This study evaluates the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance of commercially available carbon paper as a binder-free, free-standing anode for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). The carbon paper consists of a three-dimensionally interconnected carbon fiber network that provides excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, while its porous framework facilitates electrolyte penetration and ion diffusion. Structural analysis revealed the coexistence of crystalline graphitic domains and amorphous carbon regions with a low specific surface area, which helps suppress side reactions with the electrolyte while maintaining stable ion storage behavior. Electrochemical tests showed that, in LIBs, the graphitic domains contribute to lithium intercalation and enable excellent rate capability even at a high rate of 5 C. In NIBs, the amorphous carbon regions dominate the sodium storage behavior, exhibiting a typical sloping voltage profile associated with nanopore-based sodium storage. These results suggest that carbon paper possesses unique structural and electrochemical characteristics that make it a promising free-standing anode material for both LIB and NIB systems.

The direct conversion of CO2 into high-quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to the oxidation of metal catalyst by the oxidative nature of CO2. To overcome this limitation, a tandem catalytic system was implemented, in which CO2 was converted to produce CH4 on Ni catalysts in the primary reactor, and the CNT was synthesized from CH4 on an Fe catalyst in the secondary reactor. Nevertheless, unreacted CO2 was introduced into the secondary reactor, where the Fe catalysts were oxidized and thus failed to produce any solid carbon. To prevent the oxidation of Fe catalysts, a bimetallic Fe-Mo catalyst was employed instead of pure Fe. Mo was partially converted to Mo2C by reacting with unreacted CO2, which effectively suppressed the oxidation of Fe, thereby stabilizing the active Fe phase. This transformation was further corroborated by XPS analysis, where the Mo 3d spectra exhibited an increased Mo2+ peak intensity, whereas the Fe 2p spectra showed a stronger metallic Fe signal, confirming that Mo incorporation inhibited Fe oxidation. However, excessive Mo loading resulted in the formation of multi-walled CNTs instead of single-walled CNTs, as evidenced by the reduced selectivity toward radial breathing modes in the Raman spectra and the broader diameter distribution observed in TEM measurements. These findings underscore the critical role of Mo in preserving Fe activity under oxidizing conditions and highlight the importance of optimizing its content, as an appropriate Mo level enables the selective synthesis of high-quality single-walled CNTs from CO2 via a dual-step tandem process.

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as cost-effective alternatives to Li- and Na-ion systems, yet their performance is governed by adsorption-driven K storage on carbon anodes and the associated charging-state transition from K+ to neutral K. Here, density functional theory was used to elucidate the charging-state potassium storage on heteroatom-doped graphene, systematically comparing N, O, and F single doping and their multi-doped combinations (N/O, O/F, N/F, and N/O/F). By integrating molecular electrostatic potential mapping, K+/K adsorption energetics, adsorption-derived operating voltages, optimized adsorption geometries, and HOMO-LUMO characteristics, we established a unified framework linking electrostatic modulation to thermodynamic balance and structural accommodation. N doping produced a locally electron-enriched potential landscape that strengthens K+ anchoring, whereas O doping most effectively reduced the energetic mismatch between K+ adsorption and neutral K storage, thereby moderating the K+-> K conversion penalty. F doping induced pronounced nonplanarity and a compliant adsorption pocket that enhances out-of-plane accommodation of both K+ and K. In multi-doped systems, N/O and O/F exhibited complementary role sharing that stabilizes adsorption and K+-> K conversion, while N/F revealed a trade-off without O. Notably, N/O/F co-doping optimized electrostatic driving force, conversion energetics, and structural compliance, providing practical design rules for advanced carbon anodes in KIBs.

