This study was aimed to detect the biological activity of Alpinia galanga rhizomes (ARE), Moringa oleifera leaves (MLE), A. galanga leaves (ALE), Panax ginseng leaves (PLE), P. ginseng rhizomes (PRE), and Vitis vinifera seeds (VSE) ethanolic extracts as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in both undifferentiated (undiff.) and differentiated (diff.) human neuroblastoma cell lines (SHSY5Y). AChE activity was estimated by Ellman’s colorimetric method. The bioactive compounds involved in the extract associated with impact on AChE activity were revealed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF/MS). As a result, AChE inhibition was determined by ARE [PYL] (0.040 ± 0.026 mg/mL for undiff. cells and 0.048 ± 0.030 mg/mL for diff. cells), followed by MLE (0.150 ± 0.08 mg/mL for undiff. cells and 0.339 ± 0.020 mg/mL for diff. cells) when treated by MLE. The phytochemical analysis by LC–QTOF/MS identified abundant phenolic compounds, namely dephospho-CoA, nimodipine, and embelin, among the 40 compounds present in MLE, which have beneficial effects on AChE enzyme activity in undifferentiated and differentiated SHSY5Y cells. Furthermore, the compounds were estimated for the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as well as molecular docking of ligand molecules and protein target prediction by freely accessible web tools, such as the PubChem database, SwissADME, and SwissDock.

Functional vinegars have been produced from various ingredients worldwide, yet there remains a notable gap in utilizing herbal plants as complementary ingredients to sugar-based materials. This study investigates the innovative combination of Caesalpinia sappan extract with sugarcane juice for functional vinegar production. The results demonstrate that C. sappan-supplemented vinegars exhibited significantly enhanced quality parameters compared to control vinegar made from sugarcane juice alone. Specifically, the supplemented vinegars showed increased total acidity and total phenolic content (TPC), with the improvement directly proportional to the concentration of plant extract used. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were present exclusively in the C. sappan-supplemented vinegars but absent in the control. Most notably, the supplementation of C. sappan extract at concentrations of 2 and 4 g/L substantially enhanced both the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of the resulting vinegars. These biochemical improvements highlight the synergistic potential of combining sugarcane juice with C. sappan extract for developing novel functional vinegar beverages with enhanced bioactive properties. Our findings open new possibilities for creating value-added products that leverage traditional medicinal plants in modern functional beverages, potentially offering consumers additional health benefits beyond conventional vinegars.

Postmenopausal obesity is characterised by increased visceral fat accumulation due to oestrogen deficiency. Biancaea sappan L. Tod contains brazilin and other compounds with antioxidant and anti-obesity potential. This study aimed to evaluate whether fermentation of B. sappan extract into sappan cider using SCOBY could enhance its biological activity. Fourty-eight OVX female rats were divided into eight groups: SHAM, OVX, TAM (tamoxifen 1 mg/kg body weight [BW], positive control), Biancaea sappan extract (BSE) (20 mg/200 g BW), KOM (standard kombucha 1 mL/200 g BW), and CID I–III (B. sappan cider 0.93, 2.8, and 5.6 g/200 g BW, respectively). Oral treatment was administered for 28 days. Phytochemical profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) showed that fermentation converted brazilin to brazilein and increased the total phenolic content. Compared with OVX rats, CID III significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bodyweight gain, visceral fat mass, and adipocyte diameter, while enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. No uterotrophic effects were observed. CID III was the most effective dose for reversing obesity-related changes without hormonal stimulation. These findings indicate that SCOBY-fermented B. sappan cider improves redox balance and adiposity, suggesting its potential nutraceutical for managing postmenopausal obesity.

γ-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) is a mental health-supporting substance that helps release anxiety and depression and improves memory. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SKKL1, a GABA-producing bacterium, has been introduced to formulate a gut-brain axis product. However, growth and sugar consumption of L. plantarum SKKL1 in milk were ineffective. This obstacle was investigated by varying different types of milk, sugars, fermentation temperatures, and times. The results revealed that none of these parameters improved growth and bacterial metabolism in milk, except addition of soluble protein as found in yeast extract and malt extract. Although a protease deficiency of L. plantarum SKKL1 was discovered, it was not a primary barrier to cell propagation. Insight of this study showed clearly that soluble protein was an essential metabolic activator for growth, nutrient consumption, and protease synthesis, then stimulated lactic acid and GABA productions. While, milk casein and casein hydrolysate, a complex protein structure with low solubility, were not utilized by L. plantarum SKKL1. The novelty of this study is the first in-depth investigation to confirm a significant effect of soluble protein on enrich-GABA milk fermentation by L. plantarum SKKL1 as the sole starter without protease and monosodium glutamate addition.

