BACKGROUND:Overweight/obesity can affect fertility, increase the risk of pregnancy complications, and affect the outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, due to confounding factors, the accuracy and uniformity of published findings on IVF outcomes have been disputed. This study aimed to assess the effects of both male and female body mass index (BMI), individually and in combination, on IVF outcomes. METHODS:This retrospective cohort study included 11,191 couples undergoing IVF. Per the Chinese BMI standard, the couples were divided into four groups: normal; female overweight/obesity; male overweight/obesity; and combined male and female overweight/obesity. The IVF outcomes of the four groups were compared and analysed. RESULTS:Regarding the 6569 first fresh IVF-ET cycles, compared with the normal weight group, the female overweight/obesity and combined male/female overweight/obesity groups had much lower numbers of available embryos and high-quality embryos (p < 0.05); additionally, the fertilization (p < 0.001) and normal fertilization rates (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the female overweight/obesity group. The combined male/female overweight/obesity group had significant reductions in the available embryo (p = 0.002), high-quality embryo (p = 0.010), fertilization (p = 0.001) and normal fertilization rates (p < 0.001); however, neither male or female overweight/obesity nor their combination significantly affected the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live birth rate (LBR) or abortion rate (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Our findings support the notion that overweight/obesity does not influence pregnancy success; however, we found that overweight/obesity affects the fertilization rate and embryo number and that there are sex differences.

