To address the challenges of providing high-performance calorimetry in future hadron collider experiments under conditions of high luminosity and high radiation (FCC-hh environments), we conducted R&D on advanced calorimetry techniques suitable for such operation, based on scintillation and wavelength-shifting technologies and photosensor (SiPM and SiPM-like) technology. In particular, we focused our attention on ultra-compact radiation-hard EM calorimeters based on modular structures (RADiCAL modules) consisting of alternating layers of the very dense absorber and scintillating plates, read out via radiation hard wavelength shifting (WLS) solid fiber or capillary elements to photosensors positioned either proximately or remotely, depending upon their radiation tolerance. RADiCAL modules provide the capability to measure simultaneously and with high precision the position, energy and timing of EM showers. This paper provides an overview of the instrumentation and photosensor R&D associated with the RADiCAL program.

Studies have been done and continue on the design and construction of a Shashlik detector using Radiation hard quartz capillaries filled with wavelength shifting liquid to collect the scintillation light from LYSO crystals for use as a calorimeter in the Phase II CMS upgrade at CERN. The work presented here focuses on the studies of the capillaries and liquids that would best suit the purpose of the detector. Comparisons are made of various liquids, concentrations, and capillary construction techniques will be discussed.

We report the observation of decays B{0}-->D{s}{(*)+}pi- and B{0}-->D{s}{(*)-}K+ in a sample of 230 x 10(6) Upsilon(4S)-->BB[over] events recorded with the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+ e- storage ring. We measure the branching fractions B(B{0}-->D{s}{+}pi-)=(1.3+/-0.3(stat)+/-0.2(syst))x10(-5), B(B{0}-->D{s}{-} K+)=(2.5+/-0.4(stat)+/-0.4(syst))x10(-5), B(B{0}-->D{s}{*+}pi-)=(2.8+/-0.6(stat)+/-0.5(syst))x10(-5), and B(B{0}-->D{s}{*-}K+)=(2.0+/-0.5(stat)+/-0.4(syst))x10(-5). The significances of the measurements to differ from zero are 5, 9, 6, and 5 standard deviations, respectively. This is the first observation of B{0}-->D{s}{+}pi-, B{0}-->D{s}{*+}pi-, and B{0}-->D{s}{*-}K+ decays.

We present an observation of B-->eta'K*. The data sample corresponds to 232x10(6) BB[over ] pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. We measure the branching fractions (in units of 10(-6)) B(B(0)-->eta'K*0)=3.8+/-1.1+/-0.5 and B(B+-->eta'K*+)=4.9(1.7)(+1.9)+/-0.8, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. A simultaneous fit results in the observation of B-->eta'K* with B(B-->eta'K*)=4.1(-0.9)(+1.0)+/-0.5. We also search for B-->eta'rho and eta'f(0)(980)(f(0)-->pi+pi-) with results and 90% confidence level upper limits B(B+-->eta'rho+)=8.7(-2.8-1.3)(+3.1+2.3) (<14), B(B(0)-->eta'rho0)<3.7, and B(B(0)-->eta'f(0)(980)(f(0)-->pi+pi-))<1.5. Charge asymmetries in the channels with significant yields are consistent with zero.

The effects of applying nitrogen (30 or 40kgN/ha) to wheat crops at and after anthesis, after 200kgN/ha had already been applied to the soil during stem extension, were studied in field experiments comprising complete factorial combinations of different cultivars, fungicide applications and nitrogen treatments. Actual recoveries of late-season fertilizer nitrogen (LSFN), as indicated by 15N studies, interacted with cultivar and fungicide treatment, and depended on nitrogen source (urea applied as a solution to the foliage, or as ammonium nitrate applied to the soil) and year. These interactions, however, were not reflected in apparent fertilizer recoveries ((N in grain with LSFN−N in grain without LSFN)/N applied as LSFN), or in the crude protein concentration. Apparent fertilizer recovery was always lower than actual recoveries, and declined during grain filling. Fertilizer treatments with higher actual fertilizer recoveries were associated with lower net remobilisation of non-LSFN (net remobilised N=N in above ground crop at anthesis−N in non-grain, above ground crop at harvest). LSFN also increased mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest even when applied as a solution to the foliage. These effects are discussed in relation to potential grain N demand.

We present a measurement of the branching fraction and time-dependent CP asymmetry of B-0 -> POKO. The results are obtained from a data sample of 227 x 10(6) Y(4S) -> BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. From a time-dependent maximum likelihood fit yielding 111 +/- 19 signal events, we find B(B-0 -> rho K-0(0)) = (4.9 +/- 0.8 +/- 0.9) x 10(-6), where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. We report the measurement of the CP parameters S-rho 0KS0 = 0.20 +/- 0.52 +/- 0.24 and C-rho 0KS0 = 0.64 +/- 0.41 +/- 0.20.

