Traditional microreactors are limited by fixed flow regimes, which restrict their multifunctional applications in both catalyst synthesis and the production of high value-added chemicals. Here, we introduce a click-activated microreactor that enables a rapid and facile transition between laminar and turbulent flow modes through a switch-like mechanism. In the context of laminar flow conditions, the reactor successfully synthesizes alpha-MnO2 catalysts, characterized by their substantial surface area and abundance of oxygen vacancies, with a concurrent reduction in energy consumption of 68.6%. Conversely, when switched to turbulent mode via a "click-switch" operation, the reactor enhances mass transfer, enabling the efficient selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), achieving a DFF yield of up to 23.8 mmol/g/h, which was beyond the yield limit of conventional thermocatalytic oxidation. This innovative design overcomes the conventional "Single-Purpose Reactor" paradigm, providing a versatile platform for integrated chemical manufacturing.

The escalating electromagnetic pollution crisis driven by 5G/6G technologies necessitates lightweight multifunctional absorbers with integrated electromagnetic-thermal management capabilities. Herein, we pioneer a gradient magneto-dielectric heterostructured aerogel that synergistically integrates magnetic MXene hollow spheres (HM) with a conductive polyimide network. This hierarchical architecture leverages spatially graded functional layers to achieve unprecedented electromagnetic wave dissipation and thermal stealth. The magnetic-functionalized HM establish a multi-scale electromagnetic trap, inducing intensive interfacial polarization and magnetic-dielectric coupling losses. Simultaneously, the vertically aligned channels in the polyimide-based aerogel matrix provide exceptional phonon scattering pathways for thermal insulation. This rational design enables ultrabroadband electromagnetic wave absorption with a minimum reflection loss of -52.5 dB at 1.3 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth covering 7.54 GHz. It is noteworthy that when the material was exposed to a substrate at 220 °C, the surface temperature dropped to 82.7 °C, coupled with an average infrared emissivity of 0.75 for adaptive thermal camouflage. Further, the aerogel exhibits 51% suppression in peak heat release rate and maintains structural integrity under 60% compressive strain. This work establishes a paradigm-shifting gradient heterostructure strategy that transcends conventional impedance matching limitations, opening new avenues for next-generation electromagnetic-compatible materials in aerospace, wearable electronics, and defense systems.

ABSTRACT Crayfish–shell waste (CSW) is an abundant aquaculture by–product rich in biogenic minerals; however, the contribution of these inherited mineral phases to antibiotic adsorption remains poorly understood. Herein, pyrolysis–derived crayfish–shell biochar (CSB) was prepared without chemical activation or external modification and evaluated for norfloxacin (NOR) removal. CSB showed a high solid yield of 62.75% and a Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of 129.42 ± 7.79 mg g −1 for NOR. Structural characterization revealed a hierarchically porous honeycomb‐like matrix with interconnected micro–mesopores, which facilitated pore–filling adsorption. Combined characterization by XRD, SEM–EDS, XPS, and FTIR analyses suggested that NOR adsorption was governed by pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and mineral–associated surface interactions, while acid demineralization experiments and DFT calculations further confirmed that NOR exhibited stronger adsorption on inherited Ca/Mg–containing mineral surfaces than on carbon surfaces. After five adsorption–desorption cycles, CSB retained 85.1% of its initial NOR adsorption capacity, accompanied by negligible changes in its morphology, mineral phases, and surface functional groups, indicating good structural stability. This study demonstrated a sustainable approach for converting CSW into functional biochar while highlighting the potential role of inherited mineral phases in enhancing antibiotic adsorption, which provides a novel strategy for coupling aquaculture waste valorization with antibiotic pollution control.