Protease is a widely used enzyme particularly in the detergent industry. In this research, we aimed to isolate alkaline protease-producing bacteria for characterization as a laundry detergent additive. The screening of alkaline protease production was investigated on basal medium agar plus 1% skim milk at pH 11, with incubation at 30°C. The highest alkaline protease-producing bacterium was 6BS15-4 strain, identified as Bacillus gibsonii by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While the optimum pH was 12.0, the strain was stable at pH range 7.0-12.0 when incubated at 45°C for 60 min. The alkaline protease produced by B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 using dairy effluent was characterized. The optimum temperature was 60°C and the enzyme was stable at 55°C when incubated at pH 11.0 for 60 min. Metal ions K+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Na+, and Zn2+ exhibited a slightly stimulatory effect on enzyme activity. The enzyme retained over 80% of its activity in the presence of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Mn2+. Thiol reagent and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity, whereas phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride significantly inhibited the protease activity. The alkaline protease from B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 demonstrated efficiency in blood stain removal and could therefore be used as a detergent additive, with potential for various other industrial applications.

The current trend worldwide is searching plant extracts towards prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga leaves (ALE), Alpinia galanga rhizomes (ARE), Vitis vinifera seeds (VSE), Moringa oleifera leaves (MLE), Panax ginseng leaves (PLE) and Panax ginseng rhizomes (PRE) ethanolic extracts on human neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells. The 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging of VSE and MLE were 81% and 58%, respectively. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of ALE and MLE (33.57 ± 0.20 and 26.76 ± 0.30 μmol Fe(ΙΙ)/g dry wt., respectively) were higher than for the other extracts. Liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) revealed MLE active compounds. Intracellular study by nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) test showed that MLE and VSE had high O2− scavenging (0.83 ± 0.09 vs. 0.98 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively). MLE had the highest ROS scavenging followed by PRE (0.71 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively), by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) assay. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity and neuroprotection tests on SHSY5Y showed that PRE had a better neuroprotective effect but higher cytotoxicity compared to MLE (viable cells 51% vs. 44%, IC50 1.92 ± 0.04 vs. 2.7 ± 0.2 mg/mL, respectively). In conclusion, among the studied plants, MLE has potential for developing as a neuroprotective agent.

Tyrosinase (TYR) is a type III copper oxidase present in fungi, plants and animals. The inhibitor of human TYR plays a vital role in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields by preventing synthesis of melanin in the skin. To search for an effective TYR inhibitor from various plant extracts, a kinetic study of TYR inhibition was performed with mushroom TYR. Among Panax ginseng, Alpinia galanga, Vitis vinifera and Moringa oleifera, the extracts of V. vinifera seed, A. galanga rhizome and M. oleifera leaf reversibly inhibited TYR diphenolase activity with IC50 values of 94.8 ± 0.2 µg/mL, 105.4 ± 0.2 µg/mL and 121.3 ± 0.4 µg/mL, respectively. Under the same conditions, the IC50 values of the representative TYR inhibitors of ascorbic acid and kojic acid were found at 235.7 ± 1.0 and 192.3 ± 0.4 µg/mL, respectively. An inhibition kinetics study demonstrated mixed-type inhibition of TYR diphenolase by A. galanga and V. vinifera, whereas a rare uncompetitive inhibition pattern was found from M. oleifera with an inhibition constant of Kii 73 µg/mL. Phytochemical investigation by HPLC-MS proposed luteolin as a specific TYR diphenolase ES complex inhibitor, which was confirmed by the inhibition kinetics of luteolin. The results clearly showed that studying TYR inhibition kinetics with plant extract mixtures can be utilized for the screening of specific TYR inhibitors.

For biotechnological production of high-valued β-D-hexyl glucoside, the catalytic properties of Hanseniaspora thailandica BC9 β-glucosidase purified from the periplasmic fraction were studied, and the transglycosylation activity for the production of β-D-hexyl glucoside was optimized. The constitutive BC9 β-glucosidase exhibited maximum specific activity at pH 6.0 and 40ºC, and the activity of BC9 β-glucosidase was not significantly inhibited by various metal ions. BC9 β-glucosidase did not show a significant activity of cellobiose hydrolysis, but the activity was rather enhanced in the presence of sucrose and medium-chain alcohols. BC9 β-glucosidase exhibited enhanced production of β-D-hexyl glucoside in the presence of DMSO, and 62% of β-D-hexyl glucoside conversion was recorded in 4 h in the presence of 5% 1-hexanol and 15% DMSO.

