This repository includes the original data, source code and computational results for the experiments presented in the paper.

The existing literature on make-to-order firms typically supposes that the unit production cost is a constant. In contrast, in this study, this cost is a variable that depends on the lead time. Under this assumption, we investigate the pricing problem for both a monopoly firm and two competing firms. Specifically, we develop a queueing-game-theoretic model to capture the interaction between customers and the firm’s manager and further solve the pricing problem. The results illustrate that, for a monopoly firm, there exists a service rate threshold, and for two homogeneous firms, there is a unique symmetric equilibrium. However, for two heterogeneous firms, the equilibrium may not exist, and if it does, it may not be unique. In this case, the equilibrium is characterized analytically if it is unique and explored numerically if not. Finally, a specific cost function is adopted to analyse the sensitivity of the optimal decisions. When the firms have this variable cost, compared with those with constant unit production cost, customers’ waiting time might be shorter, and the competition between firms might be fiercer. Also, for these firms, increasing the service rate or decreasing the cost parameter does not always help to increase their market share or profit.

考虑品牌商的定价策略,给出不同市场竞争模式下供应链各组成部分的均衡解.分别建立基本模型(BM)、无售后服务质量决策模型(NSQ)和售后服务质量决策模型(SQ),通过对比分析研究售后服务质量决策对差别定价市场结构下零售商平行进口的灰色市场影响,帮助品牌商进行定价和售后服务决策.研究当灰色市场的介入使品牌商的利润增加时,对品牌商售后服务质量决策产生的影响.发现对于品牌商,售后服务质量决策是一种有效的灰色市场管理手段,既控制灰色市场规模,又增加品牌商的收益;同时提高制造灰色市场的零售商的收益.

The cash transportation cost in the banking system, which is one of the most important components of the currency issuance cost, could be reduced by the optimisation of the cash transportation process. In this study, we propose a cash pickup and delivery problem to deal with the distribution of new banknotes, the collection of used banknotes, and the disposal of damaged banknotes in the banking system. The proposed problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model to minimise the total transportation cost and the total penalty cost due to unmet target demand. An efficient tabu search heuristic is developed to solve the proposed problem. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of the proposed solution method and demonstrate the effect of the risk threshold on the combination of cash denominations.

为减少托运人的成本支出,提高运输服务采购的线路分配和服务效率,本文聚焦于多轮组合拍卖主从优化问题.综合考虑承运人竞价不确定性等特征,构建了上层最小化托运人总成本,下层最大化承运人利润的二层混合整数非线性规划模型.通过分析模型的特性,采用了模拟植物生长算法对其进行求解.通过数值实验对问题特性和算法性能进行了分析.实验结果表明,基于二层规划的多轮组合拍卖能在合理兼顾承运人利润的同时进一步减少托运人的采购成本.

In a bike sharing system (BSS), for various reasons, such as truck fuel load, truck capacity and high customer demand, the number of trucks deployed by the BSS operator is usually insufficient and they cannot balance all of the stations in time. To incentivize users to relocate some of the excess bikes from stations with surplus bikes to bike deficient stations, a mixed rebalancing strategy is proposed. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model. A hybrid genetic algorithm is developed to solve the proposed problem. Computational experiments are performed to illustrate the properties of the problem. The numerical results show that the proposed solution method can yield high-quality solutions in short computing times.

定价策略是调控排队系统性能表现的一种重要机制,服务提供者的目的是通过设计定价策略使系统性能在顾客的理性行为下达到最优.以可观测M/M/1排队系统为基础提出了高低定价策略,探讨了这种策略的定价方式以及在这种策略下如何使系统性能达到最优,并将其与单一定价策略比较,讨论了两种策略的优势和适用情形,为服务提供者如何选择定价策略提出了建议.

共享单车具有随取随放的优点,但用户的租还车使站点之间经常出现供需不平衡现象.为了有效缓解运营商调度压力,提出了一种顾客参与调度的共享单车调度方式.将某些闲置的共享单车设置为红包车,鼓励用户将红包车骑到需求旺盛的区域,用户完成调度后可以获得红包奖励.以运营商运输成本,红包奖励支出以及未满足站点需求的惩罚成本最小为目标建立了混合整数规划模型,并设计了混合禁忌搜索算法对模型进行了求解.数值实验表明:红包车机制可有效减少运营商总成本;混合禁忌搜索算法可以有效求解大规模问题.

