BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widely occurring digestive disorder associated with persistent esophageal inflammation and compromised epithelial barrier integrity. Increasing evidence suggests that ion channels, particularly the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), play a role in mucosal homeostasis and inflammatory regulation. The delta subunit of ENaC (ENaC delta), which is expressed in human tissues but absent in conventional rodent models, may contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, its role in GERD remains unclear, and current treatments such as proton pump inhibitors are often insufficient in addressing inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy due to their anti-inflammatory and tissue-repair properties. AIM To investigate the role of human ENaC delta in the development and progression of GERD using a humanized ENaC delta (hENaC delta) mouse model, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of hUC-MSCs in alleviating esophageal inflammation and restoring epithelial barrier function.METHODS In the present study, a total of 48 mice were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups to investigate the role of hENaC delta in GERD and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of hUC-MSCs. A hENaC delta mouse model was established using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, followed by esophageal acid perfusion to induce GERD. RESULTS hENaC delta exacerbated inflammatory infiltration in the submucosa of the esophagus in GERD mice, promoted the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1 beta, IL-17 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice (P < 0.001), upregulated the relative expression and phosphorylation levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (P < 0.05), and downregulated the expression of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) and claudin-1 (P < 0.001). hUC-MSCs could alleviate the pathological changes of GERD mice with hENaC delta, inhibit the expression of IL-1, IL-1 beta, IL-17 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice (P < 0.001), downregulate the expression of PI3K, AKT and mTOR in esophageal tissue (P < 0.001), and upregulate the expression of MYPT1 and claudin-1 (P < 0.001). Although both hUC-MSCs and proton pump inhibitor treatments could effectively alleviate the inflammatory response of GERD, hUC-MSCs had a more significant effect in inhibiting IL-17 and restoring the expression of MYPT1 and claudin-1. CONCLUSION hENaC delta exacerbates GERD-related inflammation and barrier injury in mice by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and downregulating MYPT1 and claudin-1, while hUC-MSCs treatment can effectively block this pathway and reduce inflammation and barrier injury.

BACKGROUND:The discrepancy between endoscopic biopsy pathology and the overall pathology of gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) presents challenges in developing diagnostic and treatment protocols. AIM:To develop a risk prediction model for the pathological upgrading of gastric LGIN to aid clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed data from patients newly diagnosed with gastric LGIN who underwent complete endoscopic resection within 6 months at the First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between January 2008 and December 2023. A risk prediction model for the pathological progression of gastric LGIN was constructed and evaluated for accuracy and clinical applicability. RESULTS:A total of 171 patients were included in this study: 93 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or early gastric cancer and 78 with LGIN. The logistic stepwise regression model demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 0.868 and 0.800, respectively, while the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model showed sensitivity and specificity values of 0.842 and 0.840, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the logistic model was 0.896, slightly lower than the AUC of 0.904 for the LASSO model. Internal validation with 30% of the data yielded AUC scores of 0.908 for the logistic model and 0.905 for the LASSO model. The LASSO model provided greater utility in clinical decision-making. CONCLUSION:A risk prediction model for the pathological upgrading of gastric LGIN based on white-light and magnifying endoscopic features can accurately and effectively guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

In the original publication [...].

Alteration of the gut microbiota (GM) is associated with various diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). With the development of next-generation sequencing techniques, metagenomic sequencing, along with metabolic function and antibiotic-resistant gene analyses, has been used to investigate differences in GM between CRC patients and healthy controls. Fecal samples were obtained from seven CRC patients and six healthy subjects, and the sequencing data were analyzed for similarity, a-diversity, principal component analysis (PCA), and linear discriminant analyses (LDA). Regarding Actinobacteria, 3 orders, 5 families, 9 genera, and 19 species were identified with no differences between the CRC and control groups, while the levels of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium dentium were higher, and the level of Bifidobacterium breve was lower in the CRC group compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.053). Otherwise, 2 genera (Leuco-nostoc and Salmonella) and 7 species of bacteria (Parabacteroides merdae, Alistipes shahii, Alistipes finegoldii, Clostridium nexile, Salmonella enterica, unclassified Salmonella, Enterobacter cloacae) were found to be significantly differently distributed between CRC patients and healthy controls. PCA-LDA successfully classified these 2 groups with satisfactory accuracy (84.52% for metabolic function and 77.38% for resistant genes). These findings underscore the potential of GM as a diagnostic tool for CRC, offering a promising avenue for non-invasive screening and risk assessment. The identification of specific microbial signatures, particularly those linked to metabolic functions and resistance traits, could open new doors for understanding the role of the microbiome in CRC progression and treatment resistance.