The increasing demand for high-performance and sustainable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has led to the exploration of alternative anode materials beyond traditional graphite. Hard carbon, a disordered form of carbon characterized by expanded interlayer spacing and a high density of defect sites, exhibits promising electrochemical properties, particularly under fast-charging and low-temperature operation conditions. In this study, waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was converted into hard carbon anodes through pyrolysis at two different temperatures: 1000 degrees C and 1500 degrees C. The objective was to examine how the thermal treatment affects the structural characteristics and lithium ion storage behavior of the materials. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that the lower-temperature (1000 degrees C) heat-treated PET-derived hard carbon (pHC-L) had a more disordered structure with larger interlayer spacing and a higher concentration of defects. In contrast, the higher-temperature (1500 degrees C) heat-treated sample PET-derived hard carbon (pHC-H) showed increased graphitic ordering and fewer surface-active sites. At 20 mA g-1, the hard carbon produced at the lower heat-treatment temperature delivered 186.94 mAh g-1, compared with 130.15 mAh g-1 for the higher-temperature product; this improvement is attributed to the larger interlayer spacing and higher defect/micropore population, which promote sloping-type lithium-ion adsorption and pore-filling. Meanwhile, pHC-H demonstrated better rate performance with reduced polarization and enhanced reversibility. Both electrodes displayed a gradual increase in capacity during cycling, indicating structural activation attributed to solid-electrolyte interphase stabilization and improved accessibility of the electrolyte. These findings indicate that waste PET-derived hard carbon can be effectively optimized through pyrolysis temperature to achieve a balance between capacity and rate capability. This presents a sustainable and versatile platform for anode materials in next-generation LIBs.

With the growing demand for large-scale energy storage driven by the expansion of renewable energy, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have emerged as promising next-generation electrochemical storage systems. As lithium resources become increasingly scarce and costly, the importance of NIBs, which offer both low cost and high stability, has gained significant attention. Abundant Na resources provide notable economic and environmental advantages, particularly for large-scale energy storage applications. In this context, research efforts have increasingly focused on a wide range of carbon-based anode materials-such as graphite, graphene, soft carbon, and hard carbon-to elucidate how their structural and chemical properties govern sodium storage behavior and electrochemical performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of carbon-based anode materials and the strategies for enhancing their performance and further outlines key design directions and future research perspectives for developing high-performance Na-ion battery anodes.

This study investigated the efficient conversion of greenhouse gases (GHGs), CO2 and CH4 mixtures, into few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) through an optimized single-step and dual-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. In the single-step process for directly synthesizing FWCNTs from greenhouse gases, CO2 concentration, gas flowrates, and H-2 addition were identified as factors influencing the growth of FWCNTs. It was demonstrated that minimizing the amounts of CO2 and H-2 was essential for achieving complete CO2 conversion because CO2 acts as an oxidizing agent that hinders CNT growth, while an excess of H-2 disrupts the chemical equilibrium of the CO2 conversion reaction, leading to side reactions that suppress FWCNTs formation. To overcome these limitations, a dual-step approach incorporating sequential catalytic reactions was developed. In the first step, the Ni/SiO2 catalyst was utilized to facilitate CO2 methanation, reducing CO2 amounts while generating CH4-rich gas. In the second step, CH4 pyrolysis was performed over the FeMo/MgO catalyst, enabling the growth of high-quality FWCNTs. This sequential configuration successfully synthesized FWCNTs under conditions previously unattainable in the single-step process, validating the effectiveness of the dual-step design. The strategic optimization of process parameters and sequential catalytic reactions established a viable route for converting GHGs into valuable FWCNTs.

Zinc (Zn)-based batteries have been persistently challenged by the critical issue of inhomogeneous zinc deposition/stripping process on substrate surface. Herein, we reveal that zinc electrodeposition behaviors dramatically improved through the introduction of highly zincophilic copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Strong electronic redistribution between Zn and CuO explains the high Zn affinity on CuO, with negligible nucleation overpotential. Additionally, CuO exhibits remarkable electron-accepting and -donating capabilities in electron-rich and electron-deficient environments, resembling a sponge. This ‘Electron Sponge’ effect emerges from stable Zn-O bonding in CuO, enhancing electron duality in the Zn-O bond region. This unique strategy is pivotal in mitigating dendritic growth, fostering dendrite-free zinc-based flow batteries with enhanced rate performance and cyclability. It presents significant performance with not only high energy density (180 Wh L−1) but also the long cycle stability (> 2500 cycles) at high current density (140 mA cm−2). Zinc-based batteries face inhomogeneous zinc deposition/stripping. Here the authors show zincophilic copper oxide nanoparticles enhance zinc electrodeposition by reducing nucleation overpotential through strong Zn-CuO interactions, preventing dendritic growth and improving the performance and cyclability of zinc-based flow batteries.