To the Editor: Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the commonplace male sexual dysfunctions affecting about 30% of men worldwide. PE can either be lifelong or acquired. Genetic polymorphisms situated on the SLC6A4 of humans encoding the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (serotonin transporter) (5-HTT) also called the serotonin transporter (SERT), a significant controller of serotonergic neurotransmission, were related to the pathogenesis of PE.[1,2] Polymorphisms in SLC6A4 are associated with the incidence of lifelong premature ejaculation (LPR). The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and serotonin transporter gene intron 2 (STin2) polymorphism on lifelong PE (LPE) are controversial. We aimed to determine possible relationships between 5-HTTLPR and STin2 polymorphisms in the SERT gene and clinical response of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (dapoxetine) in LPE. We recruited 95 patients of PE and 102 normal controls from the Urology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University from September 2015 to March 2016. All the participants aged between 21 and 50 years. The patients experienced LPR and have been either married or have been in a normal sexual relationship with a female companion for >6 months. All patients who experienced sexual abuse or had a history of erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, prostatitis, urological diseases, psychiatric and neurological issues, depression, diabetes, cancer, and coronary heart were excluded from the study. One of the criteria to choose the subjects was the International index of erectile function (IIEF) >20, premature ejaculation diagnostic scale (PEDT) >9 for the patients, and IIEF >20, PEDT <6 for the normal controls. We used stopwatches to measure intra-vaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT). The deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from the venous blood. The patients took 30 mg dapoxetine for 2 weeks and were analyzed for the efficacy of the treatment. 5-HTTLPR and STin2 were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction technique. We evaluated the associations between 5-HTLLPR and STin2 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) genotypic and allelic frequencies and LPR. P value of <0.050 was taken statistically significant. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (No. XJTUIAF2018LSK-192). Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. Age, weight, height, marital status, alcohol consumption, smoking, and body mass index had no direct relation to the rate of PE. Career strongly affected the onset of PE. The proportion of mental workers was higher than physical workers in the case group. Age at first sex, frequency of sex per month, and PEDT were related to the onset of PE (P < 0.05). The frequencies of 5-HTTLPR LS genotype and LS + SS genotype in the case and control groups were not statistically significantly different (P = 0.531 > 0.05). SS and LL genotype distribution frequency was statistically significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.017 < 0.05). The frequency distribution of the S and L allele was statistically significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.003 < 0.05). The frequency of SS genotype and S allele in 5-HTTLPR was significantly higher in the case group than that in the control group, while there was no significant difference in the distribution of LS and LL genotype between case and control groups. The difference of frequency distribution of STin2.12/12 genotype and STin2.12 allele in Stin2 was statistically significant in the case and control groups (P < 0.05). The frequency of the Stin2.12/12 genotype and STin2.12 allele in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the distribution of Stin2.10/10 and Stin2.12/10 genotype was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. It concluded that the Stin2.12/12 genotype and Stin2.12 allele were related to the incidence of PE. STin2.9 genotype was detected only in two patients and in one control because of its low incidence, it is therefore not included in the statistic. According to the Clinician Global Impression of Change score, 66.3% (63/95) of the patients treated with dapoxetine showed efficacy. There were also significant changes in premature ejaculation profile scores before and after the treatment in LPE patients. The chi-square test for the frequencies of the 5-HTTLPR LS genotype, LS + SS genotype, and the LL genotype showed the P value and the odds ratio (OR) value (95% confidence interval [CI]) were P = 0.735, OR (95% CI) = 0.869 (0.272, 2.655), P = 0.258, OR (95% CI) = 0.330 (0.260, 1.522), indicating that the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The chi-square test for SS genotype and LL genotype distribution was P = 0.018, OR (95% CI) = 0.354 (0.130, 0.769), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The chi-square test for the distribution frequency of the S and L alleles was P = 0.028, OR (95% CI) = 0.460 (0.226, 0.798), P < 0.05, and the difference was statistically significant. The results are shown in Table 1. These results indicated that the distribution of SS genotype and S allele in 5-HTTLPR was statistically significant in the responding and non-responding groups (P < 0.05), therefore, we conclude that the SS genotype is less effective in PE patients than in controls and that the S allele is a risk factor with poor response to treatment. Table 1 - Genotype and