Background: Colorectal adenomas (CAs) represent a significant global health issue, particularly in China, where lifestyle modifications have contributed to their increased prevalence. These adenomas are precursors to colorectal cancer. While high-fiber diets have been shown to decrease risk, the implications of food-specific serum immunoglobulin G reactivity (FSsIgGR) on CAs remain uncertain and warrant further investigation. Objectives: To investigate the association between FSsIgGR and the occurrence of CAs in the Chinese population, assess the mediating influence of body mass index (BMI), and offer insights into potential prevention strategies. Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: This study is based on 8796 individuals who underwent colonoscopy at the Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2017 to 2021. We examined the relationship between FSsIgGR and CAs using logistic regression, controlling for various confounders. Interaction effects were explored through subgroup analysis. We addressed missing data using multiple imputation and confirmed the robustness of our findings through sensitivity analysis. The role of BMI as a mediator was quantified using structural equation modeling. Results: The cohort comprised 2703 patients diagnosed with CAs and 6093 polyp-free controls, with an average age of 50.1 years, of whom 70.1% were male. The analysis revealed a significant inverse association between FSsIgGR and the incidence of CAs (adjusted odds ratio = 0.97; 95% confidence interval: 0.95–0.99; p < 0.001). Dose–response analysis indicated a linear reduction in CAs risk correlating with an increased number of IgG-positive food items. Structural equation modeling showed that BMI mediated 6.02% of the effect on CAs risk ( p = 0.038). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that FSsIgGR correlates with a reduced risk of developing CAs, with BMI partially mediating this effect. These results add a novel dimension to CAs risk assessment and prevention, highlighting potential dietary interventions.

Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is a fungal probiotic used to treat digestive disorders. However, the mechanism(s) by which S. boulardii affects the small intestine remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of S. boulardii on the small intestine and the underlying mechanisms in mice with loperamide-induced constipation. While S. boulardii administration did not fully reverse the alterations in loperamide-induced defecation parameters, it altered the small intestinal floral composition toward a community conducive to alleviate constipation. Moreover, S. boulardii up-regulated the expression of tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-Kit), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), interleukin (IL)-10, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and phosphorylated myosin light chain 20 (P-MLC20), while concurrently down-regulating the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p65, and IL-17 A. These alterations indicate a discernible effect of small intestinal water reabsorption, inflammatory factor levels, and smooth muscle contraction. Saccharomyces boulardii also positively regulated small intestinal metabolite levels, such as fructose 6-phosphate, dihomo-alpha-linolenic acid, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) lactate, and participated in metabolic pathways such as arginine biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, and protein digestion and absorption. While not fully reversing defecation changes, Saccharomyces boulardii alters intestinal flora, up-regulates key proteins affecting water reabsorption and inflammation, and positively influences metabolic pathways. Our study provides serves as a basis for further studies on the application of S. boulardii in the treatment of intestinal disorders.

Background: Large polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a standard regimen for bowel preparation. However, elderly patients suffered from adverse events. This study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral magnesium sulfate solution (MSS) vs standard PEG in elderly patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods: Elderly patients aged 60-90 years, from two endoscopic centers, were enrolled in China. Patients were randomized to take a low dose of MSS or a standard PEG regime in a split-dose regime. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with adequate bowel preparation, which was defined as the total Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) >= 6 and each segmental BBPS was >= 2. Secondary outcomes included adenoma detection rate (ADR), safety, adverse events, cecal intubation rate, willingness to repeat BP, and so on. Results: 1174 elderly patients were randomly allocated to the MSS group (n = 588) or the standard group (n = 586). Adequate BP was achieved in 94.0% of patients in the MSS group and 92.5% in the control (p = .287). ADR was also comparable between the two groups (43.0% and 39.9%, p = .282). Compared with the standard group, MSS group reported less abdominal discomfort (1.7% vs 6.0%), less nausea (13.6% vs 21.0%) and vomiting (1.2% vs 4.2%). The change in serum potassium levels after preparation in the standard group was significantly lower than that in the MSS group (-0.19 +/- 0.08 vs -0.41 +/- 0.11, p = .037). Conclusions: Low dose of MSS was not inferior to the standard PEG regime in terms of bowel preparation quality for elderly patients. Low-dose MSS offered fewer adverse events and better tolerability. It is a preferable choice for the elderly to undergo bowel preparation for colonoscopy.

