To investigate the key role of endophytic fungi in maintaining host adaptability and overall health, endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy root, stem and leaf tissues of Impatiens hawkeri, and the dominant strain FG8 with growth-promoting and antagonistic functions was screened. Strain FG8 was identified as Thelonectria veuillotiana by morphological and molecular biological methods. It exhibited an antifungal rate of 58.57% against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, the pathogen causing leaf spot disease of I. hawkeri. The broad-spectrum antifungal activity was verified by the plate confrontation method, and FG8 showed inhibitory effects on six common pathogenic fungi, with the highest inhibition rate of 64.5% against Apiospora intestini. Furthermore, strain FG8 displayed remarkable growth-promoting and antagonistic characteristics: it produced indole-3-acetic acid at 12.74 μg/mL, and possessed the abilities of phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilization, nitrogen fixation and siderophore synthesis. Its antagonistic activity was mediated by β-glucanase, amylase, cellulase and pectinase. Meanwhile, FG8 significantly induced the activities of four defensive enzymes in I. hawkeri, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Seed growth-promotion experiments demonstrated that the root length, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings in the FG8-treated group were significantly higher than those in the control group. These results indicate that strain FG8 has both growth-promoting and biological control functions, which can provide a potential resource for the biological control of I. hawkeri leaf spot and the development of fungal fertilizers. Its field application effect and mechanism of action need to be further explored.

The fungal pathogen Colletotrichum jiangxiense has a broad host range and high destructive potential. It is a major causal agent of brown spot disease in diverse plants. Antifungal mechanisms used by biocontrol fungi against plant pathogens include disruption of cellular structures and cell wall damage, which can lead to protoplast leakage and hyphal lysis. In this study, we investigated the antifungal mechanism of the endophytic fungus Diaporthe novem DJ13 against C. jiangxiense, the causal agent of rhododendron brown spot. DJ13 is an effective biocontrol strain previously isolated by our research group from healthy leaves of Rhododendron pulchrum. Physiological assays showed that treatment with DJ13 fermentation broth increased membrane permeability, elevated MDA content, reduced TCA cycle enzyme activities, and increased AKP activity. These findings suggest impaired membrane integrity, disrupted energy metabolism, and cell wall damage. Transcriptomic analysis of the treated pathogen identified 1680 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 961 up-regulated and 719 down-regulated genes. Among these genes, ABC transporter genes were significantly up-regulated, whereas genes involved in membrane structure metabolism were significantly down-regulated. Chitinase genes were up-regulated, whereas α-glucanase genes were down-regulated. DASH family cryptochrome genes were significantly down-regulated, while genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, including xanthine dehydrogenase, were significantly up-regulated. In addition, FAD-dependent oxidoreductase genes were up-regulated, while respiratory-metabolism-related genes, including trimethyllysine dioxygenase, were down-regulated. Together, the physiological and transcriptomic data provide a correlative framework supporting the hypothesis that the antifungal mechanism of DJ13 fermentation broth may involve the coordinated action of four processes: cell membrane damage, cell wall disruption, oxidative stress, and inhibition of energy metabolism. These findings also identify candidate genes for future functional validation.

Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull (I. hawkeri) is popular among consumers due to its diverse flower colors and year-round blooming. However, changes in ecological conditions, cultivation methods, and planting scale have led to increased disease incidence and diversity, particularly the widespread and destructive leaf spot disease. Currently, studies addressing the pathogen species and its biological characteristics remain limited. In this study, a highly pathogenic strain (IH-4) was selected from previously isolated fungi associated with leaf spot in I. hawkeri. Its taxonomic status was confirmed using upright fluorescence microscope analysis, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)/large subunit (LSU)/RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2)/β-tubulin (tub2) rRNA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic tree construction. Additionally, the biological characteristics of the pathogen and its sensitivity to 8 chemical fungicides were assessed. Strain IH-4 was identified as Ectophoma multirostrata (E. multirostrata) through combined morphological and molecular approaches. Optimal growth conditions included a temperature of 25 °C, a pH of 7, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium, fructose as the optimal carbon source, and urea as the optimal nitrogen source, with the fastest growth observed under a semi-light photoperiod (12 h light/12 h dark). Fungicide sensitivity assays indicated that 25% azoxystrobin exhibited the lowest half-maximal effective concentration (EC50, 0.0724 μg/mL) and the steepest virulence regression slope (1.7), demonstrating the strongest inhibitory activity and highest sensitivity. Microscopic observations revealed that IH-4 hyphae penetrate I. hawkeri leaf tissues via stomata, colonize internally, and consequently cause host damage. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the timely and effective management of leaf spot disease in I. hawkeri.