allele of 5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR in patients treated with dapoxetine, n (%). Items Effective Ineffective P values OR (95% CI) 5-HTTLPR n 63 32 Genotype LL 10 (15.8) 2 (6.3) LS 25 (39.7) 6 (18.7) 0.735 0.869 (0.272, 2.655) SS 28 (44.5) 24 (75.0) 0.018 0.354 (0.130, 0.769) LS + SS 53 (84.2) 30 (93.7) 0.258 0.330 (0.260, 1.522) Allele L 45 (35.8) 10 (15.7) S 81 (64.2) 54 (84.3) 0.028 0.46 (0.226, 0.798) STin2 VNTR n 62 31 Genotype Stin2.10/10 8 (12.9) 3 (9.6) Stin2.12/10 31 (50.0) 7 (22.6) 0.273 0.525 (0.217, 1.528) Stin2.12/12 23 (37.1) 21 (67.8) 0.018 0.409 (0.215, 0.986) Stin2.12/12 + Stin2.12/10 54 (87.1) 28 (90.4) 0.755 0.538 (0.351, 1.633) Allele Stin2.10 47 (37.9) 13 (20.1) Stin2.12 77 (62.1) 49 (70.9) 0.026 0.438 (0.247, 0.963) 5-HTTLPR: 5-HydroxyTryptamine (serotonin) transporter gene-linked polymorphic region; STin2: Serotonin transporter gene intron 2; VNTR: Variable number tandem repeat. The chi-square test for Stin2.12/12 genotype and Stin2.10/ 10 genotype distribution was statistically significantly different (P = 0.018 < 0.05, OR [95%CI] = 0.409 [0.215,0.986]). The chi-square test for the distribution frequency of Stin2.10 and Stin2.12 alleles was statistically significantly different (P = 0.026 < 0.05, OR [95%CI] = 0.438 [0.247,0.963]). The frequency of allele Stin2.12 was significantly higher in the non-responding group than that in the responding group. No significant significance was found in the distribution of STin2.10 genotypes and STin2.12/10 genotypes, as shown in Table 1. Based on our results, we hypothesized that PE patients with the SS genotype and allele and Stin2.12/12 genotype and Stin2.12 allele were less responsive to dapoxetine. LPE is one of the most prevalent sexual dysfunctions worldwide but little remains understood regarding its pathogenesis. In 1940, the genetic etiology of PE in humans was speculated for the first time and was progressively affirmed by two studies that showed that about 30% of PE is because of genetic factors. Many authors have tried to explore the possible association between PE and 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphisms, the consequences presented were showing different results by different researchers, it is difficult to conclude. For instance, Janssen et al[2] surveyed Caucasians and observed that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is related to the mean IELT. IELT in individuals with the LL genotype was 100.0% shorter than individuals with SS or SL genotype. Ozbek et al[3] performed a study in the Turkish population and found that the frequency of the S allele was significantly higher in those of the PE patients compared with the normal individuals without PE. Janssen et al[1] investigated that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with the IELT in males suffering from LPE. Men with the LL genotype ejaculate 100.00% and 90.00% faster than males with SS and SL genotypes, respectively. Safarinejad also presumed that the recurrence of the SS gene and S allele was higher in PE patients than in the general population.[4] No difference exists in SLC6A4 polymorphisms recurrence among patients of PE and controls. He concluded that no significant difference exists for both patients and controls, for the genotype frequencies of 5-HTTLPR, rs25531, and STin2. In 2016, Huang et al[5] conducted research that stated that the STin2 VNTR polymorphism is associated with IELT in LPR. IELT was significantly shorter in patients with STin2.12/12 genotype. In our present research, the comparison of SS and LL genotype distribution frequency of 5-HTTLPR was statistically significantly different between the two groups. The difference between frequency of the S allele and L allele of 5-HTTLPR was statically significant. SS genotype and S allele were both significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. The frequency of STIN2.12/12 genotype and Stin2.12 allele in Stin2 was higher in PE patients than that in the control group (P < 0.05). We concluded that genotype Stin2.12/12 and Stin2.12 alleles correlated with PE. 66.30% (63/95 patients) responded to the treatment with dapoxetine. The SS genotype and S allele in 5-HTTLPR are less responsive to dapoxetine. STin2.12/12 genotype and STin2.12 allele are also higher in the patients not responding to dapoxetine. PE is a multifactor complex disease with different etiological aspects. The etiology of the disease involves psychological, environmental, neurobiological, endocrine, and genetic factors. Our study indicates that polymorphisms in 5-HTTLPR and STin2 are associated with LPR and its treatment with dapoxetine. PE is believed to be caused by psychological and environmental factors, anxiety, fear tension during sexual intercourse, lack of sexual knowledge, and heredity. At present, many valuable genes, loci, and regions related to this disease have been discovered in different research studies, but there is still no clear conclusion as all the results obtained from these studies are not consistent. Our study subjects were only from the Han ethnicity of northwest China and were limited in number. Presently, just a few studies are performed to understand the effects of STin2 polymorphism and PE. We recommend more research work with large numbers of study subjects to further clarify the pathophysiology and treatment of PE in different populations and ethnic groups. Acknowledgements The authors thank the participant of the study and their families. Conflicts of interest None.

