Mongolia faces difficulties in eradicating rural poverty, the same as other developing countries in the World. The selection of appropriate measurement is an essential prior step with regard to the complexity of poverty types and specifications. The most widely used poverty measuring methods are Income/cost Per Capita (IPC) per day and multidimensional poverty index (MPI). In the case of nomadic herder households in Mongolia, a livestock number is used as a proxy indicator to measure livelihood and poverty. Considering that, a herder household with less than 200 animals is considered poor, in general principle. This study uses a survey of 350 herder households, divided into three livelihood groups based on the number of livestock following the World Bank methodology; three groups are namely poor, lower wealthy and wealthy herder households. The livelihood of households was measured using IPC and MPI-3 methods, and the study results suggest that the MPI-3 method is not entirely appropriate to measure the herder household’s poverty and needs to adjust and add some indicators. According to their difference, part-time and periodic herders should be identified separately from full-time herders regarding measuring and studying livelihood and poverty levels.

A mezőgazdaságban fontos szerepet töltenek be a családi gazdaságok. Ez egy olyan gazdálkodási forma, ahol a megszerzett tudás és a gazdaság vagyona akár több generáción keresztül is képes a családon belül maradni. Ezért is lehet, hogy a generációváltás kérdése egyre inkább előtérbe kerül napjainkban. Az utódlás azonban számos akadályba ütközhet. A gazdaságátadás egyik legnagyobb nehézsége lehet, ha a családi gazdaság nem rendelkezik olyan utóddal, aki tovább vihetné a családi hagyományokat. A gyakorlatban az tapasztalható, hogy az állam és az európai unió is megpróbálja ösztönözni a fiatal gazdálkodókat a mezőgazdasági tevékenység végzésére, ennek ellenére mégsem mondható túl népszerűnek. A felmérésünkben arra kerestük a választ, hogy mekkora a pszichológiai értelemben vett nyomás az utódokon a családi gazdaságuk átvételére, és ez a nyomás mennyire függ a gazdaság méretétől és az utód generációjától. A kérdőíves felmérést olyan családi gazdaságokkal végeztük el Karcagon, ahol aktuális az utódlás kérdése. A vizsgálat eredményei a megkérdezett gazdálkodók válaszai alapján azt mutatják, hogy az utódok nem érzik tehernek a gazdaság átvételét, sokkal inkább büszkék arra, hogy tovább vihetik családi hagyományaikat.

Sports civic organizations are essential for Hungarian society, especially for young people’s lives, constituting a crucial part of the corpus of civil society organizations. The performance and output of these were rarely examined; still, activity forms of an organization and their managerial practice may equally result in failure and success. By applying a survey questionnaire, this study provided an in-depth picture and an analysis of the six crucial dimensions of their functioning: Public Activity, Employment, Human Resources, Professional Activity, State Aid and Funding, and Social Influence. Apart from the contribution that this study gave to recognize a particular type of civil society organizations, i.e., the sports one, its significance lay mainly in the connection of the crucial attributes/dimensions of organization and functioning.

Health tourism is defined as a tourism product of strategic importance in Hungary and spa towns are among the most visited destinations in the country. The aims of the present research are to explore the characteristics of the tourism sector in the spa town of Hajdúszoboszló, and to identify the trends having shaped its tourism in the previous decade. Time-series analysis of secondary tourism data as well as a questionnaire survey among visitors were conducted to assess the market position of the spa town. The results imply that both the well-balanced ratio of domestic and international guests and the diversity of international source markets were favourable for the town. In the future, the more efficient diversification of tourism products, the improvement of the MICE sector, and the development of gastronomic, cultural and sport tourism products are recommended.

The study aims to validate the measures taken by the government of Mongolia against COVID-19 and to analyse the negative impacts of COVID-19 on the livelihood of different types of households. The survey covers 362 households consisting of five different types, namely, apartment households, ger district households, herder households, vegetable growing households, and small farmer households. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the number of variables to a few factors that best explain the variation in the variables. Two to three components were found from the principal component analyses that describe (i) government policy, (ii) challenges due to COVID-19, and (iii) risk and vulnerability that occurred due to COVID-19. Multiple regression models attributed by the household's type were used to analyse the impact of the selected variables on the households' income. According to the regression results, herding households are the least affected, compared to the other four types of households. The government measures to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 have better results for apartment households and ger district households. Rural households are less affected and seem to be more resilient to COVID-19 shocks than other households.

