This study demonstrates that vitamin E suppresses deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels. Following the cloning of HGGT (a key gene for vitamin E biosynthesis) and development of insertion-deletion markers IndHggt1 and IndHggt2, we found that cultivars carrying the favorable allele exhibited significantly reduced toxin levels (p < 0.05) in 31 wheat varieties. Further validation in a natural population comprising 113 commercial cultivars, landraces, and breeding lines revealed that under non-inoculated conditions, genotypes with the favorable allele exhibited 76.5% lower DON content and 37.9% higher vitamin E levels in kernels. Following inoculation, DON content decreased by 51.3% (p < 0.01), with a 49.7% reduction in the toxin accumulation rate. Three elite germplasms (YM18, YM33, and SM3) high combining vitamin E, low DON accumulation, and disease resistance were identified. Twenty-two hybrid crosses were produced from YM33 and YM18 as parental lines. Eight lines derived from eight combinations were confirmed to harbor the favorable allele of HGGT. Six of these exhibited desirable disease resistance alongside superior agronomic performance, serving as valuable genetic resources. This research provides functional markers and germplasm resources for pyramiding breeding aimed at enhancing DON resistance and nutritional vitamin E content.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) has attracted much attention in food science and agriculture for its threat to wheat yields and food safety, due to the production of mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol (DON). Breeding of wheat varieties with improved FHB resistance is essential for controlling this disease. However, identifying resistance in different materials during variety selection remains time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, this paper proposed a high-throughput method for the evaluation of FHB disease symptoms. It enabled the semiautomatic acquisition of images of individual wheat ears in a field environment with the aid of a field robot. The images obtained were semantically segmented to get a single wheat ear, from which the infected spikelets (ISs) were extracted, and then the disease degree was calculated. The results showed that the accuracy value of the individual wheat ear using DeepLabV3+ reached 0.996. The accuracy value of ISs was over 0.98. The mean Accuracy of this method for identifying the resistance of varieties was 0.967, and the precision of a single severity grade reached 0.980. The results indicate that the proposed method enables the acquisition and extraction of disease phenotype and rapid identification of resistance to FHB. The study also provides a reference for accurately identifying phenotypes of wheat ears in other field environments and for selecting and breeding other fungal-toxin-resistant varieties.

当前在大面积生产中,主要病害的发生严重威胁农作物健康持续发展,亟须高效的病害识别方法来解决人工识别耗时、误判及效率低等问题.通过SONY@6300 数码相机和开源数据库获取 3 种病害图像各 150 张,利用Labelme标注图片病斑,经过图像增强得到 2250 张图片并构成数据集,按照 8∶1∶1 的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集.训练Deeplabv3+、U-Net、U-Net++等3 种神经网络模型,对 3种病害的图片进行预测并评价,比较在相同迭代次数下的损失曲线;根据对测试集进行预测的混淆矩阵,计算其精准度、召回率和F1得分.综合对比这3 种模型的性能,结果表明U-Net++效果最好,3 个评价指标均在 97%以上,对病害的分割性能也优于Deeplabv3+和U-Net模型.研究结果可为生产上病害防治提供科学指导,也可为其他作物的病害识别提供技术参考.

Bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely grown crop in the world. Rhizoctonia cerealis , the causal agent of wheat sharp eyespot disease, has 21 become epidemic in many countries. In the present study, we performed transcriptome analysis in wheat infected by R. cerealis at 0, 12, 30, 70, and 98 h post-infection using R. cerealis -resistant and -susceptible genotypes (CI12633 and ‘Yangmai15’, respectively). We used quantitative real-time PCR to validate the Illumina gene expression data, and identified new gene annotations for 23,654 unigenes in the RNA samples from the resistant and susceptible cultivars. Comparing the same inoculation times, we found that the number of DEGs (differentially-expressed genes) increased gradually before 70 h and declined at 98 h in the two RNA samples. Furthermore, the expression of resistance-associated genes occurred earlier in CI12633 than in ‘Yangmai15’, and higher mRNA expression levels were detected in CI12633; this suggests that timing and relative expression levels of these genes are important in the CI12633- R. cerealis interaction. Functional annotations associated with sharp eyespot resistance included genes involved in energy production and conversion, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, and defense mechanisms. The results of pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs participate in glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, lysine degradation, plant-pathogen interaction, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and other resistance-associated metabolic pathways. Disease inoculation experiments and the validation of in vitro antifungal activity of the candidate genes showed that the genes were up- or down-regulated in the resistant genotype CI12633 30 h after inoculation compared to its control, which validated the results of the RNA-seq analysis. The results of our study will help to understand the molecular basis of the host response to R. cerealis infection in wheat, and will also enable the future genetic improvement of sharp eyespot resistance in wheat through the incorporation of novel resistance genes.