To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes such as CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and idiopathic male infertility. By observing the efficacy of antioxidants in the treatment of idiopathic male infertility, the effect of metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms on antioxidant therapy in patients with idiopathic male infertility was prospectively studied. This case-control study included 310 men with idiopathic infertility and 170 healthy controls. The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) genotypes in peripheral blood samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The idiopathic male infertility group was treated with vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for 3 months and followed up for 6 months. GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), and GSTM1/T1(-/-) in the idiopathic male infertility groups were more common than those in the control group. The sperm concentration, motility, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level in patients with GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), and GSTM1/T1(-/-) were lower than those in wild-type carriers, and the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were higher. Therefore, oxidative damage may play an important role in the occurrence and development of idiopathic male infertility, but antioxidant therapy is not effective in male infertility patients with GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions.

Objective To investigate the relationship between glutathione S-transferase enzyme ( GSTM1 , T1 , and P1 ) genetic variants and semen quality in men with idiopathic infertility. Methods Sperm characteristics were measured using computer-assisted sperm analysis. The malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activities were detected by spectroscopic analysis, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results This study included 246 idiopathic infertile men and 117 controls. The GSTM1 (−), T1 (−), and M1/T1 (−/−) genotype frequencies significantly differed between the groups. The GSTM1 (−) and T1 (−) genotypes in idiopathic infertile men negatively correlated with sperm concentration, motility, mitochondrial membrane potential, and other parameters. However, these genotypes positively correlated with the amplitude of the lateral head displacement and NO and 8-OHdG levels. The GSTT1 (−) genotype positively correlated with mean angular displacement and MDA activity. GSTM1 (−) and T1 (−) had a synergistic effect on semen quality. Sperm motility, normal morphology, straightness, and TAC were lower and amplitude of lateral head displacement and MDA were higher in the GSTP1(A/G + G/G) group than in the GSTP1(A/A) group among men with idiopathic infertility. Conclusions GSTM1 , T1 , and P1 genetic variants may be risk factors for infertility by affecting the semen quality men with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia.

The idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is portrayed as missing or fragmented pubescence, cryptorchidism, small penis, and infertility. Clinically it is characterized by the low level of sex steroids and gonadotropins, normal radiographic findings of the hypothalamic-pituitary areas, and normal baseline and reserve testing of the rest of the hypothalamic-pituitary axes. Delay puberty and infertility result from an abnormal pattern of episodic GnRH secretion. Mutation in a wide range of genes can clarify ~40% of the reasons for IHH, with the majority remaining hereditarily uncharacterized. New and innovative molecular tools enhance our understanding of the molecular controls underlying pubertal development. In this report, we aim to present a 26-year-old male of IHH associated with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) that originated from chromosome 22. The G-banding analysis revealed a karyotype of 47,XY,+mar. High-throughput DNA sequencing identified an 8.54 Mb duplication of 22q11.1-q11.23 encompassing all the region of 22q11 duplication syndrome. Pedigree analysis showed that his mother has carried a balanced reciprocal translocation between Chromosomes 22 and X[t(X;22)]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second confirmed case of IHH with an sSMC deriving from chromosome 22. Based on our study, the duplicated chromosome fragment 22q11.1-q11.23 might be the reason for the phenotype of our case. Meanwhile, High-throughput DNA sequencing combined with cytogenetic analysis can provide a more accurate clinical diagnosis for patients carrying sSMCs.

Male diabetes mellitus (DM) can affect erectile function and sperm quality. In severe cases, DM can lead to retrograde or no ejaculation, so testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) is combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to treat subfertility and infertility for DM couples. However, the effect of TESA upon ICSI (TESA-ICSI) for DM patients remains unclear. This research investigated the effect of TESA-ICSI on first cycle ICSI-embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) for type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients and the potential mechanisms. The subjects consisted of 1219 male patients with azoospermia or retrograde ejaculation who were treated with TESA-ICSI from 2015.01 to 2019.11. They were classified into two groups, the T2DM group (n = 54) and non-diabetic control group (n = 1165). Sperm selection for injection was performed using motile sperm organelle morphology examination criteria. The number of available embryos and the high-quality embryo rates following a single ET as well as cleavage, fertilization, implantation, clinical pregnancy and the abortion rates were noted. Compared with the non-diabetic group, the available embryo rate (75.20 ± 26.40% vs.78.36 ± 23.25%) and high-quality embryo rate (46.49 ± 30.37% vs. 47.55 ± 28.57%) in the T2DM group were lower and the abortion rate (20.83% vs. 8.88%) was higher, but these differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in clinical pregnancy, implantation, normal fertilization, and cleavage rates between the two groups. The results show that TESA for male T2DM patients does not influence the effect of ICSI. For T2DM patients with severe oligozoospermia, asthenospermia, teratozoospermia, or retrograde ejaculation that do not meet ICSI criteria, TESA-ICSI may perhaps be considered for reproductive assistance. ABBREVIATIONS:DM: diabetes mellitus; TESA: testicular sperm aspiration; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; ICSI-ET; ICSI-embryo transfer; LH: luteinizing hormone; mL: milliliter; TES: testosterone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; P: progesterone; HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin.