In addition to acid reflux and heartburn, the clinical manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can also include a series of extrA-esophageal complications, among which the incidence of respiratory system related diseases is high. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by fibrosis, inflammation and lung structure destruction. Long-term chronic microaspiration caused by gastroesophageal reflux plays an important role in the pathophysiological process of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This article will review the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the role of acid suppression and anti-reflux therapy in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

With the development and generalization of endoscopic technology and screening, clinical application of magnetically controlled capsule gastroscopy (MCCG) has been increasing. In recent years, various types of MCCG are used globally. Therefore, establishing relevant guidelines on MCCG is of great significance. The current guidelines containing 23 statements were established based on clinical evidence and expert opinions, mainly focus on aspects including definition and diagnostic accuracy, application population, technical optimization, inspection process, and quality control of MCCG. The level of evidence and strength of recommendations were evaluated. The guidelines are expected to guide the standardized application and scientific innovation of MCCG for the reference of clinicians.

A modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a highly effective and precise treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a significant curative effect. Thus, we aim to examine the efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–1α-overexpressing MSC (HIF-MSC) transplantation in experimental colitis and investigate the immunity regulation mechanisms of HIF-MSC through macrophages. A chronic experimental colitis mouse model was established using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. HIF-MSC transplantation significantly attenuated colitis in weight loss rate, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and pathology score and effectively rebuilt the local and systemic immune balance. Macrophage depletion significantly impaired the benefits of HIF-MSCs on mice with colitis. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that HIF-MSCs significantly decreased the number of M1-like macrophages and increased the number of M2-like macrophages in colon tissues. In vitro, co-culturing with HIF-MSCs significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR-7), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and arginase I (Arg-1) in induced M1-like macrophages. Flow cytometry revealed that co-culturing with HIF-MSCs led to a decrease in the proportions of M1-like macrophages and an increase in that of M2-like macrophages. HIF-MSCs treatment notably upregulated the expression of downstream molecular targets of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-γ (PI3K-γ), including HIF-1α and p-AKT/AKT in the colon tissue. A selected PI3K-γ inhibitor, IPI549, attenuated these effects, as well as the effect on M2-like macrophage polarization and inflammatory cytokines in colitis mice. In vitro, HIF-MSCs notably upregulated the expression of C/EBPβ and AKT1/AKT2, and PI3K-γ inhibition blocked this effect. Modified MSCs stably overexpressed HIF-1α, which effectively regulated macrophage polarization through PI3K-γ. HIF-MSC transplantation may be a potentially effective precision therapy for IBD.

Many metabolic diseases have been demonstrated to be associated with changes in the microbiome. However, no studies have yet been conducted to examine the characteristics of the mucosal microbiota of patients with hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to examine mucosa-associated microbiota in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. We conducted a case-control study, in which ileal mucosal samples were collected from 13 hypercholesterolemia patients and 13 controls for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. There were differences in the composition of ileal mucosal microbiota based on beta diversity between the hypercholesterolemia and control groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Bacteroides, Butyricicoccus, Parasutterella, Candidatus_Soleaferrea, and norank_f__norank_o__Izemoplasmatales were less abundant in the hypercholesterolemia group (P < 0.05), while the genus Anaerovibrio was enriched in the hypercholesterolemia group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of Coprococcus was negatively correlated with triglycerides and body mass index (all P < 0.05). PICRUSt functional prediction analysis showed that pathways related to Glycerophospholipid metabolism, ABC transporters, Phosphotransferase system, and Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli, and infectious diseases of pathogenic Escherichia coli were enriched in the hypercholesterolemia group. This work suggests a potential role of ileal mucosal microbiota in the development of hypercholesterolemia.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is still difficult to diagnose. Quantitative culture of small intestine aspirate is recommended to be the gold standard. The methane and hydrogen breath tests are easily repeatable, sufficiently sensitive and highly specific for SIBO diagnosis. Our goal is to contrast the diagnostic value of the breath tests with jejunal aspiration cultures. 40 adult outpatients (age < 60) were enrolled in our study. Randomly, within 2 days, both the methane and the hydrogen breath test and jejunal aspiration culture were performed on each patient and the results of both tests were evaluated and contrasted. The jejunal culture was positive (105CFU / mL) in 14/40(35