公共自行车是我国正大力发展的低碳交通出行模式,加强公共自行车调运优化是提升自行车出行吸引力的关键要素.通过对公共自行车调运背景分析,提出了一类多类型公共自行车的调运优化问题.针对现实生活中租赁站点内公共自行车不均衡的情况,建立了以总成本最小为目标的混合整数线性规划模型,并提出一种改进的混合禁忌搜索对问题进行求解.通过数值实验分析了问题特性并验证了算法性能.实验结果表明非均衡惩罚系数决定了租赁站点各类自行车的装卸载数量,并影响了调配车辆的运行路线,是实现多类型公共自行车均衡优化的关键因素.不同类型自行车的替代策略使得调运决策更加灵活.混合禁忌搜索可以求解更大规模的问题,并能在短时间内求得较好质量的解.

This paper investigates a new cash transportation problem, which is a variant of the capacitated vehicle routing problem. To better satisfy the demands of customers (e.g., banks, large retailers, shopping centers, automated teller machines, etc.), the combination of different cash denominations (i.e., $100, $50, $20, etc.) is considered. The robbery risk, which is measured by both the amount of cash being carried and the distance covered by the vehicle carrying the cash, is limited by a risk threshold. The problem is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming to minimize the total cost, which consists of the total travel cost and the total penalties due to the unmet expected demand of customers. A combined hybrid tabu search metaheuristic is proposed to solve this problem. Tabu search is adopted for determining routing decisions while three methods, namely the exact method, the greedy method, and the mixed method, are proposed to be embedded within the tabu search to determine the denomination combination strategy. The numerical studies show that the proposed method makes a good tradeoff between the solution quality and the computation time. Experimental results also reveal the effects of the unit penalty and the risk threshold.

This study examines the winner determination problem (WDP) for the procurement of transportation service. The problem contains three important roles, namely, shippers, carriers, and third-party carriers. Shippers determine the service lanes that can be outsourced to carriers so that the transportation service cost may be reduced. The WDP can be formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. However, when solving a general MILP model, it is easy to fall into the imbalanced issue of branch-and-bound trees, such that the computational time becomes longer. This study proposes a deterministic model with a powerful and significant theoretical mechanism to conquer the imbalanced issue. Solving the proposed model can minimize the service costs subject to each lane being served by carriers and consider the quantity discount. The most important objective in this study is to identify an iterative algorithm that embeds the proposed model, which presents all alternative solutions for shippers to consider better options. Numerical experiment is also presented to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.

As a new mode of logistics distribution, crowdsourcing logistics pricing is of great significance for timely meeting customer needs and efficient operation of logistics companies. In real life, the pricing strategy of crowdsourcing logistics companies is affected by the degree of public participation.Hotelling model based on mass order rate is used to analyze the effect of mass participation on market demand, price and revenue of crowdsourcing logistics companies and specialized logistics companies. The results show that crowdsourcing logistics companies will choose to be the followers of market price in market competition. When the service level of logistics companies is small, the mass order rate is proportional to the price, market demand and revenue of crowdsourcing logistics companies.

针对共享单车供需失衡,共享率低等问题,以提高用车高峰期调度的及时性为目的 ,在调度结构中引入调度池,明确调度池的使用规则,提出共享单车四级调度结构.将基于调度池的共享单车静态调度问题描述为多车场车辆路径问题,考虑到节点的调度需求大于调度车的装载容量和多辆调度车共同满足单个节点的调度需求的情况,以调度总成本最小为目标,建立共享单车静态调度模型,根据模型特点,设计单亲遗传算法求解.算例表明,与未使用调度池的调度方案相比,调度车的行驶里程降低47.86％,变动成本降低47.73％,不考虑调度池的营运成本时,总成本下降9.81％,考虑调度池的营运成本时,总成本下降4.71％.使用调度池可提高调度效率并降低总成本.