To explore efficient and sustainable biocontrol resources against anthracnose in Begonia benariensis, endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy host tissues and screened for antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum aotearoa SWBG5. Among 31 isolates, four showed strong inhibition, and the most potent strain, QYN6, exhibited an in vitro mycelial inhibition rate of 63.67%. Based on morphology and multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, TUB2, TEF-1α), QYN6 was identified as Nigrospora sphaerica. Mechanistic assays revealed that QYN6 secretes multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, cellulase, protease) and displays hyperparasitism against the pathogen hyphae (entwining, deformation, swelling), acting synergistically to inhibit fungal growth. In greenhouse pot trials, QYN6 achieved a biocontrol efficacy of 48.91% against Begonia anthracnose. Additionally, QYN6 significantly activated host defense responses, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, PPO, CAT) and the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar. Furthermore, QYN6 exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including IAA production, siderophore synthesis, and potassium solubilization. Inoculation with QYN6 markedly improved plant height, leaf number, root length, and biomass of B. benariensis. Overall, N. sphaerica QYN6 possesses dual biocontrol and growth-promoting potential, providing a promising microbial resource and theoretical basis for green management of Begonia anthracnose.

To investigate the effects of the endophytic fungus Setophoma terrestris (isolated from Panax notoginseng roots) on the growth and rhizosphere microbiota of understory-cultivated P. notoginseng, we prepared liquid and solid fermentates of the fungus and applied them separately via irrigation. Rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng was subjected to non-targeted metabolomics and microbiome sequencing for detection and analysis. Relative to the control, P. notoginseng treated with liquid and solid fermentates exhibited increases in plant height (3.5% and 0.7%), chlorophyll content (23.4% and 20.4%), and total saponin content (14.6% and 17.0%), respectively. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 3855 metabolites across 23 classes, with amino acids and their derivatives (21.54%) and benzene derivatives (14.21%) as the primary components. The significantly altered metabolic pathways shared by the two treatment groups included ABC transporters, purine metabolism, and the biosynthesis of various other secondary metabolites. Exogenous addition of S. terrestris significantly affected the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbial community of P. notoginseng and increased the relative abundance of genera such as Bradyrhizobium. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus S. terrestris enhances P. notoginseng growth and modulates both rhizosphere soil metabolites and microbial abundance. This study can provide certain data support for research on endophytic fungi of P. notoginseng.

Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl, a widely cultivated horticultural species in China, is highly valued for its ornamental and medicinal properties. However, with the expansion of its cultivation, leaf spot disease has become more prevalent, significantly affecting the ornamental value of R. hybridum Ker Gawl. In this study, R. hybridum Ker Gawl from the Kunming area was selected as the experimental material. The tissue isolation method was employed in this study to isolate pathogenic strains. The biological characteristics of the pathogens were determined using the mycelial growth rate method. The pathogens’ influence on the host plant’s ultrastructure was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Colletotrichum nymphaeae was identified as the pathogen implicated in the development of leaf spot disease in R. hybridum Ker Gawl across three regions in Kunming City through the integration of morphological traits and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3, CHS1, and TUB2). Its mycelial growth is most effective at a temperature of 25 °C. pH and light have relatively minor effects on the growth of mycelium. The preferred carbon and nitrogen sources were identified as mannitol and yeast extract, respectively. Additionally, TEM observations revealed significant damage to the cell structure of R. hybridum Ker Gawl leaves infected by the pathogen. The cell walls were dissolved, the number of chloroplasts decreased markedly, starch granules within chloroplasts were largely absent, and the number of osmiophilic granules increased. This is the first report of leaf spot disease in R. hybridum Ker Gawl caused by C. nymphaeae. The results of this study provide valuable insights for future research on the prevention and control of this disease.