This study investigates the development of highly crystalline artificial graphite from naturally abundant lignocellulose precursor as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Due to the limitations of the carbonization process of lignocellulose, which typically results in the formation of hard carbon rather than artificial graphite at high temperature heat-treatment process, this research aims to synthesize artificial graphite through catalytic graphitization using iron catalysts at varying temperature conditions. The lignocellulose-derived artificial graphite materials were characterized and compared based on experimental variables such as heat-treatment temperatures (1500 degrees C, 2000 degrees C, and 2500 degrees C), both with and without iron catalysts. The structural properties and morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials, corresponding to the arrangement of carbon atoms under different experimental conditions, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and Raman analyses revealed that artificial graphite formation is not feasible without iron catalysts. Furthermore, an increase in heat-treatment temperature during catalytic graphitization was correlated with the development of highly crystalline artificial graphite with long-range order. The lignocellulose-derived artificial graphites were evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, with the optimal sample demonstrating impressive electrochemical performance, including a reversible capacity of 340 mAh g- 1, minimal capacity loss over 100 cycles, and high rate capability up to 5 C. These results underscore the potential and benefits of employing catalytic graphitization to produce high-quality artificial graphite from naturally abundant and environmentally friendly resources, paving the way for sustainable and economically viable applications as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Rechargeable batteries are essential energy storage devices that power portable devices and electrical vehicles throughout the wo rld.In general,it is thought that the electrochemical performance of recha rgeable batteries is mostly determined by the electrodes within them and that the electrolyte plays a relatively passive role.However,ion transport and storage can be greatly influenced by the electrolyte solution structure,specifically,ion solvation within the bulk and ion desolvation across the electrode/electrolyte interfaces.Herein,we studied the role of the electrolyte as an active component of electrochemical energy storage devices.We found that with an appropriate electrolyte formulation,ion storage in disordered carbonaceous anode materials can occur spontaneously without externally supplied electrical energy.Reduced graphene oxide（RGO） in an ether-based electrolyte demonstrates 'spontaneous' ion storage behaviors of adsorbing and inserting the solvated ions utilizing facilitated permeability and wettability of RGO,which results in Coulombic efficiency of ～145% due to additional charging capacity of ～180 mAh g -1 during electrochemical processes.The unexpected spontaneous ion storage behavior was extensively investigated using a combination of electrochemical analyses and diagnostics,advanced characterizations,and computational simulation.We believe the spontaneous ion storage behavior offers a new way to further improve the energy efficiency of practical rechargeable batteries.