Introduction:Wheat sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis is a serious pathogenic disease affecting plants. The effective strategy for controlling this disease is breeding resistant cultivar. However, to date, no wheat varieties are fully resistant to sharp eyespot, and only a few quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to be associated with sharp eyespot resistance.Methods:To understand the genetic basis of this disease, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of sharp eyespot resistance in 262 varieties from all China wheat regions was conducted.Results:After cultivation for three years, only 6.5% of the varieties were resistant to sharp eyespot. Notably, the varieties from the middle and lower Yangtze River displayed higher sharp eyespot resistance than those from Huanghuai wheat zone. Only two varieties had the same resistance level to the control Shanhongmai. The results of GWAS showed that 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were markedly related to sharp eyespot resistance in the three years repeatedly, and two QTLs, qSE-6A and qSE-7B, on chromosome 6A and 7B were identified. Based on the 'CG' haplotypes of significant SNPs, we found that the two QTLs exhibited additive effects on attenuating sharp eyespot resistance.Discussion:These results provide novel insights into the genetic basis of sharp eyespot resistance in China wheat varieties. The SNPs related to sharp eyespot resistance can be applied for marker-assisted selection in plant breeding.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an essential crop that is widely consumed globally. The tiller density is an important factor affecting wheat yield. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the number of tillers during wheat cultivation and breeding, which requires considerable labor and material resources. At present, there is no effective high-throughput measurement method for tiller number estimation, and the conventional tiller survey method cannot accurately reflect the spatial variation of wheat tiller density within the whole field. Therefore, in order to meet the demand for the thematic map of wheat tiller density at the field scale for the variable operation of nitrogen fertilizer, the multispectral images of wheat in Feekes growth stages 2–3 were obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and the characteristic parameters of the number of tillers were used to construct a model that could accurately estimate the number of tillers. Based on the vegetation index (VIs), this work proposed a gradual change features (GCFs) approach, which can greatly improve the disadvantages of using VIs to estimate tiller number, better reflect the tiller status of the wheat population, and have good results on the estimation of tiller in common models. A Lasso + VIs + GCFs method was constructed for accurate estimation of tiller number in multiple growth periods and fertilizer-treated wheat, with an average RMSE of fewer than 9 tillers per square meter, average MAE less than 8 tillers per square meter, and R2 above 0.7. The results of the study not only proposed a high-throughput measurement method for the number of tillers but also provided a reference for the estimation of tiller number and other agronomic parameters.

Tiller are an important biological characteristic of wheat, a primary food crop. Accurate estimation of tiller number can help monitor wheat growth and is important in forecasting wheat yield. However, because of leaf cover and other factors, it is difficult to estimate tiller number and the accuracy of estimates based on vegetation indices is low. In this study, a gradual change feature was introduced to optimize traditional prediction models of wheat tiller number. Accuracy improved in optimized models, and model R2 values for three varieties of winter wheat were 0.7044, 0.7060, and 0.7357. The optimized models improved predictions of tiller number in whole wheat fields. Thus, compared with the traditional linear model, the addition of a gradual change feature greatly improved the accuracy of model predictions of wheat tiller number.