In electrocoagulation (EC), the electro-generated coagulants Fe2+ (or Al3+) and OH- transfer into the bulk solution and undergo spontaneous hydrolysis reactions to form flocs which can absorb various pollutants through surface adsorption, complexation reaction and ligand exchange. This work presents a review on recent literatures about the multi-phase fluid flow (the transport of bubbles and flocs phase) and the mass transfer of electro-generated species (coagulants, OH-, dissolved oxygen, etc.), as well as their impact on flocs generation, pollutant removal and energy consumption. The coupled relationship among the electric field, the mass transfer and the multi-phase fluid flow could be studied by the modeling methods. The simplified model without considering mass transfer could be applied to describe the current and electric field characteristics. The model considering mass transfer and fluid flow could solve the coupled relationship among electric field, concentration field and flow field. The continuous wastewater phase forms a multi-phase flow with the subsequent generation of bubble and floc phases. The multi-phase fluid flow is proven to have a crucial effect on EC performance. This work also reviews the effect of mass transfer of electro-generated coagulants and OH- on flocs generation and clarifies that it is not the initial value but the local pH or pH profiles has a more important impact on the floc generation and pollutant removal. This review provides insight into multi-phase fluid flow and mass transfer in EC, delivers guidelines for sustaining high treatment performance, and offers an outlook for the future development of EC.

In electro-coagulation (EC), the separation of pollutants is achieved by the adsorption of flocs generated by the hydrolysis reaction of iron ions and OH- generated by electrolysis. In traditional EC with wastewater flowing by the electrode surface (FB-EC), the electro-migration flux difference of Fe ion and OH- leads to the fact that the concentration ratio between these ions in EC channel is away from the optimized value range of hydrolysis reaction for flocs generation. This leads to low flocs yield, which in turn results in low removal efficiency. An EC with wastewater flowing through porous electrodes (FT-EC) was designed to enhance flocs yield and pollutant removal. The mass transfer flux ratio between Fe ions and OH- is regulated through forced convection at porous anode and cathode sides, thereby achieving the control of concentration ratio between (Fe2+ and OH- ) in bulk solution of EC channel. At the ratios of anode and cathode flux reaches 3:1 (UA/UC = 3:1), the ratio of Fe2+ and OH- in the channel reaches an optimal value for the generation of flocs. Compared with the FB-EC, the FT-EC shows a double increase in removal efficiency and a 28.2 % increase in flocs yield.

The scalable and energy‐efficient synthesis of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is critically challenged by the trade‐off between high energy consumption and metal aggregation in conventional thermal activation. Herein, a microexplosive synthesis reactor (MER) is proposed that leverages spatially confined acetylacetonate deflagration within micron‐channels (800 µm) to achieve ultrafast atomic dispersion (<20 ms) of palladium. This design decouples metal anchoring thermodynamics from aggregation kinetics by generating localized ultrahigh temperatures (>1500 K, heating rate 10 5 K s −1 ) while maintaining the bulk reactor temperature below 200 °C, thereby suppressing atomic migration and agglomeration. Through synchrotron characterization and multiscale simulations, a three‐step mechanism encompassing precursor sublimation‐induced spatial confinement, non‐equilibrium combustion waves, and N‐coordination stabilization is identified. The resulting Pd─N 4 SACs demonstrate exceptional activity and stability (>200 h) in the hydrogenation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), outperforming nanoparticle benchmarks by 2–3 orders of magnitude due to optimized electronic structure and maximized active site accessibility. Remarkably, the MER process reduces energy consumption by 98% compared to pyrolysis methods and enables scalable production (kilogram‐level) with batch‐to‐batch consistency. This strategy is universally applicable to 8 metals (e.g., Pd, Pt, Co), establishing a fundamental and practical platform for sustainable SAC manufacturing with minimized carbon footprint.

The pivotal role of electrolytes such as Na2SO4 and NaCl in electrochemical treatment of dyeing wastewater was investigated by comparing recalcitrant Reactive Red X-3B (RRX-3B) degradation rates, active species formation and intermediates generation in a double-chamber cell. It was found that similar reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed in the anodic chamber are (OH)-O-center dot and O-1(2), in the cathodic chamber is O-center dot(2)- with different electrolytes, while this is not the case for ROS contribution, RRX-3B degradation kinetic and intermediates. NaCl favored the generation of O-1(2), faster decolorization (-N=N- cleavage), and organic intermediates degradation in the anodic chamber. A comparatively faster hydrogenation reduction of -N=N- and higher COD removal with fewer organic categories in Na2SO4 cathodic chamber outperformed those in NaCl cathodic chamber. The RRX-3B degradation pathways were proposed in both chambers based on GC-MS investigations and Fukui function calculations. Atoms Cl, S and N in RRX-3B molecule removals were in the order of R-S > R-N > R-Cl.