In order to identify the pathogen responsible for Hedera nepalensis leaf blight and investigate effective biocontrol strategies, samples were collected from 10 significantly infected areas at Southwest Forestry University; four to six infected leaves were gathered from each area, followed by the isolation and purification of strains from the infected plant leaves using tissue isolation and hyphae-purification techniques. We conducted an examination of the biological characteristics and compared the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of Phomopsis sp. (50

To explore superior biocontrol resources for Rhododendron brown spot disease, five antagonistic fungal strains exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against the pathogen responsible for RBS were isolated from healthy Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl leaves. Among them, strain DJW5-2-1 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate, reaching 63.88% against the pathogenic fungus. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analysis (ITS, β-tubulin, and tef1-α), DJW5-2-1 was identified as Diaporthe phoenicicola (Traverso & Spessa) Udayanga, Crous & K.D. Hyde. Dual culture assays further confirmed its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, with inhibition rates ranging from 39.15% to 72.54% against various phytopathogenic fungi. Biochemical analyses revealed that DJW5-2-1 secretes multiple extracellular enzymes and exhibits plant growth-promoting traits. In both in vitro and potted plant efficacy assays, the biocontrol efficacy of strain DJW5-2-1 against RBS was 49.67% and 50.61%, respectively, indicating that strain DJW5-2-1 exhibits a certain level of control efficacy against RBS. Through pot experiments, we found that strain DJW5-2-1 could promote the growth of rhododendron seedlings and significantly increase growth indicators. Among these indicators, the growth-promoting rates of plant height and stem diameter were 15.27% and 41.27%, respectively. Moreover, DJW5-2-1 contributed to improved host resistance by elevating the activities of key defense-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Taken together, these findings suggest that strain DJW5-2-1 represents a promising microbial agent for the integrated control of RBS and the development of fungal-based biofertilizers. Further investigation is warranted to assess its performance under field conditions and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action.

Pine wilt disease endangers the ecological stability of China’s coniferous woodlands. In a specific region, the number of dead pine trees has exhibited a consistent year-on-year increase, highlighting the urgent need for efficient and sustainable monitoring strategies. However, UAV-based remote sensing methods currently face challenges in complex environments, including insufficient feature-capture capabilities, interference from visually similar objects, and limited localization accuracy. This study developed a remote sensing workflow leveraging high-resolution UAV imagery to oversee pine trees affected with pine wilt disease. An enhanced YOLOv5 detection model was employed to identify symptomatic trees. To strengthen feature extraction capabilities—particularly for color and texture traits indicative of infection—different types of attention mechanisms, for instance SE, CBAM, ECA, and CA, were integrated as part of the model. Furthermore, a BiFPN structure was incorporated to enhance the fusion of features across multiple scales, and the EIoU loss function was adopted to boost the accuracy of bounding box prediction, ultimately enhancing detection precision. Experimental results show that the enhanced SEBiE-YOLOv5 framework achieved a precision of 89.4%, with an AP of 86.1% and an F1-score of 83.1%. UAV-based monitoring conducted during the spring and autumn of 2023 identified 616 dead trees, with field verification accuracy ranging from 88.91% to 92.42% and localization errors within 1–10 m. These findings validate the method’s high accuracy and spatial precision in complex mountainous forest environments. By integrating attention mechanisms, BiFPN, and the EIoU loss function, the proposed SEBiE-YOLOv5 model substantially enhances the recognition accuracy of key features in infected trees as well as their localization performance, and offers a practical and computationally efficient approach for the long-term surveillance of pine wilt disease in challenging terrain.