Adenomatoid tumors are rare benign mesothelial neoplasm involving the Para testicular region, mostly the tail of the epididymis. However, it may occur in some other parts of the genitourinary system. A definitive diagnosis of the tumor is very important because it is very difficult to differentiate it clinically and radiologically from the other intrascrotal tumors. Herein, we report a case of adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis in a 60-year old male patient, with its clinical data and review of the literature.

Solitary neurofibroma of the male genital tract is a rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor which is considered to originate from the Schwann cell. Neurofibroma of the male genital tract has been reported extremely rarely in the literature. We present a case of neurofibroma of the Vas deferens in a 59-year-old patient. The clinical and pathological data of a patient with Neurofibroma of the Vas deferens were retrospectively analyzed and radical resection of the left side spermatic cord tumor was performed. This case report will help in understanding this rare tumor.

目的:探讨纵向双针套叠显微输精管附睾吻合术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析诊断为附睾梗阻性无精子症患者59例的临床资料,59例均实施了纵向双针套叠显微双侧输精管附睾吻合术.按照吻合手术部位分为两组:A组双侧附睾头部吻合28例;B组双侧附睾体尾部吻合31例.比较两组之间的术后复通率及配偶自然妊娠率.术后任何一次精液分析检见精子即定义为复通,随访至配偶怀孕.结果:59例患者均完成了随访,术后43例(72.9％)复通,25例(42.4％)配偶正常受孕.A组术后复通率为60.7％(17/28),B组术后复通率为83.9％(26/31),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).A组术后配偶妊娠率为21.4％(6/28),B组术后配偶妊娠率为61.3％(19/31),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:纵向双针套叠显微输精管附睾吻合术治疗附睾梗阻性无精子症安全可靠,术后可获得满意的复通率和配偶妊娠率,且体尾部吻合术后复通率、配偶妊娠率明显高于头部吻合术.

目的 利用兔膀胱脱细胞基质(bladder acellular matrix graft,BAMG)构建微环境,从细胞增殖能力、表面标记物及分子蛋白水平探讨其对人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow-derived stem cells,hBMSCs)的影响.方法制备BAMG浸泡液培养基,MTT法检测其对hBMSCs增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测hBMSCs表面标志物CD44、CD45、CD73及PDGFRβ的表达;RT-PCR检测BAMG微环境对PPAR、OCN、α-SMA等基因表达的影响,Western blot检测不同处理方法 OCT-4蛋白的表达情况.结果 hBMSCs与BAMG有良好的相容性;实验组与对照组细胞曲线均呈"S"型增殖,于第3天进入快速增殖期,第7天趋于平稳;两组细胞CD44、CD45、CD73、PDGFRβ的表达量基本一致,差异不具有统计学意义;OCN、PPAR、α-SMA两组均表达目的基因;Western blot法检测亦显示OCT-4阳性表达.结论 hBMSCs在兔BAMG的微环境中仍能良好保持原有的生物学特性,将该种子细胞与基质材料结合可构建需要的组织材料,为泌尿系统组织工程修复提供可能.

目的:探讨显微镜下精索静脉曲张修复术治疗男性不育精液质量改善的程度,以及是否可以降低需要试管婴儿或者人工授精的夫妇辅助生殖技术的级别.方法:回顾性分析确诊为左侧精索静脉曲张,接受了显微镜下精索静脉曲张修复术的男性不育患者.按照男性前向运动精子总数的评估标准分为三组:自然妊娠组(NP组)>40×106;人工授精组(IUI组)(30～40)×106;试管婴儿组(IV F组)(10～30)×106.分析比较术前术后的前向运动精子总数的情况.结果:总共137例患者接受了显微镜下精索静脉曲张修复术.术前术后比较:137例总体前向运动精子总数[(40.33±20.56)×106与(57.89±30.67)×106](P<0.05);IVF组术前术后比较:[(11.24±32.45)×106与(35.67±23.45)×106](P<0.05),有52.94％ 的患者无需试管婴儿治疗,改为人工授精或者尝试自然受孕;IUI组术前术后比较:[(35.33±18.48)×106与(50.43±23.67)×106](P<0.05),有58.33％ 的患者尝试自然受孕;建议自然妊娠组活动精子总数术前术后显著增加[(46.26±28.36)×106与(67.89±32.47)×106](P<0.05).结论:显微镜下精索静脉曲张修复术在男性不育治疗中具有重要的作用,可以增加前向运动精子的总数.显微镜下精索静脉曲张修复术可以减少不育症夫妇对IVF或IUI的需要,降低辅助生殖技术的级别.

