed, as well as excellent stability and durability. The anisotropic expansion and mechanical properties of the film enable it to have capability of three-dimensional shape-programmable configuration control. Furthermore, taking advantage of the exceptional photothermal properties of MXene-based films, we developed light-driven actuators that utilize the Marangoni effect for propulsion on the water surface, enabling programmable navigational control. Such a soft actuator has a broad applications prospect in the fields of biomimetic botanical models, terrestrial crawlers, and aquatic surface transport devices.

Poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) is a widely used U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved implantable biomaterial that also possesses strong piezoelectricity. However, the intrinsically low stability of its high-energy piezoelectric β phase and random domain orientations associated with current synthesis approaches remain a critical roadblock to practical applications. Here, we report an interfacial anchoring strategy for fabricating core/shell PLLA/glycine (Gly) nanofibers (NFs) by electrospinning, which show a high ratio of piezoelectric β phase and excellent orientation alignment. The self-assembled core/shell structure offers strong intermolecular interactions between the -OH groups on Gly and C=O groups on PLLA, which promotes the crystallization of oriented PLLA polymer chains and stabilizes the β phase structure. As-received core/shell NFs exhibit substantially enhanced piezoelectric performance and excellent stability. An all NF–based nonwoven fabric is fabricated and assembled as a flexible nanogenerator. The device offers excellent conformality to heavily wrinkled surfaces and thus can precisely detect complex physiological motions often found from biological organs.

Excessive or burst generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative stress, precipitating a range of critical illnesses, including cancers, Parkinson's disease and Ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conventional biological assays for ROS, involving discrete steps of capturing, labelling, and spectrometric detection, are complex and time-intensive. Moreover, their accuracy is substantially compromised by the short lifespan (microseconds to milliseconds) of ROS. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a rapid and efficient method that enables real-time detection. In this study, we have developed a printable, flexible ROS sensor based on a robust nanoenzyme composite by direct deposition of the paste onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. This device demonstrated the fast and real-time responses to the hydrogen peroxide (mimetic agent) in the laboratory and to total ROS in sweat of an individual, exhibiting an outstanding current response to hydrogen peroxide across a broad concentration range of 0.01-10 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.85 mu M. The device's sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (136.59 mu A mM(-1) cm(-2)), was found to be 1.5 to 10 times higher than that of sensors previously reported. Moreover, the IFRS device successfully identified instantaneous ROS levels in the sweat of adult males in vitro, with amperometric response increased 8 times after half an hour strenuous exercise, thereby exhibiting excellent selectivity, remarkable stability, and confirmed high biosafety. Overall, the IFRS provides a viable and practical solution for simple, expedited, and real-time ROS detection in the near future.

Anodic dendrite formation is a critical issue in rechargeable batteries and often leads to poor cycling stability and quick capacity loss. Prevailing strategies for dendrite suppression aim at slowing down the growth rate kinetically but still leaving possibilities for dendrite evolution over time. Herein, we report a complete dendrite elimination strategy using a mesoporous ferroelectric polymer membrane as the battery separator. The dendrite suppression is realized by spontaneously reversing the surface energetics for metal ion reduction at the protrusion front, where a positive piezoelectric polarization is generated and superimposed as the protrusion compresses the separator. This effect is demonstrated first in a Zn electroplating process, and further in Zn-Zn symmetric cells and Zn-NaV3O8 center dot 1.5H(2)O full cells, where the dendritic Zn anode surfaces are completely turned into featureless flat surfaces. Consequently, a substantially longer charging/discharging cycle is achieved. This study provides a promising pathway toward high-performance dendrite-free rechargeable batteries.

The dynamic electromechanical coupling behavior of composite materials is highly dependent on external excitation frequency. While degradable biomolecular materials typically exhibit lower piezoelectric coefficients compared to ceramics, neglecting their frequency-dependent performance in the design of piezoelectric devices further leads to less efficient utilization of their piezoelectric properties. This oversight greatly hinders the practical application of these materials. To address this, a novel fractional derivation (FD) theory-assisted model is introduced to reversely design the glycine-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin films for versatile enhanced bio-applications. An electromechanical coupling model incorporating FD theory is developed to learn the relationships between FD parameters, film dimensions, and dynamic electromechanical properties. This model accurately predicts the electromechanical performance of the films across a wide frequency range, validated by both finite element simulations and experimental results. This therefore allows to establish key design principles for piezoelectric thin film in bioenergy harvesting and sensing, by tailoring thin film parameters to enhance the piezoelectric performance at specific stimuli frequencies. Demonstrations of glycine-PVA film devices guided by this model reveal excellent performance in ultrasonic energy harvesting and carotid artery bio-signal sensing. This study provides a robust theoretical framework for designing and optimizing biodegradable piezoelectric materials for various practical applications. A novel fractional derivation (FD) theory-assisted model is introduced to design glycine-polyvinyl alcohol thin films for enhanced bio-applications. By incorporating FD theory into an electromechanical coupling model, piezoelectric performance across various frequencies is predicted and optimized. Demonstrations in ultrasonic energy harvesting and carotid artery bio-signal sensing validate the model's effectiveness, establishing key design principles for biodegradable piezoelectric materials. image