A discrete event simulation model was established onExtendSimsoftware,,with the average patient waiting time,average idle time of the examination rooms and total cost which wasthe linearlyweighted sum of them being as performance measures.Estimated value and sample data of these performance measures of 9 basic appointment scheduling rules and 9 adjusted ones were produced by thede-duplication methodso that analysis of variance and efficient frontier were carried out to compare the effects of different "staggered reservation rules" on this queuing system.It was showed that,for different beneficiaries (patients,hospital or both),the appointment scheduling rules characterized by "appointment intervals gradually increase towardthe middle and then decrease slightly at the end of thesession" perform optimally which hadbeen concluded based on the single-phase,sing-server queuing system in previous research,but the change law of number of patients in each slot and method of adjustment for the enhanced scan patients weredifferent.

Based on cash logistics industry,this paper introduces a routing optimization problem with multi-type rishs.The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem to balance transportation cost, transit rish and rish of cash in hand.A hybrid genetic algorithm adopted in this paper is a hybrid meta-heuristic combining the exploration capabilities of GA with efficient local search based improvement heuristics and diversity management mechanism.This method consists of a GA method to determine routing decision and a greedy meth-od to determine the rish decision.The numerical studies are adopted to analyze problem characteristics and the method performance.The results show that the hybrid genetic algorithm can solve much larger problems,produce high quality solutions and strihe a satisfying balance between the computing time and the solution quality.Multi-type rishs linh with the vehicle routing.Customer expect demand linhs with rish of cash in hand.

In a "company + farmer" mode of agriculture, the participation of leading companies, the degree of effort of farmers and the production capacity influence the success of this mode. If companies participate in agricultural tasks, whether farmers will try their best to fulfill their tasks and how companies design incentives to encourage farmers to complete agricultural tasks better and create higher output value are studied. Under the condition of information asymmetry, the principal-agent model between companies and farmers is established to study the impact of the company's participation in investment behavior and farmers' output value capacity on the incentive intensity, effort and income. The research shows that the involvement of the company can promote the efforts of farmers and the incentive coefficient will increase, but when it reaches a certain level, the growth rate will slow down. The output value of farmers will stimulate the enthusiasm of their work and they can achieve higher reward; if the ability of farmers' output value is high, it's more likely to attract the company's involvement. If companies actively participate in agricultural tasks, income will increase; the other hand, the companies' earnings are decreased. Finally, the relevant conclusions are verified by a numerical simulation.

A multi-type cash routing optimization problem with transit risk was proposed in the context of cash logistics industry.The problem was modeled as a mixed integer programming problem to balance new currency denominations distribution,to pick up used currency and to decrease transit risk.A combined tabu search method was proposed to solve this problem.This method consists of a tabu search algorithm to determine routing decision and three embedded methods named exact method,greedy method and the mixed greedy method to determine the denomination balance decision,the used currency decision and the risk decision.The numerical studies were adopted to analyze problem characteristics and the method performance.The results show that new currency denomination balance optimization and used currency pickup link with an increased risk of transportation.The combined tabu search method can solve greater problems and produce high quality solutions.The three embedded methods can well balance the computing time and the solution quality.

This paper proposes an improved multi-class dynamic network traffic flow propagation model with a consideration of physical queues. Each link is divided into two areas: Free flow area and queue area. The vehicles of the same class are assumed to satisfy the first-in-first-out (FIFO) principle on the whole link, and the vehicles of the different classes also follow FIFO in the queue area but not in the free flow area. To characterize this phenomenon by numerical methods, the improved model is directly formulated in discrete time space. Numerical examples are developed to illustrate the unrealistic flows of the existing model and the performance of the improved model. This analysis can more realistically capture the traffic flow propagation, such as interactions between multi-class traffic flows, and the dynamic traffic interactions across multiple links.

Cooperation is an important for queueing systems to enhance service level and to reduce service cost.This paper considers the external market and studies the cost allocation for cooperation among queueing systems with customer pooling and resource pooling , respectively .Cooperative game theory is applied to deal with the cost allocation problem arising from cooperation in queueing system .Cost allocations that belong to the corresponding core of the cooperative game are designed .Then, the efficiency and incentive compatibility of the proposed cost allocations are discussed .Finally, a numerical example is presented to discuss the properties of the cost allocations .