This study investigates the synthesis and electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Given the growing interest in SIBs as cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the development of suitable anode materials is critical. Graphite, the conventional anode in LIBs, exhibits poor sodium ion storage capability due to thermodynamic instability of Na-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), necessitating alternative carbon anode materials for SIBs. Hard carbon, with its disordered structure, tunable interlayer spacing, offers a promising solution by mixed sodium storage mechanisms-including surface adsorption, intercalation, and pore filling. In this work, waste PET was carbonized at different temperature conditions (1000 degrees C for p-LHC, 1250 degrees C for p-MHC, and 1500 degrees C for p-HHC) under inert atmosphere to produce upcycled hard carbons with varying structural properties. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed progressive crystallization and microstructural evolution with increasing temperature. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that the intermediate-temperature carbonized hard carbon achieved the highest reversible capacity of 269.2 mAh g-1 and demonstrated excellent cycling stability by retaining 96 % of its capacity (260 mAh g-1) after 100 cycles. Notably, p-MHC maintained a high capacity of approximately 200 mAh g-1 even at current density of 1000 mA g-1, indicating remarkable rate capability. This enhanced performance can be attributed to its transitional microstructure, which facilitates both sloping-type (surface-driven) and plateau-type (intercalation-driven) sodium storage mechanisms. Our findings highlight the potential of converting waste PET into high-value added hard carbon anodes by regulating its microstructure, offering the dual benefits of addressing environmental issues and advancing sustainable energy storage technologies.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) depend critically on the electrochemical performance of anode materials, which influence specific capacity, stability, and efficiency. The formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface is critical for long-term cycling stability, as it prevents continuous electrolyte decomposition and subsequent side reactions. To study the interface reactions at the electrode-electrolyte boundary, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was chosen as the active material due to its exceptionally high specific surface area (SSA), providing significant active sites for SEI formations. By applying or omitting the calendering process, the interfacial area between the electrode and electrolyte was deliberately varied to investigate its effects on electrochemical behavior. Calendering process is generally known to enhance electrode density and improve the physical contact between the electrode materials and the current collector. However, in the case of RGO, the compression of flake-like RGO sheets reduces void spaces within the electrode, thereby diminishing overall electrolyte wettability throughout the electrode. This leads to the formation of non-uniform SEI layers over the entire electrode, concentrated primarily at the electrode surface. Non-calendered, as-prepared RGO electrodes exhibited superior SEI layer formation and achieved a reversible capacity of approximately 253 mAh g⁻¹ after the second cycle, which is significantly higher than the 164 mAh g⁻¹ observed for calendered RGO electrodes. This nearly 35% capacity reduction in calendered electrodes is attributed to restricted active interfacial areas and the formation of non-uniform SEI layers. Also, as-prepared electrode exhibited enhanced cycle stability compared to calendered RGO electrodes, which suffered from capacity reduction and faster degradation. The results were consistent when extending the study to Si/C-RGO composite electrodes, where calendering reduced material utilization and accelerated capacity loss over cycling. These fining demonstrate that the calendering process has a profound impact on the electrochemical performance of electrodes, particularly when using high SSA materials.

This study presents a sustainable approach to synthesizing carbon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using waste coffee grounds. Two types of carbon were prepared: disordered hard carbon (C-HC) via direct carbonization, and highly crystalline graphite-like carbon (C-AG) through iron-catalyzed graphitization at 1500 degrees C. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful transformation from disordered to graphitic carbon. The interlayer spacing decreased from 3.52 & Aring; (C-HC) to 3.36 & Aring; (C-AG), and the ID/IG ratio dropped from 1.20 to 0.05, indicating enhanced crystallinity and reduced defect density. C-AG exhibited a high reversible capacity of 286 mAh g- 1 and an initial Coulombic efficiency of 85.5 %, attributed to lithium intercalation through the staging mechanism in well-aligned graphene layers. In contrast, C-HC showed a lower capacity of 156 mAh g- 1 and an efficiency of 73.9 %, with lithium mainly stored at surface defects and disordered regions. Despite its lower capacity, C-HC demonstrated superior rate performance, retaining 58.0 % of its capacity at 1000 mA g- 1, compared to 18.6 % for C-AG. These results reveal a trade-off between structural crystallinity and rate capability, providing insights into the structure-property relationship in biomass-derived carbon anodes. This work demonstrates the feasibility of catalytic graphitization as a pathway to convert biowaste into high-performance graphite materials for energy storage applications.