Weak-gluten wheat is the main raw material for crisp and soft foods such as cookies, cakes, and steamed breads in China. However, it remains challenging to find an appropriate fertilization regime to balance the yield and quality of wheat for special uses (such as cookie making). Here, four nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments were compared in terms of effects on the yield-, grain-, flour-, and dough-related traits and cookie quality of nine weak-gluten wheat varieties. Compared with other treatments, the treatment M (which had 180 kg ha−1 N fertilizers with basal fertilizer:tillering fertilizer:jointing fertilizer = 5:1:4) was a superior fertilization strategy as it could ensure a higher yield (4.46 kg block−1) and proper traits related to cookie quality. Moreover, environmental conditions and wheat genotypes exhibited significant effects on many quality-related traits. The quality of Chinese crisp biscuits showed a significant association with unit weight, redness, and solvent retention capacity in lactic acid solution, while that of American cookies was influenced by thousand-grain weight, hardness, rate of yield flour, and formation time as indicated by the Mantel test. Additional Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that thousand-grain weight, hardness, and rate of yield flour can affect the quality of American cookies. Our findings demonstrate that it is necessary to comprehensively consider local conditions, variety selection, and optimal fertilization to achieve high-quality weak-gluten wheat for cookie making.

为了快速、有效地监测小麦赤霉病的发生情况,利用数码相机对人工接种赤霉病菌的小麦田进行RGB图像获取,在图像预处理基础上,利用深度学习网络U-net来对人工标记好的发病麦穗图像进行训练.通过深度学习数据集的构建与测试,建立了基于RGB图像和改进U-net网络模型的小麦赤霉病识别与监测模型,并对模型识别结果进行了验证.结果 表明,U-net可以很好地提取图像波段信息,但对于比较复杂的麦穗图像,在使用Keras方法进行图像语义分割时,需要对U-net网络结构进行改进,即在下采样部分加入Dropout层.与人工标记结果相比,模型识别结果的一致性较好,具有较高的监测精度.该模型平均精度为0.9694,损失函数值为0.0759,平均交并比MIoU为0.799.上述结果说明改进的U-net模型可以很好地识别和监测小麦图像中的发病麦穗,并在发病麦穗的分割上具有很好的效果.

以弱筋小麦扬麦20和强筋小麦扬麦23为试验材料,研究不同氮肥运筹和开花期喷施不同类型叶面肥对剑叶SPAD值、籽粒灌浆、籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果 表明:不同处理会影响两品种的产量和品质:同一氮肥运筹下,喷施叶面肥可提高两品种的剑叶SPAD值、籽粒灌浆速率、籽粒千粒重、产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量;氮肥后移(3∶1∶6)主要提高两品种的花后千粒重、籽粒灌浆速率、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量,对强筋小麦扬麦23产量影响较大;品种与氮肥运筹互作对剑叶SPAD值、产量、湿面筋含量、硬度影响极显著;在同一氮肥运筹下不同类型叶面肥对不同小麦产量和品质的影响存在差异,扬麦20喷施国光稀施美叶面肥,可显著提高其产量,在氮肥运筹5∶1∶4下品质更好;强筋小麦宜选用喷施海法·保力柑叶面肥,可显著提高产量和品质.

Background: Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a major threat to wheat production and food security worldwide. Breeding stably and durably resistant cultivars is the most effective approach for managing and controlling the disease. The success of FHB resistance breeding relies on identification of an effective resistant germplasm. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the high-density wheat 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays to better understand the genetic basis of FHB resistance in natural population and identify associated molecular markers. Results: The resistance to FHB fungal spread along the rachis (Type II resistance) was evaluated on 171 wheat cultivars in the 2016-2017 (abbr. as 2017) and 2017-2018 (abbr. as 2018) growing seasons. Using Illumina Infinum iSelect 90K SNP genotyping data, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 26 loci (88 marker-trait associations), which explained 6.65-14.18% of the phenotypic variances. The associated loci distributed across all chromosomes except 2D, 6A, 6D and 7D, with those on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5D and 7A being detected in both years. New loci for Type II resistance were found on syntenic genomic regions of chromsome 4AL (QFhb-4AL, 621.85-622.24 Mb) and chromosome 5DL (QFhb-5DL, 546.09-547.27 Mb) which showed high collinearity in gene content and order. SNP markers wsnp_JD_c4438_5568170 and wsnp_CAP11_c209_198467 of 5D, reported previously linked to a soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) resistance gene, were also associated with FHB resistance in this study. Conclusion: The syntenic FHB resistant loci and associated SNP markers identified in this study are valuable for FHB resistance breeding via marker-assisted selection.