A measurement of the spin of the (cid:1) (cid:1) hyperon produced through the exclusive process (cid:2) 0 c ! (cid:1) (cid:1) K (cid:2) is presented using a total integrated luminosity of 116 fb (cid:1) 1 recorded with the BABAR detector at the e (cid:2) e (cid:1) asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC. Under the assumption that the (cid:2) 0 c has spin 1 = 2 , the angular distribution of the (cid:3) from (cid:1) (cid:1) ! (cid:3) K (cid:1) decay is inconsistent with all half-integer (cid:1) (cid:1) spin values other than 3 = 2 . Lower statistics data for the process (cid:1) 0 c ! (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:2) from a 230 fb (cid:1) 1 sample are also found to be consistent with (cid:1) (cid:1) spin 3 = 2 . If the (cid:2) 0 c spin were 3 = 2 , an (cid:1) (cid:1) spin of 5 = 2 could not be excluded.

Observation of Upsilon(4S) decays to pi(+)pi(-)C and pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S)We present the first measurement of Upsilon(4S) decays to pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S) based on a sample of 230 x 106(4S) mesons collected with the BABAR detector. We measure the product branching fractions Beta(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S)) x BetaUpsilon(1S) --> mu(+)mu(-) = (2.23 +/- 0.25(stat) +/- 0.27(syst))x 10(-6) and Beta(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S) x Beta(Upsilon(2S) --> mu(+)mu(-))=(1.69 +/-0.26(stat) +/- 0.20(syst)) x 10(-)6, from which we derive the partial widths Gamma(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S))=(1.8 +/-0.4) keV and Gamma(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S))=(2.7 +/- 0.8) keV.

We analyze 230.4 fb(-1) of data collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e(+)e(-) collider at SLAC to search for evidence of D-0-(D) over bar (0) mixing using regions of phase space in the decay D-0 -> K+pi(-)pi(0). We measure the time-integrated mixing rate R-M=(0.023(-0.014)(+0.018)(stat.)+/- 0.004(syst.))%, and R-M < 0.054% at the 95% confidence level, assuming CP invariance. The data are consistent with no mixing at the 4.5% confidence level. We also measure the branching ratio for D-0 -> K+pi(-)pi(0) relative to D-0 -> K-pi(+)pi(0) to be (0.214 +/- 0.008(stat.)+/- 0.008(syst.))%.