肝样细胞由胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞、外周血单核细胞或其他成体细胞等非肝脏来源的细胞在不同诱导培养条件下逐步分化而成，其形态类似于原代肝细胞，具备合成、摄取、分泌和药物代谢等功能，是体外预测和评估药物性肝损伤的理想细胞模型。不同来源的肝样细胞在研究药物代谢和毒性方面各有优缺点，改进诱导策略和培养体系有助于获得功能更加成熟的肝样细胞。

Considering the possible interaction between mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and PI3Kγ-associated drugs, we evaluated the efficacy and action mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of colitis in PI3Kγ-/- mice. Trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid enema was used to create a colitis model, and MSCs were transplanted through the caudal vein to treat colitis in wild-type and PI3Kγ-/- mice. We sequenced microbial 16S rRNA genes in the colonic mucosa of PI3Kγ-/- and wild-type mice and quantified colonic IgA, IL-2, IL-10, IL-17A, occludin, and serum IgA. MSC transplantation led to a more serious reduction in the weight of trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid-administered PI3Kγ-/- mice than that in wild-type mice. The disease activity index, pathological scoring, number of taxa in the colon, Berger-Parker index, I-index, proportion of Proteobacteria, and IgA level in the blood were higher in PI3Kγ-/- mice than in wild-type mice after MSC transplantation. The occludin and IL-10 levels in the colon tissues decreased before and after MSC transplantation in PI3Kγ-/- mice, whereas they were increased in wild-type mice The IL-17 level decreased in both wild-type and PI3Kγ-/- mice, with knockout mice showing a greater decrease. Therefore, MSC transplantation in PI3Kγ-/- mice led to increased numbers of exogenous pathogenic microorganisms and enhanced colitis that was difficult to relieve.

The Capsule Endoscopy Group of the Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopy has issued recommendations for capsule endoscopy (CE) practice during the COVID-19 pandemic to standardize workflow, preventive strategies, and management of a CE unit and in so doing, ensure the safety of both medical staff and patients.

目的 评价共病治疗中多药同服对大鼠回肠黏膜P糖蛋白的影响.方法 选择Wistar雌性大鼠(北京维通利华)40只,8周龄,(230±20)g,随机分为4组(n=10).单药组给予氯吡格雷,多药组给予氯吡格雷、雷贝拉唑、草酸艾司西酞普兰、甲苯磺丁脲,阳性对照组给予维拉帕米,空白对照组给予生理盐水,各实验组灌胃1周后使用体外垂直型扩散池技术(ussing chamber),评价罗丹明123(Rhodamine123,R123)和荧光素钠(fluorescein sodium,CF)经大鼠回肠黏膜的经时吸收方向和分泌方向的累计透过量和表观渗透系数.R123和CF在接受室的浓度用荧光分光光度计检测.结果 阳性对照组与空白对照组相比,透过率有显著增加趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).R123经大鼠回肠黏膜分泌方向的经时曲线,多药组和单药组相比,透过率显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).CF经大鼠回肠吸收和分泌的经时累计透过率和Papp,除了空白对照组使CF在吸收方向和分泌方向透过增加,其余药物均使CF的透过显著降低.结论 氯吡格雷可以抑制回肠P-gp的功能,但是多药同时服用会明显减弱氯吡格雷的这种抑制作用.因此,在共病治疗或者综合性治疗时,尽量避免多种药物同时服用,防止出现口服药物生物利用度降低.

结直肠癌(CRC)是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,早期筛查及诊断至关重要.SEPTIN9基因甲基化(mSEPT9)与CRC发生发展密切相关,外周血mSEPT9检测可指导CRC临床分期,预测CRC术后复发和治疗效果,适合于对易感人群进行CRC筛查.mSEPT9对含有绒毛成分和异型增生的腺瘤、息肉的诊断价值优于未含绒毛成分和异型增生的腺瘤、息肉.mSEPT9的含量和检测受很多因素影响.本文对SEPTIN9基因甲基化在CRC诊断的价值和最新研究进展进行综述.