为明确小麦面粉及鲜面片色泽的影响因素,选取10个江苏沿淮及淮南地区大面积推广小麦品种进行2年3点种植,比较不同品种、不同地点和不同年份面粉及鲜面片色泽差异并分析其影响因素,探讨面粉及鲜面片色泽与品质性状间的相关性.结果 表明,扬麦11、扬辐麦4号和宁麦14的面粉及鲜面片色泽较好,亮度高、黄度低.基因型是决定面粉白度、亮度(L*值)和黄度(b*值)的主要因素;环境因素亦影响面粉及鲜面片色泽.扬麦16、宁麦14和郑麦9023在不同年度及不同地点的色泽表现稳定.面粉与鲜面片放置24 h内的色泽间呈显著正相关;面粉白度与籽粒硬度和出粉率呈极显著负相关;面粉及鲜面片L*值与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、揉混仪参数和粉质仪参数呈显著或极显著负相关,与糊化特性参数呈显著或极显著正相关.综上所述,面粉色泽主要由基因型决定,鲜面片色泽与面粉色泽显著相关,二者与籽粒品质具有显著相关性.在小麦育种中,可通过面粉色泽指标筛选高白度及品质的品种.

为了解扬麦系列品种(系)重要性状功能基因组成,利用高通量KASP标记技术对30份扬麦系列品种(系)的株高、光周期、抗病虫、抗穗发芽、抗旱、籽粒及品质性状等相关功能基因进行检测.结果表明:76.7％的供试品种(系)含有矮秆基因Rht-B1b;所有品种(系)携带光周期不敏感基因Ppd-A1a和Ppd-D1a,均聚合多个高千粒质量基因TaSus1-7A、TaSus2-2A、TaGS-D1和TaGW2-6B等;扬麦系列品种(系)主要含有TaPHS1、Vp-B1和TaSdr-B13个抗穗发芽基因,频率分别为73.3％、90.0％和73.3％;抗旱基因CWI-4A、CWI-5D、TaMoc-A1、TaSST-A2、TaSST-D1、Dreb-B1和1-feh-w3的频率分别为66.7％、100.0％、13.3％、100.0％、93.3％、20.0％和90.0％;抗赤霉病基因Fhb1在扬麦系列品种(系)中的比例不高,仅为16.7％;70％扬麦系列品种(系)含有抗叶锈病基因Lr14a;抗禾谷孢囊线虫病基因Cre8、抗眼斑病基因Pch1、抗秆锈病基因(Sr2和Sr36)、抗叶锈病基因(Lr21、Lr34、Lr47和Lr67)、抗褐斑病基因Tsn1在供试材料中均未发现,扬麦系列品种(系)多为弱筋小麦,50％的扬麦系列品种(系)Glu-A1位点为1,86.7％的Glu-D1位点为2+12,除扬麦3号外,供试品种Glu-B3位点都为c.本研究明确了扬麦系列品种(系)部分重要性状功能基因的组成,为扬麦系列品种(系)在生产和育种上应用提供了理论依据.

Biomass and the chlorophyll content are important indicators to measure the growth and development of grasslands. Modeling using hyperspectral data is an important means to monitor grassland growth and development. In this paper, we studied Mexican maize grass, hybrid Pennisetum and hybrid Sudan grass under different soil texture treatments and determined the correlation between the canopy reflectance spectrum and plant growth status in different soil textures based on hyperspectral data. Our results showed that, under different soil texture treatments, the emergence rate of Mexican maize grass and hybrid Pennisetum did not differ significantly, whereas that of hybrid Sudan grass indicated a significant difference. Under different soil texture treatments, the trend of plant height variation was consistent. In terms of different types of grassland, it is generally feasible to establish a grassland yield spectral model based on the vegetation indexes NDVI and RVI, and the leaf SPAD values of the three types of grassland best fit the spectral parameter red edge area.

In order to alleviate the difficulties in collecting indexes for the analysis of farmland weed communities, we implemented a computer vision technology-based method for the identification of farmland weeds at the species level. By using the super-green and maximum interclass difference methods to obtain a green vegetation binary image, we were able to separate weeds from cultivated crops through multiple etching and the removal of small areas. A BP (back propagation) neural network was used for weed recognition, and the morphological characteristics of the weeds and each region were selected following etching to construct the input matrix of the recognition model for training and testing the BP network. After experimenting with the computational vision method for the identification of five weed species, we discovered that the recognition accuracy rate reached 96%. The results showed that the computer vision method could quickly and accurately extract a weed community analysis index, thereby providing a reference for the intelligent analysis of weed communities.