目的 探讨ICSI周期显微镜下睾丸切开取精术(microTESE)治疗非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)的临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析了2015年1月至2017年6月在西北妇女儿童医院生殖中心就诊、并在第一周期接受ICSI周期microTESE的281例NOA患者和ICSI周期睾丸穿刺取精术的95例梗阻性无精子症(OA)患者的临床资料,比较两组之间获取精子行1CSI的正常受精率、优胚率、临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率,以及两组间新生儿的出生参数. 结果 NOA组和OA组在正常受精率(63.50％ vs.66.37％)、优胚率(46.24％ vs.46.35％)、临床妊娠率(60.29％ vs.70.97％)、流产率(5.88％ vs.4.84％)及出生婴儿活产率(54.41％ vs.66.13％)方面的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);NOA组和OA组间出生新生儿的孕周[(38.27±1.79)周vs.(38.31±2.22)周]、出生体重[(2.98±0.62)kgvs.(2.87±0.68)kg]及男性性别比例(43.48％ vs.66.00％)均无统计学差异(P＞0.05). 结论 ICSI周期显微镜下睾丸切开取精术治疗非梗阻性无精子症患者婴儿的活产率偏低,但是出生新生婴儿的各种参数正常,值得临床推广.

血管瘤是最常见的良性软组织肿瘤,但精索的海绵状血管瘤却极为罕见[1].国内迄今仅有7例精索海绵状血管瘤的报道[2-6].本文报告我院于2015年6月收治的1例精索海绵状血管瘤患者,并复习文献,以提高对该病的认识.

目的:分析特发性男性不育患者谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)基因GSTT1、GSTM1及GSTP1基因多态性与氧化应激水平及精子DNA氧化损伤的关系.方法:收集246例特发性男性不育患者的静脉血,提取全血基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对GSTT1及GSTM1基因进行分型,采用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应(PCR-RFLP)对GSTP1基因进行分型;采集患者精液,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测精浆中丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)水平及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),同法检测精子DNA中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-dG)水平.结果:GSTM1(-)及GSTT1(-)组中精浆NO及精子DNA中8-OH-dG水平分别显著高于GSTM1(+)及GSTT1(+)组(P＜0.01),GSTM1/ GSTT1(-/-)组精浆MDA、NO及精子DNA中8-OH-dG水平高于GSTM1/GSTT1(+/+)组(P＜0.05),而精浆T-AOC低于GSTM1/GSTT1(+/+)组(P＜0.05),GSTP1(A/G+ G/G)组中NO及精子DNA中8-OH-dG水平高于GSTP1(A/A)组(P＜0.05),而T-AOC显著低于GSTP1(A/A)组(P＜0.01).结论:GSTs的GSTT1、GSTM1及GSTP1基因突变可增加特发性男性不育患者精浆氧化应激水平,降低精浆总抗氧化能力,导致精子DNA氧化损伤.

OBJECTIVE:Kidney stone formation is a complex disorder that likely results from both dietary and genetic factors. A recent study identified an association between the risk of kidney stones and polymorphisms in the ALPL gene, but the study needs replication. To confirm whether the ALPL gene is universally associated with kidney stones, the present study further investigated polymorphisms of the ALPL gene in a Han Chinese population. METHODS:A total of 331 kidney stone patients and 553 unrelated healthy controls were included in the present case-control study. We conducted genetic analyses to detect the association of 19 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with kidney stones. In addition, we examined the relations between targeted SNP(s) and several clinical characteristics of kidney stones in the patients. RESULTS:Genetic association analyses using logistic regression models identified one ALPL SNP, rs1256328, which was significantly associated with the kidney stone disease status (OR = 1.52, p = 0.0009). No significant results were obtained through association tests between genotypes of this SNP and the various clinical characteristics of kidney stone patients. CONCLUSION:The ALPL SNP, rs1256328, was identified as being significantly associated with kidney stone disease status in a large Chinese Han cohort. Our study replicated a previous genome-wide association study that was conducted in an Icelandic population.