The increasing demand for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is driven by the expanding markets for Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS). LIBs require high energy density, long cycle life, and superior charge-discharge performance. Among the key components, the anode plays a critical role by enabling lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation, directly influencing the battery's charging speed and lifespan. However, graphite, the conventional anode material, exhibits structural instability and surface degradation during lithium-ion insertion, leading to performance deterioration. This study focuses on the fact that conventional graphite exhibits low lithium accommodation capacity, and proposes mesoporous graphite with a size of 2–50 nm. This type of graphite is expected to mitigate the stress caused by volume changes during the discharge process, thereby extending the lifespan of the electrode. Also, its relatively high specific surface area can enhance energy density, reduce local current density, and improve reactivity with lithium. Furthermore, the low lithium storage capacity of graphite is addressed by coating with lithiophilic metals, which not only increase the specific surface area but also promote lithium mobility, reduce nucleation overpotential, and lower interfacial resistance, thereby mitigating dendritic growth and enhancing stability and lifespan. To verify these results, graphite-infused mesoporous silica templates were fabricated. Lithiophilic metals were coated onto the graphite surface using a reduction method with metal salts in a solvent under agitation. he fabricated materials were assembled into half-coin cells, and various electrochemical evaluations were planned, including discharge capacity measurements under varying C-rates, charging/discharging Coulombic efficiency (CE, %), capacity retention rate (CRR, %), voltage profile analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and long-term cycle stability tests. Additionally, morphological and structural analyses such as SEM, EDS mapping, and XRD were conducted to confirm the metal coating states and particle sizes. The results were compared in terms of battery long-term cycling stability and other performance aspects of natural and artificial graphite, and improvements were discussed. This study is expected to overcome the challenges of volume expansion and stability in LIB anodes caused by dendrite growth, contributing to the development of next-generation anode materials.

Suppression of crystalline Li15Si4 in silicon-carbon composite anode in lithium ion battery was achieved in electrochemical half-cells with an active material composed of 60 % nanosilicon, 20 % conductive carbon and 20 % P84 binder, and lithium metal counter/reference electrode. The half-cells were cycled between 1.5 V and 50 mV, the latter being the discharge voltage when crystalline Li15Si4 was found to form. Following this, the same cells were cycled between 1.5 V and 10 mV. A third set of cycling was carried out on the cells between 1.5 V and 5 mV. The gravimetric capacity was 1000 mAh/g after ninety cycles with the 50 mV discharge cutoff, 450 mAh/g after 200 additional cycles with 10 mV cutoff, and 300 mAh/g after 200 additional cycles with 5 mV cutoff. Unlike previous reports that showed precipitous drop of capacity accompanied by the formation of crystalline Li15Si4 the capacity drop in these cells was gradual. Cyclic voltammetry measurements carried out on the halfcells demonstrate the absence of sharp delithiation peak at 0.42 V that has been shown to indicate crystalline Li15Si4 formation. We provide supporting arguments of such absence of crystalline Li15Si4 via X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field effect scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

The dry reforming (DR) reaction is an eco-friendly process for producing synthesis gas (CO, H2) from greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2). Despite advancements in various nickel (Ni)supported catalysts for this reaction, achieving high catalyst stability against carbon deposition and improving conversion rates remain significant challenges. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for synthesizing uniform Ni nanocatalysts with cesium (Cs) and cerium oxide (CeOx). This synthesis is achieved using an automated device based on a co-melt infiltration technique. Our method addresses the limitations of conventional catalyst synthesis, such as complex procedures, low reproducibility, and difficulties in scaling up. The resulting catalysts contain uniformly small Ni particles, approximately 5 nm in size, with Cs and CeOx evenly distributed throughout the alumina (Al2O3) support. The developed Ni/CeOx-Al2O3 and CsNi/CeOx-Al2O3 nanocatalysts demonstrate improved conversion performance and stability under various DR conditions. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effect of Cs and CeOx, which creates a pathway to inhibit and remove carbon deposition. Additionally, these nanocatalysts exhibited superior resistance to carbon deposition compared to conventional Ni/Al2O3 and commercial Ni catalysts under identical reaction conditions.