B. Aubert, R. Barate, M. Bona, D. Boutigny, F. Couderc, Y. Karyotakis, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, V. Tisserand, A. Zghiche, E. Grauges, A. Palano, M. Pappagallo, J. C. Chen, N. D. Qi, G. Rong, P. Wang, Y. S. Zhu, G. Eigen, I. Ofte, B. Stugu, G. S. Abrams, M. Battaglia, D. N. Brown, J. Button-Shafer, R. N. Cahn, E. Charles, C. T. Day, M. S. Gill, Y. Groysman, R. G. Jacobsen, J. A. Kadyk, L. T. Kerth, Yu. G. Kolomensky, G. Kukartsev, G. Lynch, L. M. Mir, P. J. Oddone, T. J. Orimoto, M. Pripstein, N. A. Roe, M. T. Ronan, W. A. Wenzel, M. Barrett, K. E. Ford, T. J. Harrison, A. J. Hart, C. M. Hawkes, S. E. Morgan, A. T. Watson, K. Goetzen, T. Held, H. Koch, B. Lewandowski, M. Pelizaeus, K. Peters, T. Schroeder, M. Steinke, J. T. Boyd, J. P. Burke, W. N. Cottingham, D. Walker, T. Cuhadar-Donszelmann, B. G. Fulsom, C. Hearty, N. S. Knecht, T. S. Mattison, J. A. McKenna, A. Khan, P. Kyberd, M. Saleem, L. Teodorescu, V. E. Blinov, A. D. Bukin, V. P. Druzhinin, V. B. Golubev, A. P. Onuchin, S. I. Serednyakov, Yu. I. Skovpen, E. P. Solodov, K. Yu Todyshev, D. S. Best, M. Bondioli, M. Bruinsma, M. Chao, S. Curry, I. Eschrich, D. Kirkby, A. J. Lankford, P. Lund, M. Mandelkern, R. K. Mommsen, W. Roethel, D. P. Stoker, S. Abachi, C. Buchanan, S. D. Foulkes, J. W. Gary, O. Long, B. C. Shen, K. Wang, L. Zhang, H. K. Hadavand, E. J. Hill, H. P. Paar, S. Rahatlou, V. Sharma, J. W. Berryhill, C. Campagnari, A. Cunha, B. Dahmes, T. M. Hong, D. Kovalskyi, J. D. Richman, T. W. Beck, A. M. Eisner, C. J. Flacco, C. A. Heusch, J. Kroseberg, W. S. Lockman, G. Nesom, T. Schalk, B. A. Schumm, A. Seiden, P. Spradlin, D. C. Williams, M. G. Wilson, J. Albert, E. Chen, A. Dvoretskii, D. G. Hitlin, I. Narsky, T. Piatenko, F. C. Porter, A. Ryd, A. Samuel, R. Andreassen, G. Mancinelli, B. T. Meadows, M. D. Sokoloff, F. Blanc, P. C. Bloom, S. Chen, W. T. Ford, J. F. Hirschauer, A. Kreisel, U. Nauenberg, A. Olivas, W. O. Ruddick, J. G. Smith, K. A. Ulmer, S. R. Wagner, J. Zhang, A. Chen, E. A. Eckhart, A. Soffer, W. H. Toki, R. J. Wilson, F. Winklmeier, Q. Zeng, D. D. Altenburg, E. Feltresi, A. Hauke, H. Jasper, B. Spaan, T. Brandt, V. Klose, H. M. Lacker, W. F. Mader, R. Nogowski, A. Petzold, J. Schubert, K. R. Schubert, R. Schwierz, J. E. Sundermann, A. Volk, D. Bernard, G. R. Bonneaud, P. Grenier, E. Latour, Ch. Thiebaux, M. Verderi, D. J. Bard, P. J. Clark, W. Gradl, F. Muheim, S. Playfer, A. I. Robertson, Y. Xie, M. Andreotti, D. Bettoni, C. Bozzi, R. Calabrese, G. Cibinetto, E. Luppi, M. Negrini, A. Petrella, L. Piemontese, E. Prencipe, F. Anulli, R. Baldini-Ferroli, A. Calcaterra, R. de Sangro, G. Finocchiaro, S. Pacetti, P. Patteri, I. M. Peruzzi, M. Piccolo, M. Rama, A. Zallo, A. Buzzo, R. Capra, R. Contri, M. Lo Vetere, M. M. Macri, M. R. Monge, S. Passaggio, C. Patrignani, E. Robutti, A. Santroni, S. Tosi, G. Brandenburg, K. S. Chaisanguanthum, M. Morii, J. Wu, R. S. Dubitzky, J. Marks, S. Schenk, U. Uwer, W. Bhimji, D. A. Bowerman, P. D. Dauncey, U. Egede, R. L. Flack, J. R. Gaillard, J. A. Nash, M. B. Nikolich, W. Panduro Vazquez, X. Chai, M. J. Charles, U. Mallik, N. T. Meyer, V. Ziegler, J. Cochran, H. B. Crawley, L. Dong, V. Eyges, W. T. Meyer, S. Prell, E. I. Rosenberg, A. E. Rubin, A. V. Gritsan, M. Fritsch, G. Schott, N. Arnaud, M. Davier, G. Grosdidier, A. Höcker, F. Le Diberder, V. Lepeltier, A. M. Lutz, A. Oyanguren, S. Pruvot, S. Rodier, P. Roudeau, M. H. Schune, A. Stocchi, W. F. Wang, G. Wormser, C. H. Cheng, D. J. Lange, D. M. Wright, C. A. Chavez, I. J. Forster, J. R. Fry, E. Gabathuler, R. Gamet, K. A. George, D. E. Hutchcroft, D. J. Payne, K. C. Schofield, C. Touramanis, A. J. Bevan, F. Di Lodovico, W. Menges, R. Sacco, C. L. Brown, G. Cowan, H. U. Flaecher, D. A. Hopkins, P. S. Jackson, T. R. McMahon, S. Ricciardi, F. Salvatore, D. N. Brown, C. L. Davis, J. Allison, N. R. Barlow, R. J. Barlow, Y. M. Chia, C. L. Edgar, M. P. Kelly, G. D. Lafferty, M. T. Naisbit, J. C. Williams, J. I. Yi, C. Chen, W. D. Hulsbergen, A. 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Morandin, A. Pompili, M. Posocco, M. Rotondo, F. Simonetto, PHYSICAL REVIEW D 74, 032003 (2006)

We present measurements of the branching fractions for the Cabbibo suppressed decays D+->pi(+)pi(0) and D+-> K+pi(0) based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 124.3 fb(-1). The data were taken with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B Factory operating on and near the Upsilon(4S) resonance. We find B(D+->pi(+)pi(0))=(1.25 +/- 0.10 +/- 0.09 +/- 0.04)x10(-3) and B(D+-> K+pi(0))=(2.52 +/- 0.47 +/- 0.25 +/- 0.08)x10(-4), where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the last error is due to the uncertainties in the absolute branching fraction scale for D+ mesons. This represents the first observation of the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed D+-> K+pi(0) decay mode and a new measurement of the D+->pi(+)pi(0) branching fraction.