In electrocoagulation (EC) process, the pollutants are mainly removed by the in-situ generated adsorptive flocs which have large surface areas and are beneficial for a rapid adsorption and pollutant trapping. The influence of multi-phase fluid flow (continuous fluid phase, the dispersed bubbles and flocs phase) on mass transfer of pollutants and flocs was systematically studied by the retention time distribution (RTD) analysis and mathematical modeling. The influence of the aerated and in-situ electro-generated bubbles on pollutants and flocs transport was investigated. The electro-generated bubbles have much smaller size and are easier to be adsorbed by the flocs. Thus, the electro-generated bubbles could advance the retention time (RT) of flocs obviously. The aerated bubbles which have larger size than electro-generated bubbles could increase the turbulence of the fluid flow. It causes the back mixture of pollutants and flocs. Thus, both electro-generated and aerated bubbles could shorten the RT of pollutants and flocs through different mechanisms, resulting in reduced removal efficiency of EC. The transport characteristics of pollutants and flocs in three typical structure reactors were studied. The vertical tubular-like EC has shorter RT than horizontal tubular-like EC. However, the former reactor has higher pollutant removal than the latter one. The reason is that the vertical tubular-like EC has uniform flocs distribution. This reveals that besides the RT of flocs, the distribution characteristics of flocs in typical structure reactors also contribute to the pollutant adsorption. The transport characteristics of flocs with different structures in EC process was studied by RTD method and was proven to differ greatly. Compared with Fe3O4 and FeOOH, green rusts (GRs) has stronger adsorption ability for the bubbles. Thus, although the GRs has shorter retention time (RT), the GRs has the highest pollutant removal. The reason is that Fe3O4 and FeOOH are easy to aggregate, however GRs has better dispersibility. GRs have the highest removal efficiency for pollutants. In EC process, the parameters should be optimized to generate flocs which is mainly composed of GRs to achieve the highest pollutant removal efficiency.

Alkali pretreatment is one of the most commonly used pretreatment methods in lignocellulose bioprocessing. However, there are still some “pseudo-lignin” that hinder enzymatic hydrolysis and seriously affect the industrialization process of biorefining.Excellent pretreatment additives can effectively cover these shortages. However, most additives have disadvantages like high operating temperature, low effective utilization efficiency, or poor performance. To address this issue, we proposed a novel additive, dicyandiamide (DICY), by means of quantum chemical prediction, and verified its ability on assisting alkali to remove lignin by experiments. The results indicate that the lignin removal by KOH-DICY pretreatment is about 15% higher than KOH pretreatment, thereby increasing the enzymatic efficiency to 97%, while the reaction temperature was lower 20℃ than common alkali pretreatment. These are due to the “two birds with one stone” role of DICY on lignocellulose alkali-DICY pretreatment. DICY not only dissolves small amounts of lignin, but also assists alkali to remove lignin by reducing the diffusion resistance of KOH in lignin and blocking the generation of “pseudo-lignin”. Thus, DICY effectively improved the lignin removal and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of alkali pretreated lignocellulose, and performed better than urea. Moreover, the waste liquid pretreated by DICY combined with KOH has the potential on preparation of agricultural fertilizers. In summary, DICY is a new, environmentally friendly, and energy conservation additive for lignocellulose alkali pretreatment.