BACKGROUND:The aim was to determine the potential association of the gut microbiota composition, especially the abundance of Actinobacteria, as well as the differentiation of functional and resistance genes with age (young adults vs elderly subjects) in China. RESULTS:The patterns of relative abundance of all bacteria isolated from fecal samples differed between young adults and elderly subjects, but the alpha diversity (Chao1 P = 0.370, Shannon P = 0.560 and Simpson P = 0.270) and beta diversity (ANOSIM R = 0.031, P = 0.226) were not significantly different. There were 3 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways (carbon metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis) and 7 antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) (macrolide lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB), tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, fosmidomycin, lincomycin, and vancomycin) that showed significant differences between the 2 groups (all P < 0.05). The abundance of Actinomycetes was enriched (about 2.4-fold) in young adults. Bifidobacteria dominated in both young adults and elderly subjects, with overall higher abundances in young adults (P > 0.05). Only the Bifidobacterium_dentium species showed significant differences between the 2 groups (P = 0.013), with a higher abundance in elderly subjects but absent in young adults. CONCLUSIONS:The present study revealed that there were 3 KEGG metabolic pathways and 7 ARGs as well as enhanced Bifidobacterium_dentium species abundance in elderly compared to young subjects.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different oral methods of Magnesium sulfate solution for bowel preparation before colonoscopy in elderly patients and its influence on blood electrolytes.Method:A total of 564 elderly patients undergoing colonoscopy in the second medical center of PLA General Hospital were randomly divided into two groups: magnesium sulfate solution in split dose group and in single douse group. The general information, bowel preparation, lesion detection rate, incidence of adverse reactions, satisfaction and abnormal changes of blood electrolyte were compared between the two groups.Result:There was no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index (BMI) between the two groups; The total score for Boston bowel preparation in the split dose group was (8.01 ± 0.67), which was better than that in the single dose group (7.35 ± 0.58), and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05); the detection rates of intestinal polyps and micro polyps (diameter < 0.5 cm) in the split dose group were 103/282 (36.5%) and 81/282 (28.7%), which were higher than 87/282 (30.9%) and 64/282 (22.7%) in the single dose group, the differences were statistically significant (both P< 0.05). There were 15 cases of abdominal distension, 3 cases of abdominal pain, 13 cases of nausea and 2 cases of vomiting in the split dose group, and 5 cases needed further enema due to inadequate bowel preparation. In the single dose group, 36 cases had abdominal distension, 5 cases had abdominal pain, 27 cases had nausea, 7 cases had vomiting, and 16 cases needed further enema due to inadequate bowel preparation. The satisfaction rate of bowel preparation in the split dose group was 97.9%, which was higher than that in the single group (90.4%), and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The incidence of electrolyte abnormality was lower in both groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P> 0.05).Conclusion:Compared with single oral administration, magnesium sulfate solution oral in split dose has better bowel preparation effect, lower incidence of adverse reactions and no significant effect on blood electrolytes, so it is suitable for elderly patient.

The overall gut microbial profile of patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has not been thoroughly investigated. We investigated the microbial communities of mucosal specimens from the duodenum, ileum, sigmoid colon, and feces of patients with and without SIBO, as diagnosed by lactulose breath testing. The bacteria present in the mucosal and fecal samples were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Further analysis was performed using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size method, random forest analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analysis. The microbial diversities of the fecal samples were significantly lower than those of the mucosal samples from the duodenum, ileum, and sigmoid colon ( P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), while the bacterial compositions of the ileac mucosal samples and sigmoid mucosal samples were similar. The bacterial composition of either the fecal or duodenal mucosal samples were significantly different from those of the other three groups (ANOSIM R = 0.305, P = 0.001). The bacterial compositions of the mucosal samples of the duodenum, ileum, and sigmoid colon in the SIBO + subjects were significantly different from those of the SIBO− subjects (ANOSIM P = 0.039, 0.002, and 0.007, respectively). The relative abundances of 7, 18, and 8 genera were significantly different (LDA score > 3) in the mucosal samples of the duodenum, ileum, and sigmoid colon between the SIBO + and SIBO− groups. Four genera (Lactobacillus, Prevotella_1, Dialister, and norank_f__Ruminococcaceae) showed similar changes among the mucosal samples of the duodenum, ileum, and sigmoid colon in the SIBO + subjects. A signature consisting of four genera in the duodenal mucosa, three genera in the ileac mucosa, or six genera in the mucosa of the sigmoid colon exhibited predictive power for SIBO (area under the curve = 0.9, 0.93, and 0.87, respectively). This study provides a comprehensive profile of the gut microbiota in patients with SIBO. Dysbiosis was observed in the mucosa-associated gut microbiome but not in the fecal microbiome of patients with SIBO. Furthermore, we identified mucosa-associated taxa that may be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets of SIBO. Further investigation is needed on their mechanisms and roles in SIBO.