Background: The worsening of semen quality, due to the application of Wi-Fi, can be ameliorated by Vitamin E. This study aimed to demonstrate whether a moderate dose of trolox, a new Vitamin E, inhibits oxidative damage on sperms in vitro after exposure to Wi-Fi radiation. Methods: Each of the twenty qualified semen, gathered from June to October 2014 in eugenics clinic, was separated into four aliquots, including sham, Wi-Fi-exposed, Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox, and Wi-Fi plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups. At 0 min, all baseline parameters of the 20 samples were measured in sequence. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were evaluated in the four aliquots at 45 and 90 min, as were sperm DNA fragments, sperm mitochondrial potential, relative amplification of sperm mitochondrial DNA, sperm vitality, and progressive and immotility sperm. The parameters were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's posttest. Results: Among Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox, Wi-Fi-exposed and Wi-Fi plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups, reactive oxygen species levels (45 min: 3.80 ± 0.41 RLU·10−6·ml−1 vs. 7.50 ± 0.35 RLU·10−6·ml−1 vs. 6.70 ± 0.47 RLU·10−6·ml−1, P < 0.001; 90 min: 5.40 ± 0.21 RLU·10−6·ml−1 vs. 10.10 ± 0.31 RLU·10−6·ml−1 vs. 7.00 ± 0.42 RLU·10−6·ml−1, P < 0.001, respectively), percentages of tail DNA (45 min: 16.8 ± 2.0% vs. 31.9 ± 2.5% vs. 61.3 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001; 90 min: 19.7 ± 1.5% vs. 73.7 ± 1.3% vs. 73.1 ± 1.1%, P < 0.001, respectively), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (45 min: 51.89 ± 1.46 pg/ml vs. 104.89 ± 2.19 pg/ml vs. 106.11 ± 1.81 pg/ml, P = 0.012; 90 min: 79.96 ± 1.73 pg/ml vs. 141.73 ± 2.90 pg/ml vs. 139.06 ± 2.79 pg/ml; P < 0.001), and percentages of immotility sperm (45 min: 27.7 ± 2.7% vs. 41.7 ± 2.2% vs. 41.7 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 29.9 ± 3.3% vs. 58.9 ± 4.0% vs. 63.1 ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were lowest, and glutathione peroxidase (45 min: 60.50 ± 1.54 U/ml vs. 37.09 ± 1.77 U/ml vs. 28.18 ± 1.06 U/ml; 90 min: 44.61 ± 1.23 U/ml vs. 16.86 ± 0.93 U/ml vs. 29.94 ± 1.56 U/ml; all P < 0.001), percentages of head DNA (45 min: 83.2 ± 2.0% vs. 68.2 ± 2.5% vs. 38.8 ± 1.6%; 90 min: 80.3 ± 1.5% vs. 26.3 ± 1.3% vs. 26.9 ± 1.1%; all P < 0.001), percentages of sperm vitality (45 min: 89.5 ± 1.6% vs. 70.7 ± 3.1% vs. 57.7 ± 2.4%; 90 min: 80.8 ± 2.2% vs. 40.4 ± 4.0% vs. 34.7 ± 3.9%; all P < 0.001), and progressive sperm (45 min: 69.3 ± 2.7% vs. 55.8 ± 2.2% vs. 55.4 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 67.2 ± 3.3% vs. 38.2 ± 4.0% vs. 33.9 ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were highest in Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox group at 45 and 90 min, respectively. Other parameters were not affected, while the sham group maintained the baseline. Conclusion: This study found that 5 mmol/L trolox protected the Wi-Fi-exposed semen in vitro from the damage of electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress.