Electrocoagulation (EC) is considered to be a highly efficient and environment-friendly water treatment tech-nology. The adsorption of flocs generated in-situ contributes to the pollutant removal. The iron flocs with various structures (Green rusts (GRs), Fe3O4, FeOOH) are generated during in-situ EC process with Fe electrode. However, there is a lack of researches on the impact of flocs structures on pollutant adsorption. As is well known, the unsaturated adsorbent flocs are usually scraped out of the EC reactor as solid waste. It has therefore become necessary to study the adsorption characteristics of the flocs both during and after the EC process. In this work, the in-situ (direct treatment of wastewater by EC) and ex-situ (removal of pollutants in wastewater by dosing flocs produced by EC process) adsorption were designed to investigate the flocs adsorption during and after EC process, respectively. Flocs with different structure was generated by precise control of EC process for in-situ and ex-situ adsorption. The pollutant removal by flocs during in-situ adsorption was found to be higher than that of ex-situ adsorption. Meanwhile, GRs outperformed Fe3O4 and FeOOH, especially during ex-situ adsorption. The ageing resistance of GRs appeared to be superior to that of Fe3O4 and FeOOH. The structural transformation of flocs during ex-situ adsorption showed that the evolution from GRs to Fe3O4 and FeOOH resulted in the change of morphology and adsorption capacity.

Acid pretreatment is considered as one of the most promising pretreatment strategies. However, the operation temperature of acid pretreatment is commonly higher, and acid pretreatment is difficult to remove lignin. Herein, a novel pretreatment strategy (dilute sulfuric acid coupling K 2 S 2 O 8 (DA-PDS) pretreatment) was proposed to remove lignin at lower temperature. The feasibility of DA-PDS pretreatment was predicted by means of density functional theory (DFT). Then, the optimal operation conditions of DA-PDS pretreatment were studied. Temperature was proved to be the most critical factor affecting the DA-PDS pretreatment. The optimal reaction conditions of DA-PDS pretreatment were 5 % DA and 6 % PDS at 80 degrees C for 2 h. The operation temperature was 40 degrees C lower than common acid pretreatment. On this condition, the cellulose content and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency by DA-PDS pretreatment were about 59 % and 73 %, which were 11 % and 13 % higher than that of DA pretreatment, respectively. In addition, this study revealed the mechanism of DA-PDS pretreatment. DA not only accelerated radical generation rate, but also improved the contact probability between radical and lignin. Radicals generated by PDS destroyed the structure of lignin. This made DA more easily to remove hemicellulose. This work presented a novel and energy -saving strategy for lignocellulose pretreatment.

Microplatform with timed automata has been leveraged for guiding the preparation of molecules, whereas the requirement of handling expertise and sophisticated instrument is inevitable in combination with heterogeneous catalysis. Here we report a microfluidic-based autolab with open structures, called Put & Play Automated Microplatform (PPAM). It shows the efficient hydrogenation performance of palladium nanoparticles on the triphenylene-based covalent organic frameworks (Pd/TP-COFs) in which the π–π interactions of TP rings in the vicinity of Pd is optimized by easy change-over of catalyst and simple tuning of reactor geometries in PPAM. Using experiment/simulation of the Pd/TP-COFs coating (PCC) and mixing (PCM) across PPAM with different channel sizes, the turnover frequencies are 60 times the commonly used batch reactor, and aniline productivity of 8.8 g h −1 is achieved in 0.09 cm 3 . This work will raise awareness about the benefits of the catalyst-loaded microplatform in future materials performance campaigns.

Soil electro-kinetic remediation (EKR) has received significant attention owing to its environmental sustainability. Water electrolysis at electrode surface changes the pH profile of soil water. The pH profile has a strong impact on EKR performances. The aims of this study were to quantify the mass transfer of H+ and OH− and investigate the coupled relationship among H+ and OH− mass transfer, electric field and porous fluid flow. Herein, multi-dimensional (1D and 2D) models capable of coupling fluid flow and mass transfer were established to study the coupled relationship among H+ and OH− mass transfer, electric field and porous fluid flow. The multi-dimensional (1D and 2D) models were validated by lab scale experiments. The characteristics of pH front and pH profile was proven to be dominated by electric field, mass transfer and porous fluid flow. The movement of pH front and pH profiles dominates the EKR performance. The conductivity rise and the electric field distribution variations were quantified and proven to be caused by the H+ and OH− mass transfer. After a certain EKR time, in the areas near the electrodes where the H+ and OH− are generated, the mass transfer flux of H+ and OH− is gradually close to its releasing rate, the ionic species H+ and OH− stop accumulating and the concentration of both tends to steady state, so does the conductivity. We demonstrated that the coupled relationship among mass transfer of H+ and OH−, electric field, and porous fluid flow dominates the movement of pH profiles and the conductivity rise.