Increasing the use of natural resources can improve the country’s wealth, but it has adverse effects caused by improper usage, and it is non-renewable. The depletion of natural resources is a global environmental issue that threatens the livelihoods of billions of people. Moreover, not all resource-rich countries are highly developed. Mongolia is one of the natural resources-rich countries in the world. The agricultural sector is Mongolia’s traditional economic sector, and it still plays an essential role in the country’s economy. This paper investigated the interrelation between the agriculture and the mining sectors and their impact on Mongolia’s economic growth. A multiple-stage regression model was used to analyse the selected variables’ time series data over 20 years of Mongolia. In addition to the model’s sectoral data per capita wealth, other control variables are added to explain economic convergences, human capital impact, and government size. Result proves that the mining sector has a substantial impact on the economic growth of Mongolia. However, agricultural sector growth does not depend on the mining sector. The high dependency from one sector, particularly the extractive sector, warns against the sustainable development of the country’s economy. Therefore, it is essential to support agriculture and other secondary sectors based on renewable natural resources and agriculture.

The review article aims to know the reality of the rural sector of one of the essential productive territories of Ecuador. Manabi province is in the center of the country's coastal area on the most relevant part of the South American continent over the Pacific Ocean. It is in a strategic position for trade and agro productive activities. The document will analyze the three dimensions (social, ecological, and economic) in which the rural development of the territories is focused and compare the region described with the Hungarian rural economy. Additionally, it will identify some similarities and differences in the rural sector, particularly the strong relationship between the agricultural activities and the situation of the farmers in this context. This case study serves as an instrument of analysis of a settlement within which rural development works at a general level. Also, it will contemplate a series of statistical information that evidence the territorial reality of the regions that can determine future sustainable rural development strategies.

In our study, we examined whether product characteristics indicated by food labels matter in purchasing decisions for sausage made from traditional Hungarian mangalica pork; and how much consumers are willing to pay for them. On the other hand, we also tried to measure whether any changes in consumers' preferences occurred in recent years. Two product characteristics (label of origin and different mangalica meat content) and two other factors (place of purchase and price) are examined in a discrete choice experiment based on stated preference data. According to our expectations, government-funded consumer campaigns in recent years have had an impact on consumers purchase of this traditional product, and they pay more attention to food labels, which can also be influenced by sociodemographic characteristics. Our results have been compared to a previous choice-model based research, investigating consumers' attitude towards similar mangalica pork products. Three different types of models (multinomial logit, random parameter logit, and latent class) are employed, from which two types of models account for the heterogeneity in preferences. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the advertisements promoting traditional meat consumption had only a partial effect on consumer attitudes. Consumers clearly prefer the label of origin indicating meat from registered animals and purchasing on the farmers' market, but according to the indication of the different mangalica meat content in the product, we have already reached conflicting results. Three consumer segments were identified: "price sensitive, loyal to label, label neutral" based on latent class model estimates.

The role of rural areas partly changed in the last decades. The countryside is still functioning as the main food producer of the world and this role became much more important because of the global population growth and because of the change in dietary habits. But other rural functions appeared just like recreation, health preservation, and on the other hand the different ecological functions' importance increased. The population living in the countryside is continuously decreasing as more and more people try to move into urban areas. One of the main aims of this article is to give a brief literature overview on the services needed in the rural areas in order to stop migration from the countryside to the cities. Based on extensive literature review the article summarizes the changing functions of the countryside and tries to list those developments which are needed to preserve rural population.