Using 226x10(6) Upsilon(4S)-> B (B) over bar events collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e(+)e(-) storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, we measure the branching fraction for B-0 ->(D) over bar K-0(+)pi(-), excluding B-0 -> D*-K+, to be B(B-0 -><<(D)over bar>K-0(+)pi(-))=(88 +/- 15 +/- 9)x10(-6). We observe B-0 ->(D) over bar K-0(*)(892)(0) and B-0 -> D-2(*)(2460)K--(+) contributions. The ratio of branching fractions B(B-0 -> D*-K+)/B(B-0 -> D*-pi(+))=(7.76 +/- 0.34 +/- 0.29)% is measured separately. The branching fraction for the suppressed mode B-0 ->(DK+)-K-0 pi(-) is B(B-0 ->(DK+)-K-0 pi(-))< 19x10(-6) at the 90% confidence level.

A search for lepton flavor violating decays of the {tau} lepton to a lighter mass lepton and a pseudoscalar meson has been performed using 339 fb{sup -1} of e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation data collected at a center-of-mass energy near 10.58GeV by the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP-II storage ring. No evidence of signal has been found, and upper limits on the branching fractions are set at 10{sup -7} level.

We present a search for the rare B-meson decay B0→a1±ρ∓ with a1±→π+π-π±. We use (110±1.2)×106  Υ(4S)→BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B Factory at SLAC. We obtain an upper limit of 30×10-6  (90%C.L.) for the branching fraction product B(B0→a1±ρ∓)B(a1±→π+π-π±), where we assume that the a1± decays exclusively to ρ0π±.

The aim of this work was to investigate differences among genotypes in post-anthesis root growth and distribution of modern UK winter wheat cultivars, and the effects of fungicide applications. Post-anthesis root growth of up to six cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), given either one or three applications of fungicide, was studied in field experiments during two seasons. Total root mass remained unchanged between GS63 (anthesis) and GS85, but root length increased significantly from 14.7 to 31.4 km m−2 in one season. Overall, there was no evidence for a decline in either root mass or length during grain filling. Root mass as a proportion of total plant mass was about 0.05 at GS85. There were significant differences among cultivars in root length and mass especially below 30 cm. Malacca had the smallest root length and Savannah the largest, and Shamrock had a significantly larger root system below 40 cm in both seasons. Fungicide applied at ear emergence had no significant effect on root mass in either season but increased root length (P<0.01) in the more disease-prone season. By maintaining a green canopy for longer, fungicide applied at flag leaf emergence may have resulted in delayed senescence of the root system and contributed to the post-anthesis maintenance of root mass and length.

We report measurements of the decays B+ -> Phi Phi K+ and B0 -> hi Phi K0 using a sample of 231 million BBbar pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B Factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The branching fractions are measured to be Br(B+ -> Phi Phi K+) = (7.5 +/- 1.0 stat. +/- 0.7 syst.) * 10^-6 and Br(B0 -> Phi Phi K0) = (4.1 +1.7/-1.4 stat. +/- 0.4 syst.) * 10^-6 for a Phi Phi invariant mass below 2.85 GeV/c2.

Three field experiments, each repeated over two or three seasons, on winter wheat investigated a possible limit to the association between grain yield and flag leaf life, as extended by fungicide application. The experiments involved up to six cultivars and different application rates, timings and frequencies of the strobilurin azoxystrobin and the triazole epoxiconazole. In the 2000/01 and 2001/02 seasons, the relationships between the thermal time to 37% green flag leaf area (m) and yield deviated from linearity. ‘Broken stick’ models were fitted to cultivar × experiment combinations within each season and the limit to the benefit to yield associated with extending flag leaf life was 700 °C days (S.E. = 20.7) and 725 °C days (S.E. = 9.33) after anthesis in 2000/01 and 2001/02, respectively. In 2002/03, the relationship between yield and m did not deviate significantly (P > 0.05) from linearity, but in this latter year the fungicide application failed to increase m past 700 °C days.