Cephalcia chuxiongica has caused significant damage to pine forests, becoming a major biological disaster that hinders the sustainable development of forestry in China. To investigate the efficacy of biological control measures, entomopathogenic fungi were isolated and purified from the larvae of Ce. chuxiongica that had succumbed to diseases. The pathogenic capacity of strains was assessed using bioassay methods, and their infection process was observed using scanning electron microscopy. ITS, LSU, and TEF analysis disclosed Clonostachys rogersoniana as the highly virulent strain responsible for the death of Ce. chuxiongica. The optimal medium for its mycelial growth and sporulation was found to be PPDA. In addition, the bioassay revealed that the median lethal time (LT50) for Ce. chuxiongica was 24.34 h and median lethal concentration (LC50) was 2.35 × 105 conidia/mL, indicating that C. rogersoniana possesses potent virulence and demonstrates rapid pathogenicity. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that C. rogersoniana initially entered the body of Ce. chuxiongica through the spiracle and progressively made its way into the body wall, resulting in the insect’s death. The mode of infection for C. rogersoniana is exceedingly rare. As a consequence, the results of this study can serve as a reference for the management of chewing insects, such as Ce. chuxiongica.

Clonostachys rosea, an entomopathogenic fungus that infects Cephalcia chuxiongica, is highly pathogenic and has significant potential for controlling the damage this pest causes to pine forests. To investigate the role of C. rosea secondary metabolites in fungal pathogenicity, we conducted toxicity assays using crude metabolite extracts. These assays evaluated the effects of different concentrations, larval developmental stages, and exposure methods on larval mortality. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was subsequently employed to identify the chemical constituents of the crude extracts, and the toxicity of the identified compounds was assessed. The results showed that the crude extract at a concentration of 7.5 μg/mL exhibited the highest toxicity. Two hours post-treatment, the mortality rate of non-diapause larvae reached 65%, which was significantly higher than that of the diapause group. Moreover, contact toxicity was more lethal to C. chuxiongica larvae than oral exposure. A total of 23 compounds were identified from the crude extract, of which nine exhibited toxicity: 2-piperidone, hydrocinnamic acid, phenethyl alcohol, oleic acid, tryptophol, stearic acid methyl ester, myristic acid, dodecanoic acid, and benzeneacetic acid. Except for 2-piperidone, which showed low toxicity, the other eight compounds demonstrated notable contact toxicity against C. chuxiongica larvae. These findings confirm the insecticidal potential of C. rosea secondary metabolites and provide a valuable reference for the biological control of C. chuxiongica and other chewing insect pests.

It remains challenging to control Tomicus spp., a pest with fast spreading capability, leading to the death of large numbers of Pinus yunnanensis (Franch.) and posing a severe threat to ecological security in southwest China. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively and accurately monitor the damage degree for Pinus yunnanensis attacked by Tomicus spp. at large geographical scales. Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing is an effective, accurate means to detect forest pests and diseases. In this study, we propose an innovative and precise classification framework to monitor the damage degree of Pinus yunnanensis infected by Tomicus spp. using hyperspectral UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) imagery with machine learning algorithms. First, we revealed the hyperspectral characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis from a UAV-based hyperspectral platform. We obtained 22 vegetation indices (VIs), 4 principal components, and 16 continuous wavelet transform (CWT) features as the damage degree sensitive features. We classified the damage degree of Pinus yunnanensis canopies infected by Tomicus spp. via three methods, i.e., discriminant analysis (DA), support vector machine (SVM), and backpropagation (BP) neural network. The results showed that the damage degree detected from the BP neural network, combined with 16 CWT features, achieved the best performance (training accuracy: 94.05%; validation accuracy: 94.44%).

基于互联网音视频直播技术的"共享课程"同步课堂为现代教育提供了一个创新的异地同步教学模式,实现了优质教学资源的共享.以云南省两所高校为试点,从同步课堂的系统设计、硬件建设、平台搭建和教学设计四个方面分别进行阐述:首先,同步课堂系统需要多个部门协同合作才能实现;其次,系统硬件建设需要保证互联网音视频直播的稳定性、流畅性和低延时性;第三,"共享课程"的遴选和教务系统的无缝对接也是重要的前期平台搭建工作;最后,课程教学设计对同步课堂教学效果起关键作用.