Among the various contenders for next-generation sodium-ion battery anodes, hard carbons stand out for their notable reversible capacity, extended cycle life, and cost-effectiveness. Their economic advantage can be further enhanced by using inexpensive precursors, such as biomass waste. Lignin, one of the most abundant natural biopolymers on Earth, which can be readily obtained from wood, possesses a three-dimensional amorphous polymeric structure, making it a suitable candidate for producing carbonaceous materials through appropriate carbonization processes for energy storage applications. In this work, we synthesized hard carbon using lignin containing CaSO4 to facilitate partial catalytic graphitization to improve the microstructural features, such as interlayer spacing, degree of disorder, and surface defects. Partial catalytic graphitization enables hard carbon to develop an ordered structure compared with hard carbon carbonized without CaSO4 as analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The CaSO4-aided partially catalytic graphitized hard carbon (CCG-HC) exhibited improved electrochemical performance, showing a larger portion of the low-voltage plateau-an indicator typically associated with a highly ordered structure-compared to simply carbonized hard carbon (HC). Notably, CCG-HC delivered a reversible capacity of 237 mAh g-1, retained 95.6% of its capacity over 100 cycles at 50 mA g-1, and exhibited 127 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1.

This study aims to develop a facile method for fabricating lithium-ion battery (LIB) separators derived from sulfonate-substituted cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Incorporating taurine functional groups, aided by an acidic hydrolysis process, significantly facilitated mechanical treatment, yielding nanofibers suitable for mesoporous membrane fabrication via vacuum filtration. The fabricated separators exhibited an electrolyte uptake of approximately 200

Aqueous zinc batteries are promising devices among next-generation low-cost rechargeable batteries due to low cost, high specific capacity (820 mAh g-1 and 5,855 mAh cm-2), and safe compatibility of zinc. However, zinc metal anode suffers from irregular zinc deposition and consequent formation of dendrite that deteriorates the cycle life of zinc batteries. Herein, we proposed designing strategies of electrolyte additives for stable metal anode during repeated plating/stripping by using carboxylic acid functionalized imidazolium-based ionic liquid. Imidazolium ionic liquids that has a carboxylic acid functional group (IL-COOH) formed a shielding layer on the zinc surface by electrostatic adhesion, which leads to facilitated Zn2+ ion flux by proper interaction between hydrophilic COOH and Zn2+. It leads to uniform zinc nucleation and deposition. Ex-situ scanning electron microscopy that tracks the Zn deposition verified the suppressed growth of the zinc dendrite by the IL-COOH. High Coulombic efficiency over 99% and a stable life span over 1,400 hr (1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2) are achieved in a symmetric zinc cell. Even under harsh plating/stripping conditions (10 mA cm-2 and 5 mAh cm-2), stable cycle performance was retained. These results give obvious evidence of stable Zn deposition and suppressed dendrite growth by a zincophilic and hydrophilic functional group, which provides innovative strategies for a long lifespan of zinc batteries.

Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is economically advantageous due to the high cost of CNTs. However, the one-step conversion of CO2 to CNTs compromises their quality owing to the oxidizing nature of CO2. We synthesized single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) from CO2 via a two-step tandem process. CO2 was converted to methane (CH4) using a Ni/SiO2 catalyst with various Ni contents, achieving a CH4 selectivity of >96.0% at 300 degrees C on 30 wt % Ni/SiO2. Subsequently, CNTs were produced from the mixed gas consisting of 12.1% CH4, 4.2% CO2, 5.8% CO, 36.2% H-2, and 41.7% carrier gas using Fe-Mo/MgO catalyst at temperatures of 700-900 degrees C. High-yield CNTs were produced from the mixed gas, as demonstrated by analysis of CH4 conversion rate and CNTs yield at different reaction temperatures. The temperature increase enhanced the CNTs crystallinity, reducing their diameter and the number of walls. Electrochemical diagnostic analysis reveals the synthesis of a higher proportion of SWCNTs at 900 degrees C. The proposed approach demonstrates a promising strategy for high-value CO2 utilization.