Alkali pretreatments are considered as one of the most popular strategies to pretreat lignocellulose due to its high-efficiency, low-cost, high lignine removing and cellulose content. Nevertheless, glucose concentration obtained from lignocellulose by alkali pretrements still can’t meet biorefinery requirements. Thus, a novel strategy to pretreat lignocellulose by combining KOH, UHP (urea peroxide) and organosilane (KOH-UHP-Si pretreatment) was proposed. This novel strategy solved two difficult problems that seriously affected the combined pretreatment of alkali and advanced oxidant, and then the cellulose relative content and glucose yield were increased by about 2.4 times and 9 times compared with the original straw, about 19% and 20% compared with the alkali (KOH) pretreatment, and about 2.2 times and 3.3 times compared with the advanced oxidation (UHP) pretreatment. After optimizing the pretreatment process, cellulose relative content in corn straw reached 81.4%, and the removal rates of lignin and hemicellulose were increased to 97.3% and 88.13%, respectively. In addition, we illustrated the mechanism of KOH-UHP-Si pretreatment, in which KOH plays the major role, the organosilane suspension and UHP play the auxiliary role. When the organosilane reduced mass transfer resistance in the reaction system, KOH and UHP assisted and promote each other mutually. Besides, we also illustrated the mechanism of urea assisting KOH removal of lignin through quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, the substances contained in wastewater produced by the novel technique could be turned into agricultural fertilizers after being processed simply, and there will be zero emission in the whole process. Our results indicate that KOH-UHP-Si pretreatment was a high efficiency low cost and eco-friendly strategy for lignocellulose pretreatment.

The adsorption separation of volatile organic compounds affords an efficient potential solution to address VOC emission. In this work, we reported alkaline sites-modified biomass-carbon adsorbents through in situ implanting MgO for reinforcing the adsorption abatement of polar VOCs. We revealed that the dispersed MgO alkaline sites in situ formed over the activated carbon during the KOH activation process by placing the magnesium acetate and KOH into grapefruit peel-based biochar together, which avoids the repeated postmodification. By tuning the mass proportion of Mg precursor and KOH activator, the optimized loading of magnesium oxide in AC was explored and compared with the MgO post-modified AC using a two-step procedure. The physicochemical properties of MgO-modified AC were characterized by various techniques. Impressively, MgO occupied a higher surface formation ratio (82.6%) in whole Mg species of the in-situ synthesized 10MgO/C compared to that (51.4%) in postimpregnated 10MgO/C-P. The adsorption properties of polar acetic acid and nonpolar benzene over the above comparative adsorbents were systematically studied by the gas-static adsorption method. The results revealed that the optimal sample of 10MgO/C afforded excellent structural properties (S-BET = 2646 m(2) g(-1) More importantly, compared to unmodified and nitrogen-doped AC, 10MgO/C showed improved acetic acid adsorption capacity, reversible desorption behavior, and lower adsorption heat. The calculation of Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) for selective adsorption separation of the CH3COOH/C6H6 binary mixture (50/50) over 10MgO/C showed the highest selectivity (3.42). This work offers new insight into the in-situ modification of AC and polar VOCs selective adsorption separation. , V-total = 1.59 cm(3 )g(-1)) and a large adsorption capacity of polar acetic acid reaching 16.64 mmol g(-1) at 30 ?. More importantly, compared to unmodified and nitrogen-doped AC, 10MgO/C showed improved acetic acid adsorption capacity, reversible desorption behavior, and lower adsorption heat. The calculation of Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) for selective adsorption separation of the CH3COOH/C6H6 binary mixture (50/50) over 10MgO/C showed the highest selectivity (3.42). This work offers new insight into the in-situ modification of AC and polar VOCs selective adsorption separation