目的 研究兔膀胱脱细胞基质(BAMG)对人骨髓间充质干细胞(hBMSCs)增殖及分化能力的影响,并探讨其构建膀胱修复材料的可行性.方法 采用正常人骨髓体外分离培养原代hBMSCs.用兔膀胱构建BAMG,制备BAMG浸泡液培养基,并以BAMG浸泡液培养基为基础配制成骨、成脂、成平滑肌分化的诱导剂.将hBMSCs分别用正常培养液、正常诱导液、BAMG浸泡液及BAMG诱导液培养.采用苏木素-伊红(HE)与Masson三色染色法进行组织形态鉴定.采用流式细胞术及活细胞荧光染料羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)标记法检测BAMG浸泡液培养基对hBMSCs的生长毒性;分别观察以BAMG浸泡液为基础的诱导剂对hBMSCs成骨、成脂、成平滑肌的分化能力的影响.结果 成功构建BAMG标本,与未处理的膀胱组织相比,已去除绝大多数细胞核,组织结构更加疏松、多孔.BAMG浸泡液与正常培养基对hBMSCs增殖无差异.诱导后的hBMSCs仍能高效分化为成骨、成脂、成平滑肌细胞.结论 BAMG不影响hBMSCs的增殖和分化能力,可作为支架材料,应用于膀胱组织工程中.

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of sperm associated antigen 11C and T (SPAG11C and T) in the epididymis of adolescent rats with experimental left varicocele (ELV) model, and to explore the mechanism of varicocele-induced subfertility. Methods The partial ligation of left renal vein was adopted to establish ELV rat model, parallel with the sham treatment meanwhile. Total of 48 SD rats were divided into four groups: ELV-2 weeks and 4 weeks groups, sham-2 weeks and 4 weeks groups. The expressions of SPAG11C and T were detected by the real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results SPAG11C and T were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of principle cells of the epididymal epithelium. The immunostaining density of SPAG11C was strong in the proximal corpus, and weak gradually from the middle corpus to the cauda. The strong expression of SPAG11T was detected in the proximal corpus and the cauda, but the weak signal existed in the distal corpus. ELV-2 and 4 weeks later, the expressions of SPAG11C and T stayed normal level in the bilateral epididymides of sham groups and in the right side of ELV groups. Whereas the significant decreases of expressions of SPAG11C and T were found in the left epididymides of ELV groups, compared with sham operation group and ELV right epididymides. The heavier slump was found in the ELV left side at 4 weeks. Conclusion SPAG11C and T are specific proteins expressed in the epididymis, and they involved in the composition of epididymal microenvironment. ELV downregulated their expression levels significantly. Decrease of them may attribute to varicocele-caused male subfertility.

We evaluated the semen quality and oxidative stress attack on spermatozoa nuclear DNA after men were exposed to a combination of electromagnetic radiation from an 1800-MHz 4G smartphone network and 2.45-GHz wi-fi. According to the daily network exposure time, the subjects involved were divided into three groups, namely group one: less than 30 min; group two: 31-120 min; and group three: more than 121 min. Routine semen tests, reactive oxygen species levels, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine expression, and urine and comet assays were conducted for all participants and the results for the three groups were compared. With extended exposure time, reactive oxygen increased, while total antioxidant capacity, glutathione and superoxide dismutase, and superoxide dismutase decreased. Increased expression of 8-OHdG and sperm DNA fragments (head DNA% decreased while tail DNA% and Olive tail moment increased) was observed. Sperm count, vitality, and motility decreased significantly. Electromagnetic radiation may induce oxidative stress, damage sperm nuclear DNA, and eventually reduce sperm quality; these factors negatively affect male fertility.

Infertility is a condition associated with major medical and social preoccupation.A male etiology is responsible for nearly half the cases of infertility and is caused by alterations in sperm concentration, motility, and/ or morphology.Recent advances in the field of infertility have greatly influenced our understanding of the different circumstances attributing to male factor infertility.While environmental, physiological, and genetic influences were recognized, at the molecular level, oxidative stress (OS) resulting from the imbalance between oxidants and reductants appears to be a common denominator impairing sperm function and delaying pregnancy.This review discusses the mechanisms by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) develop in semen and their role in the pathophysiology of male infertility.