Objective: Thai medicinal plants were used as the traditional medicines and as part of everyday plants diet. Plants contain a mixture of phytochemical and exhibit a lot of functional food and medicinal properties. This project aims to investigate the potential of selected Thai medicinal plants according to the properties of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The eighteen plants were extracted using maceration method with 95% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. The extract which exhibited high antioxidant and antibacterial activity was selected to observe morphological changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The extract of Caesalpinia sappan showed the highest activities on both antioxidant assayed by FRAP method and total phenolic contents, however, exhibited high antioxidant assayed by DPPH compared to Bauhinia strychnifolia extract. Moreover, the extract of C. sappan showed the excellent antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria in Gastro-intestinal tract. The morphological change by SEM was selected for further investigation antibacterial activities of C. sappan extract. The results showed that the inhibitory effect to those bacterial strains could be caused by the disruption of the cell membrane and decrease biofilm formation after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of C. sappan exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against the six pathogenic bacteria. This result suggested that C. sappan could be applied to use for medicinal purpose and functional products.

Vetiver grass (VG) high cellulose is an abundant lignocellulosic material used in both cellulolytic enzyme and bioethanol production. Appropriate VG size for fungal growth and enzymes production was 500 mu m, while the optimum cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus tubingensis HS1-5 under solid state fermentation using response surface methodology (RSM) was the substrate volume of 12.36 g, moisture content of 56.45% and pH at 4.4. Filter Paperase (FPase), Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and beta-glucosidase activities of 156.84, 2096.67 and 63.11 U/g substrate, respectively were investigated under these conditions. The highest yield of reducing sugar was found with pretreatment of VG with 1% (w/v) NaOH followed by 0.5% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 degrees C for 60 min. Maximum fermentable sugar from enzymatic hydrolysis (90 FPU/mL) and bioethanol production were obtained with 21.10 and 5.85 g/L, respectively. The crude cellulase enzyme was suitable for VG hydrolysis and the sugar released can be further utilized for bioethanol production.

Mushroom cultivation waste material (MCWM) was utilized as a lignocellulosic source for cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus tubingensis HS1-5 and bioethanol production. The appreciable level of cellulolytic enzymes was produced under a moisture content of 65%, pH 5.0, and \(30\, {^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\). Pretreatment of MCWM with 1% \(\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {SO}_{4}\) at \(121\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\) for 90 min was effective, resulting in high fermentable sugar yields. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using the substrate-to-enzyme volume ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2, and glucose concentration was maximal with the substrate-to-enzyme volume ratio of 1:0.5 at 24 h. The scanning electron microscope images indicated that acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis exerted the disintegration of MCWM structure and the release of fermentable sugars. The ethanol yield produced from MCWM by Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5339 was 0.42 g ethanol/g sugar, corresponding to 82.30% of the theoretical yield. These findings suggest that MCWM is an appropriate lignocellulosic source for cellulolytic enzyme production and can be effectively used for bioethanol production.

The research was aimed to study beneficial effects of seed priming treatment on various deteriorated seeds under artificial accelerated aging. It was focused on seed quality and biochemical parameters which were germination percentage, speed of germination, and mean germination time, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and total peroxide), and antioxidant activity (ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, catalase and %DPPH inhibition). Experiments were tested for seed priming and accelerated aging which conducted in the seed processing plant with the hybrid cucumber seeds of cultivar SPP012. Seeds were brought to incubate aging chamber to obtain 45C and relative humidity of 100 % for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. Subsequently, all of the seeds were dried at 35 C for 48 hours by the modified air-dryer to reduce seed moisture to 7-8%. Aged seeds were soaked in KH2PO4 and using PEG 6000 as the agent to adjust a potential to be -1 MPa at 15 C for 72 hours. Primed seeds were rinsed with deionized water and adjusted to the initial seed moisture by air-drying at 35 C for 48 hours. The samples were randomly selected to examine the effects of accelerated aging to monitor seed quality in the laboratory and greenhouse. Germination tests were performed to examine seeds quality. Biochemical analysis covered lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. The results found that seed priming was improved the quality of hybrid cucumber seeds and biochemical parameters at significant level. Level of germination defines effectiveness of seed priming in commercial purpose. Seed priming significantly reduced amount of malondialdehyde and total peroxide. The antioxidant activity, seed priming affects various results of biochemical changes were expressed by increasing the level of antioxidant activity.