在智慧教育的大背景 下,教育大数据得到普遍重视,高校学生课堂行为数据作为教学过程数据成为现代教育的一个研究热点.以云南省X高校课堂原始视频为基础,对学生课堂行为进行了初步分类,并指出四个学生课堂行为数据挖掘利用方向:教学过程监测、学生学习风格分析、学生成绩预测预警、教师课堂教学评价.最后,提出两个后续研究方向:建立深度学习算法模型实现学生课堂行为自动识别、开发学生课堂行为应用软件.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of Psidium guajava L. extracts on mice diarrhea model and changes in their intestinal microflora diversity. Methods: Mice diarrhea model was constructed with Folium Sennae. and The therapeutic effects of Psidium guajava L. extracts on diarrhea were evaluated by loose stools rates, diarrhea rates, diarrhea index and motor functions of intestine. Results: Our results showed that all three kinds of extracts from Psidium guajava L. had inhibitory effects on Folium Sennae induced diarrhea model. The proportion of Bacteroidetes is lower in Group DF (diarrhea model group) compared with Group B (blank group), while abundance of Deferribacteraceae was found in Group DF. The proportion of Deferribacteraceae lowered in Group DTF (diarrhea treatment group) treated with extracts from Psidium guajava L. Conclusions: However, mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Psidium guajava L. and the changes in intestinal microflora still await further exploration. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Limited on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.

[Objective]This paper aims to study the process of Clonostachys rosea infecting Cephalcia chuxiongica larvae, and provides a reference for the research on pathogenicity mechanism of Ce.chuxiongica. [Method]We observed the ultrastructural changes of Ce. chuxiongica body wall infected by Cl. rosea SWFUYHL 02-03 using the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) . [Result] Based on the SEM observation, the conidias adhered onto spiracles and internode membranes of body wall after 6 hours inoculation. The germ tubes of this fungi penetrated into the cuticle of Ce. chuxiongica larvae after 14 hours. The conidia and hypha penetratedinto the cuticle of Ce. chuxiongica larvae and the hypha began to multiply rapidly after 26 hours, and then the hypha penetrated out from the cuticle of Ce. chuxiongica larvae and generated sporogenous structure when it was inoculated at 72 hours. Meanwhile, inferred from the TEM observation, the participation of enzymes and histolysis could be found with the penetration process of hypha. The spores adhered onto the body wall of the Ce. chuxiongica larvae when it was inoculated at 6 hours and then the conidia germinated and penetrated into the secretion of cuticle after inoculation for 14 hours. The hypha penetrated and spreaded into the cuticle, and halos with low electron density could be observed around the penetrated hypha after 26 hours. The epidermis cell arranged loose and became vacuole after inoculation for 38 hours and the larvae's body was full of hypha, and a great deal of hypha were on the cuticle of Ce. Chuxiongica larvae after inoculation for 48 hours. [Conclusion] The spores and hypha of Cl. Rosea SWFUYHL 02-03 could parasitize and kill the Ce. Chuxiongica larvae. The SEM and TEM observations accurately reflected the infection process of Cl. Rosea SWFUYHL 02-03 on the larvae of Ce.chuxiongica, and proved the existence of enzymes and virulent metabolites.