The wood industry's dependence on traditional petrochemical adhesives, which pose environmental and health risks, has spurred research into sustainable alternatives. Sustainable bio-based polysaccharide materials show promise due to their inherent adhesive properties, despite challenges related to mechanical weaknesses and water resistance. Inspired by the hardening mechanisms of nacre and arthropod cuticles, we have developed a novel biomimetic flame-retardant HPA/OCTS/VMT NSs-NH2 adhesive. This adhesive uses oxidized chitosan (OCTS) to crosslink with hyperbranched polymers (HPA) and surface-modified vermiculite nanosheets ((VMT NSs-NH2), conferring flame retardancy. Furthermore, the interfacial compatibility between the VMT NSs-NH₂ nanomaterials and the adhesive is enhanced through the mediating action of HPA, thereby promoting the homogeneous dispersion of the adhesive. Through Schiff base chemistry-mediated covalent crosslinking, VMT NSs-NH2 integrates with OCTS, forming a microphase-separated structure similar to marine arthropod cuticles. This combination yields a wood bonding strength of 1.7 MPa, a limiting oxygen index of 36.7 %, and excellent cone calorimetry test results, providing an environmentally friendly adhesive solution for the wood industry.

This paper discusses the incorporation of Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) into the waste logistics system with the goal of reducing overall system costs. A new location-arc routing problem (LARP) model is designed to optimize the locations of BSS and waste collection centers, as well as the routes of Electric Garbage Trucks (EGT). To address the computational difficulties of this NP-hard problem, a modified Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm is created. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through numerical simulations using benchmark scenarios, showing notable improvements in cost efficiency and operational viability. The results highlight the potential of the combined BSS and EGT system in cutting emissions and lowering operational costs in municipal waste management logistics.

Harnessing the robust electromechanical couplings, piezoelectric materials not only enable efficient bio-energy harvesting, physiological sensing and actuating but also open enormous opportunities for therapeutic treatments through surface polarization directly interacting with electroactive cells, tissues, and organs. Known for its highly oriented and hierarchical structure, collagen in natural bones produces local electrical signals to stimulate osteoblasts and promote bone formation, inspiring the application of piezoelectric materials in orthopedic medicine. Recent studies showed that piezoelectricity can impact microenvironments by regulating molecular sensors including ion channels, cytoskeletal elements, cell adhesion proteins, and other signaling pathways. This review thus focuses on discussing the pioneering applications of piezoelectricity in the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases, aiming to offer valuable insights for advancing next-generation medical technologies. Beginning with an introduction to the principles of piezoelectricity and various piezoelectric materials, this review paper delves into the mechanisms through which piezoelectric materials accelerated osteogenesis. A comprehensive overview of piezoelectric materials, devices, and systems enhancing bone tissue repair, alleviating inflammation at infection sites, and monitoring bone health is then provided, respectively. Finally, the major challenges faced by applications of piezoelectricity in orthopedic conditions are thoroughly discussed, along with a critical outlook on future development trends.

The formation of As(V) substituted hydroxylapatite (HAP) has a vital influence on the fate of As(V) in the environment. However, despite growing evidence showing that HAP crystallizes in vivo and in vitro with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) as a precursor, a knowledge gap exists concerning the transformation from arsenate-bearing ACP (AsACP) to arsenate-bearing HAP (AsHAP). Here we synthesized AsACP nano-particles with varied As contents and investigated the arsenic incorporation during their phase evolution. The phase evolution results showed that the transformation process of AsACP to AsHAP could be divided into three Stages. A higher As(V) loading significantly delayed the transformation of AsACP, increased the distortion degree, and decreased the crystallinity of AsHAP. NMR result showed that the PO43- tetrahedral is geometrically preserved when PO43- is substituted by AsO43-. From AsACP to AsHAP, the As-substitution led to the transformation inhibition and As(V) immobilization.

Stretchability is an essential property for wearable devices to match varying strains when interfacing with soft tissues or organs. While piezoelectricity has broad application potentials as tactile sensors, artificial skins, or nanogenerators, enabling tissue-comparable stretchability is a main roadblock due to the intrinsic rigidity and hardness of the crystalline phase. Here, an amino acid-based piezoelectric biocrystal thin film that offers tissue-compatible omnidirectional stretchability with unimpaired piezoelectricity is reported. The stretchability was enabled by a truss-like microstructure that was self-assembled under controlled molecule-solvent interaction and interface tension. Through the open and close of truss meshes, this large scale biocrystal microstructure was able to endure up to 40% tensile strain along different directions while retained both structural integrity and piezoelectric performance. Built on this structure, a tissue-compatible stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator was developed, which could conform to various tissue surfaces, and exhibited stable functions under multidimensional large strains. In this work, we presented a promising solution that integrates piezoelectricity, stretchability and biocompatibility in one material system, a critical step toward tissue-compatible biomedical devices.