The purpose of this study was to select oleaginous yeast for microbial lipid production. Sixty-four yeast isolates were obtained from soil (GSY1-12), animal feeds (FDY1-21), and ruminal fluid (RMY1-31) using yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) agar. The cultivation of these isolates on nitrogen limitedmedium revealed that GSY2 to GSY6, GSY10, FDY2, FDY12 and FDY14 accumulated lipid over 20% of dry biomass. Therefore, they were preliminarily classified as oleaginous yeast. In subsequent experiment, an 8 9 3 factorial in completely randomized design was conducted to examine the effect of eight oleaginous yeast strains and three nitrogen sources (peptone, (NH4)(2)SO4, urea) on lipid accumulation when using molasses as substrate. The result illustrated that only GSY3 and GSY10 accumulated lipid over 20% of biomass when using peptone or (NH4)(2)SO4 but urea did not. However, GSY10 gave higher biomass and lipid yield than GSY3 (P < 0.05). Identification of GSY10 using 26S rDNA illustrated that GSY10 belongs to Trichosporon asahii. Fatty acid profiles of this strain contained unsaturated fats up to 62.5% of which oleic acid (C-18:1) was predominant. In conclusion, T. asahii GSY10 was the most promising oleaginous yeast for microbial lipid production from molasses.

The effect of operating conditions on the treatment efficiency and biodegradation of aldehyde biocide (glutaraldehyde, GA) in a laboratory-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was studied under three different experimental runs. In Run 1, the flow of synthetic wastewater containing 160 ppm GA as a sole carbon source was introduced to the RBC at a rate of 2.5 L h to establish active biofilms on the RBC. The results showed that the acclimated biofilms could remove 38.84 ± 2.03 % of COD and 71.36 ± 1.99 % of GA. In Run 2, the flow of the wastewater was decreased to 1.25 L h at constant GA concentration therefore hydraulic loading or organic loading would be half of that in Run 1. The results showed that the percentage of COD and GA removal in Run 2 were increased to 64.75 ± 4.02 % and 95.97 ± 0.38 % respectively. In Run 3, the conditions were identical to those of Run 1. At steady state the percentage of COD and GA removal were significantly increased to 61.23 ± 3.53 % and 88.87 ± 1.26 % respectively when compared to those of Run 1. These results suggested that at sub-lethal biocide concentration, the degree of biocide degradation and COD removal depended on acclimation period, the amount of mineral salts available and the operating conditions.

Azotobacter vinelandii, a strict aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, has been extensively studied with regard to the ability of N-2-fixation due to its high expression of nitrogenase and fast growth. Because nitrogenase can also reduce cyanide to ammonia and methane, cyanide degradation by A. vinelandii has been studied for the application in the bioremediation of cyanide-contaminated wastewater. Cyanide degradation by A. vinelandii in NFS (nitrogen-free sucrose) medium was examined in terms of cell growth and cyanide reduction, and the results were applied for cyanide-contaminated cassava mill wastewater. From the NFS medium study in the 300 ml flask, it was found that A. vinelandii in the early stationary growth phase could reduce cyanide more rapidly than the cells in the exponential growth phase, and 84.4% of cyanide was degraded in 66 h incubation upon addition of 3.0 mM of NaCN. The resting cells of A. vinelandii could also reduce cyanide concentration by 90.4% with 3.0 mM of NaCN in the large-scale (3 L) fermentation with the same incubation time. Finally, the optimized conditions were applied to the cassava mill wastewater bioremediation, and A. vinelandii was able to reduce the cyanide concentration by 69.7% after 66 h in the cassava mill wastewater containing 4.0 mM of NaCN in the 3 L fermenter. Related to cyanide degradation in the cassava mill wastewater, nitrogenase was the responsible enzyme, which was confirmed by methane production. These findings would be helpful to design a practical bioremediation system for the treatment of cyanide-contaminated wastewater.

The objective of present study was to examine the effect of molasses and ammonium sulfate concentration on intracellular lipid accumulation by Trichosporon asahii. Nine culture media with different concentration of molasses (M,%) and ammonium sulfate (N,g/l) includings M8N0.5, M8N1.0, M8N1.5, M12N0.5, M12N1.0, M12N1.5, M16N0.5, M16N1.0 and M16N1.5 were randomly assigned in completely randomized design (CRD). Five milliliter of inoculums was transferred in 45 ml of media and incubated at 30oC with shaking at 160 rpm for 6 days. Results illustrated that lipid content was higher when T. asahii was cultured in the medium M12N0.5. This indicated that medium M12N0.5 was suitable for producing single cell oil for use as fat supplement in animal diet.