In the study, the culture conditions and sporulation characteristics of 2 entomopathogenic fungi (NH512,Y512) of Cephlica chuxiongica were studied,and the effects of temperature,light and UV mutagenesis on the growth and sporulation of fungi were analyzed. The results showed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the strain NH512 is 25℃,in which the average colony diameter is 48.15 mm on the 15 day. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the strain Y512 is 20℃,in which the average colony diameter is 64.20 mm on the 15 day. Under the 25℃ condition of cultivation on the 15 day,the accumulation of spores of the strains NH512 and Y512 are maximum,which are 9.184×107/cm2and 3.091×107/cm2,respectively. Both the alternating conditions of dark and light for 12 hours can promote the growth of 2 strains,and the average colony diameter are the maximum on the 15 day,which are 40.10 mm and 44.40 mm,respectively.No light condition is conducive to produce spores for NH512,and the condition of light and dark 12 hours alternatives can promote spores for Y512,and the accumulation of spores are 9.184×107/cm2and 9.038×107/cm2for both strains on the 15 day.UV mutagenesis can induce myce-lium growth of NH512,but inhibite Y512.UV mutagenesis can inhibite NH512 to produce spores,but induce to pro-duce spores for Y512 in which the average accumulation of spores are 15.69×107/cm2.

为明确楚雄腮扁叶蜂Cephalcia chuxiongica病原真菌的种类,以组织分离法对自然罹病死亡的楚雄腮扁叶蜂进行虫生真菌的分离培养,根据形态学特征和rDNA ITS序列分析对所得虫生真菌进行鉴定,并对其中的高毒力菌株进行生物学特性测定.结果表明:共分离得到4属25株菌株,其中以粉红粘帚霉Clonostachys rosea出现频率最高,共分离到15株,均与GenBank中粉红粘帚霉相关菌株亲缘关系最近,ITS序列同源性达100％,属优势种.按照柯赫法则证实4个属的虫生真菌对楚雄腮扁叶蜂均有致病力,其中粉红粘帚霉致病力最强,其高毒力菌株SWFUYHL 02-01对楚雄腮扁叶蜂幼虫致死中时为10h;蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基最适宜该菌株生长和产孢,其次是马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;该菌的最适生长温度为25℃,光照对其菌丝生长无显著影响;在以不同种类糖为碳源的培养基上该菌株均能生长,以蔗糖为碳源的培养基上产孢量最高,显著高于以其它糖为碳源时;适宜其生长的氮源是酵母浸出粉,适宜产孢的氮源是硝酸铵和尿素,以硫酸铵和酵母浸出粉为氮源时不产孢;适宜菌丝生长和产孢的无机盐分别是MnSO4和MgSO4,添加CaC12的培养基上未见产孢;光照对粉红粘帚霉孢子萌发无显著影响.粉红粘帚霉菌株在采样点的出现频率与其生物学特性完全吻合.

Background: Constipation is a highly frequent complication in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorder and intestinal cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of gut microbiota in the disease development from chronic constipation to intestinal tumor. Methods: Loperamide-induced constipation model was established to verify that chronic constipation can increase the risk of intestinal tumor. 128 Kunming mice were divided into four groups, namely, healthy, chronic constipation, intestinal tumor induced by chronic constipation and intestinal tumor with constipation after DMH (dimethylhydrazine) induction. The fecal bacterial diversity was profiled by the V3 and V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Result: Healthy mice showed enrichment in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated with members of the Lactobacillus, Clostridium XlVa, Allobaculum and etc. Chronic constipation mice showed the decreases in OTUs affiliated with members of the Lactobacillus genus and the increase of the Barnesiella genus. Tumor-bearing mice showed enrichment in OTUs affiliated with members of the Barnesiella. Conclusions: These results suggest that changes in the gut microbiota in mice with chronic constipation probably contribute to tumorigenesis and modulation of the gut microbiota may help to alleviate chronic constipation and eventually prevent the development of colon cancer.

采用野外调查结合室内饲养观察的方法,研究楚雄腮扁叶蜂生物学特性.该虫在寻甸地区2年发生1代,以预蛹在土室内越冬,6月中旬开始化蛹,7-11月均有成虫出现,其中8、9月份是羽化高峰期.成虫交尾时间约10 min,2～3头雌虫会聚集在一起产卵.幼虫出现于7月下旬,初孵幼虫开始取食带卵枝条周围的针叶,并吐丝做虫巢,虫体隐蔽在虫巢中.直至11月,老熟幼虫落地入土做蛹室,幼虫期较长.