[目的]研究小麦品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性,为培育灌浆快、脱水快的少(免)晾晒小麦品种提供选择方法和理论依据.[方法]2015—2016年以长江中下游地区7个主推小麦品种为试验材料,采用Logistic方程拟合、多重比较及相关分析等方法,测定灌浆与脱水指标,生理成熟期及收获期籽粒含水率等.[结果]籽粒灌浆呈"S"型"慢-快-慢"的增长趋势,但不同品种最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率及灌浆持续时间差异显著,扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16最大灌浆速率及平均灌浆速率较大,花后30 d籽粒干重均达35 g以上,灌浆持续期较短;扬麦15灌浆速率仅次于上述3个品种,但灌浆持续期最长;宁麦13、扬麦20、扬麦22灌浆速率较小.最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率以及渐增期、快增期和缓增期的灌浆速率均与千粒重极显著正相关,3个灌浆时期灌浆速率R2>R1>R3,花后30 d灌浆基本完成.籽粒灌浆完成后进入脱水阶段,生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率、生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率品种间差异显著,扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率较高,扬麦15最低.收获期籽粒含水率与生理成熟期籽粒含水率、籽粒平均脱水速率、生理成熟后2 d籽粒脱水速率显著或极显著相关.[结论]扬麦11、扬麦158、扬麦16灌浆速率大,灌浆完成早,籽粒脱水快.花后30 d粒重>35 g可作为育种材料灌浆快慢的选择指标,生理成熟期后籽粒平均脱水速率可作为衡量小麦品种脱水快慢的选择指标.

小麦作为我国三大粮食作物之一,其市场需求量不断增加.随着气候等因素变化,小麦产量及品质将受到严峻考验,因此需要更为优良的新品种出现.现阶段我国小麦育种仍主要以传统育种技术为主,而凭借育种家经验,从海量育种群体中筛选获得高产、多抗、优质新品种的难度越来越大.因此,有效提升育种效率变得极为迫切.随着农业信息技术在育种中应用的迅猛发展,无损预测预报与进程信息化管理等高效育种成为可能.本文从育种进程管理、数据采集、综合评判决策、种质资源信息化管理方面介绍国内外信息技术在小麦育种中的研究进展,分析信息化育种的需求和存在的主要问题,并对其应用前景进行展望.

A weak-gluten wheat cultivar Yangmai 20 was used to investigate the effects of sowing date, plant density and nitrogen rate on yield, quality and nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE) in a field experiment. The results showed that sowing date, nitrogen rate and plant density had significant effect on the yield. The spike number and thousand grain weight were the key factors in the formation of Yangmai 20, the quality traits and NAE were mainly affected by sowing date and nitrogen rate. Grain protein content increased significantly and NAE reduced significantly with the increase of nitrogen rate. In this experiment, when sown on November 4, the recommended plant density and nitrogen rate were 2.25×106 plants per hectare and 180 kg/hm2, the yield and quality of Yangmai 20 were most coordinated, and the NAE could reach 12. 92 kg/kg.

The function of each part in the wheat seeder and the realization methods were mainly introduced, and to be compaired with the other plot seeders such as Wintersteiger and Hongxinlong, provide the basis for the scientific research units in the choice of plot seeder.

To understand the correlation between wheat agronomic traits and sharp eyespot resistance,we developed 224 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between CI12633 (a resistant variety) and Yangmai 9 (a susceptible variety) through single seed descent method.We assessed agronomic traits and sharp eyespot resistance (R.cerealis isolate R0301) in both field and greenhouse conditions in three growing seasons.Correlation analysis of sharp eyespot resistance,determined using four main agronomic characteristics,found that sharp eyespot resistance was significantly negatively correlated with heading date and tiller angle,and was significantly positively correlated with the diameter of the first stem and second stem.No significant correlation between plant height and sharp eyespot resistance was found.The result of oath analysis showed that the diameter of the first stem contributs to wheat sharp eyespot resistance markedly.