The aim of this study was to establish the effect of smaller molecular weight (0.5 and 1.0 kDa) on prebiotic efficacy and its putative sustainability in the human gut. The prebiotic effect of α-1,2 branched, 0.5 and 1 kDa dextrans were evaluated in faecal batch fermentations as compared with inulin. Both dextrans induce similar selectivity towards Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus/Enterococcus and Bacteroides/Prevotella, and producing similar concentrations of short chain fatty acids. However, the 0.5 kDa dextran was fermented faster than the 1 kDa dextran, where both produced lower amount of gas than inulin. The fermentation of 1 kDa dextran was further investigated in continuous gut models. The dextran increased Bifidobacterium and Roseburia sp. populations in the final vessel, while decreasing Clostridium histolyticum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Overall, the α-1,2 branched, 1 kDa dextran induced selective effect on the gut microbiota and stimulated short chain fatty acids, indicating prebiotic sustainability in distal regions of the gut.

Seed priming is a complex physiological and biochemical process and offers an effective means to improve seed quality. This study focuses on the effect of priming process on quality and biochemical changes in sweet pepper seed (Capsicumn annuum Linn.). The sweet pepper seeds were artificially aged by exposing to high temperature (42 degreesC) and high humidity (100% relative humidity) for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days. After that the seven treatments from different aging times were primed in a polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution with the osmotic potential of -1.5 MPa for 6 days. Seed germination and biochemical changes of primed seeds were compared with aged seeds. Seed germination was improved in primed seeds. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total peroxide concentration in primed seeds were decreased. The accumulation of total antioxidant activity (TAA), total ascorbate, dehydroascobate and catalase (CAT) activity in primed seeds enhanced the defense mechanism in protecting the cell membrane damage from reactive oxygen species. The enhanced seed germination possibly was resulted due to accumulation of antioxidants and the improvement of cell membrane integrity. These results pave the way to gain the insight into fact that how seed quality can be improved by the priming process.

Ruminal organic acid production, especially lactic acid, can be modified by feeding cattle highly concentrated diets, which have been shown to adversely affect dairy cattle health. Therefore, the use of lactic acid‐utilizing organisms is considered to be a potential method for controlling lactic acid levels. This study was conducted to isolate and identify lactic acid‐utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle and to determine the specific growth rate and generation time when using lactic acid as a carbon source instead of glucose. Seventeen yeast isolates were examined in this study. Yeasts isolated from dairy cattle that were fed a high cassava pulp diet (HCP) had higher specific growth rates and shorter generation times than yeasts isolated from dairy cattle that were fed a high‐concentrate diet (HC) and a mixed diet (M). The three most effective yeasts in terms of specific growth rate and generation time were Pichia kudriavzevii, Candida rugosa and Kodamaea ohmeri, with 99, 100 and 99% nucleotide identities, respectively. These three isolates could be used as potential probiotics in dairy cattle diets.

A new yeast species (KKU-FW10) belonging to the Candida genus was isolated from Jasminum adenophyllum in the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under The Royal Initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn area, Chulabhorn Dam, Konsan district within Chaiyaphum province in Thailand. The strain was identified via analysis of nucleotide sequences from the D1/D2 domain of 26S ribosomal DNA and based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The sequence obtained from yeast isolate KKU-FW10 was 97 percent identical to that of Candida chanthaburiensis (GenBank accession number AB500861.1), with 506/517 (nucleotides identity/total nucleotides) matching nucleotides, nine substitutions and two gaps being detected. This species belonged to the Candida clade. Regarding morphological characteristics, isolate KKU-FW10 presents cream-colored butyrous colonies, vegetative reproduction through budding and, round cells without filaments or ascospores. The major ubiquinone detected was Q-9. The above results suggest that isolate KKU-FW10 is a new member of the genus Candida, and the name Candida konsanensis is proposed for this yeast. The type strain of the new species is KKU-FW10(T) (= BCC 52588(T), = NBRC 109082(T), = CBS 12666(T)). In addition, this KKU-FW10 could potentially produce 58.24 Units/ml of carboxymethyl cellulase when it was cultured in YP broth containing 1.0 % carboxymethyl cellulose for 24 h.