In order to achieve considerable generation of free radicals during electro-coagulation (EC) process, EC with air breathing cathode (EC-ABC) was designed to allow for the coexistence of electro-Fenton (EF) and EC functions. This EC-EF-ABC synergetic system allows for both in-situ free radicals and adsorptive flocs generation in an undivided electrolytic cell. The yield of hydroxyl radicals and adsorptive flocs were quantified for accurate mechanism analysis. The control mechanism of the transition from EF to EC function during EC-ABC system was investigated. The air cathode material was studied and optimized to obtain high hydroxyl radical generation. The influences of both dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH condition on hydroxyl radical and flocs generation were studied. Whiles the latter was found to dominate the successive EF and EC functions, and further controls the hydroxyl radicals and flocs yield, the former only has a dominant effect on the hydroxyl radical yield. The adsorptive iron (oxy)hydroxide flocs’ structure was also found to be fully depend on the DO condition. The control mechanism of initial pH and DO condition on radical and flocs generation was simplified as a ‘Sudoku-like’ relationship. The optimized initial pH and DO condition was studied to maximize the generation of hydroxyl radicals and adsorptive flocs. The design of EC-ABC process could have both advanced oxidation and adsorption abilities for wastewater pollutant removal.

Design of catalyst particles bearing excellent diffusion performance and suitable surface wettability is of great importance to the successful application of Pickering interfacial catalysis. In this study, selective oxidation reactions over hydrophobized hollow TS-1 zeolite were applied as probe reactions to investigate the influence of catalyst diffusion performance closely related to mesopore size on its catalytic activity. Hydrophobized hollow TS-1 zeolite particles were prepared via a post desilication treatment accompanied with precrystallization treatment. The synthesized hydrophobized hollow TS-1 zeolite was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption. Stable Pickering emulsions including 1-hexenehydrogen peroxide, cyclohexene-hydrogen peroxide and cyclohexanone-water were prepared with hydrophobized hollow TS-1 zeolite particles as emulsifier. HTS-1-393(2)-S zeolite synthesized with precrystallization at 393 K for 2 h presented the maximum values of 43.9 mol/(Ti-mol.h) for 1-hexene epoxidation, 15.7 mol/(Timol.h) for cyclohexene epoxidation and 247.3 mol/(Ti-mol.h) for cyclohexanone ammoximation. In addition, HTS-1-393(2)-S zeolite particles displayed good reusability for more than five cycles.

While the potable water disinfection regimen has significantly reduced waterborne diseases, development of disinfection byproducts (DBP) during this process has brought a global threat to the environment and human health. The most notorious water pollutant, humic acid (HA), transforms into carcinogenic byproducts during the disinfection process (chlorination) of water treatment. HA removal methods are neither economic nor widely available. This study addresses the most urgent global issue of HA removal by developing an innovative and self-regenerative process based on a low-cost and self-regenerative calf bone char (CBC) that removed 92.1-100% of HA. CBC-based HA removal has not been described yet. The developed CBC, as a super adsorbent of HA, was initially characterized by a scanning electron microscope. Various parameters of adsorption/desorption and self-regeneration of CBC adsorbent were experimentally determined. Results show that prepared CBC with a 112 m2/g surface area exhibited adsorption of 38.08 mg/g (HA = 20 mg/L, pH = 4.0) which is several folds higher than the typical amount of HA present in water. The 30 m reaction time was enough to remove HA which is the shorter HA time in comparison to other similar studies. The increase of HA from 0.5 to 5 g/L, raises % HA removal (36.7-99.8%) while a pH decrease (10-4) increases adsorption (12.3-98.3%). The adsorption data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm which demonstrate that adsorption takes place by a monolayer formation. Thermodynamic constants supported the endothermic, spontaneous and reversible nature of adsorption which can attain 100% HA removal. 100% regeneration of exhausted CBC by NaOH further supports the sustainability of the process. CBC as a new adsorbent material thus provides an economical and sustainable water pre-treatment procedure. The present study provides technical guidance for building a cost-effective and scalable process capable of providing clean water.