A fitneszszolgáltatások alkalmasak a mozgásszegény életmód kompenzálására, ezért napjainkban megnövekedtek az ezek keresletét, fogyasztói motivációját elemző írások. A kínálat is kutatott terület, ahol elsősorban a szolgáltatás minőségével kapcsolatban vizsgálódtak a kutatók. Kevés kutatás ír a fitnesztermeket üzemeltető cégek vállalkozási tevékenységéről. Kutatásunkban az Észak-Alföld régióban működő fitneszszolgáltatásokat nyújtó vállalkozások (N = 31) vállalkozási tevékenységének feltérképezésére vállalkozunk. Jelen tanulmányban azt mutatjuk be, hogy a fitnesztermek üzemeltetői mennyire vélik fontosnak a marketingmix elemeinek tudatos alkalmazását. Az eredmények igazolják, hogy a szolgáltatók követik a trendeket, melyeket megjelenítenek a termékfejlesztésben. Így a trendekhez igazított kínálatfejlesztés a szolgáltatók marketingtevékenységének egyik meghatározó eleme. A kínálat kialakításakor a szolgáltatók olyan kiegészítő szolgáltatásokat (pl. wellnesskínálati elemek) is megcéloznak, melyek hatékony módon egészítik ki a különböző edzésformákat, egyben biztosítják a regenerációt. A szolgáltatásfejlesztés a változó igényeknek való megfelelésre, az egyediségre való törekvésre is fókuszál, amely piaci előnyt eredményezhet, hozzájárulva a versenyképesség növeléséhez. Árképzésükre az árelfogadó stratégia és a versenytársakhoz igazított árképzés a jellemző. Promóciós tevékenységükben és az értékesítésben előnyben részesítik az onlinemarketing-eszközöket.

The Visegrad countries - or the V-4 countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia - is strong regional cooperation of four EU member states in Eastern-Central-Europe aimed at strengthening the positions of the members on both a European and a global level. The aim of this research is to analyse the capital structure of the agricultural and food companies in the V4 Member States. The results show that more profitable companies were less dependent on debt finance, while the fast-growing companies had limited access to the financial market. Company size had a significant effect only in the Czech Republic. Overall, the capital structure seemed to be strongly affected by the farm structure and the relative company size.

A fizikai aktivitás pozitív hatással van az emberi szervezetre, melyet számos hazai és nemzetközi kutatás igazolt. Cikkünkben bemutatjuk a különböző életkori csoportokban végzett legfontosabb kutatásokat, melyek a rendszeres testmozgás pozitív hatásait igazolják. Ismertetjük a várható egészséges életévek alakulását, továbbá bemutatjuk a fizikai aktivitás és sport WHO szerinti értelmezését, valamint azon javaslatokat és ajánlásokat, melyek a rendszeres fizikai aktivitásra vonatkoznak, és célcsoport-specifikusan határozzák meg az egészségelőnyök eléréséhez szükséges fizikai aktivitási szintet és a terhelés intenzitását.

A fizikai aktivitas pozitiv hatassal van az emberi szervezetre, melyet szamos hazai es nemzetkozi kutatas igazolt. Cikkunkben bemutatjuk a kulonboző eletkori csoportokban vegzett legfontosabb kutatasokat, melyek a rendszeres testmozgas pozitiv hatasait igazoljak. Ismertetjuk a varhato egeszseges eletevek alakulasat, tovabba bemutatjuk a fizikai aktivitas es sport WHO szerinti ertelmezeset, valamint azon javaslatokat es ajanlasokat, melyek a rendszeres fizikai aktivitasra vonatkoznak, es celcsoport-specifikusan hatarozzak meg az egeszsegelőnyok eleresehez szukseges fizikai aktivitasi szintet es a terheles intenzitasat. According to national and international research studies, physical activity has positive effects on the human body. In our article, we present the results of previous research studies regarding the positive effects of physical activity on different age groups, then we describe and analyze the trends of expected healthy life years at birth. We introduce the definition and WHO interpretations of sport and physical activity as well as specific proposals and recommendations related to regular physical activity, which determine the activity-level and intensity (target-specifically) required to achieve the desired health benefits. Besides these we give a summary about the research studies which aim to quantify the economic effects of increase and promotion of physical activity.

The world energy consumption was about 567-578 EJ in 2017 which is still increasing – in 2017 by 2.2%, and yearly by 1.7% on average since 2006 (BP, 2018, IEA, 2018). Within this, the consumption of residential segment plays a significant role both in the EU (42%) and in Hungary (35%) as well (Eurostat, 2019). The Hungarian population spend 12.8% (35 EUR/capita/month) of their income on energy sources, and this rate is even higher in case of the pensioners, singles and those who have lower income (KSH, 2019). At the same time, the rate of renewables in the energy mix stagnates for years worldwide (14%), it is a bit higher in the EU and in Hungary than the world average (18-18%, IEA, 2018). Thus, the renewable energy sources can also have serious perspectives in the residential cost reduction, in the sustainable energy consumption and in the local income production. Our aim is to analyse the knowledge of Hungarian consumers on renewable energy sources, their willingness to apply them and the socio-demographic factors on these. To execute the research objectives, a national representative survey with 1000 people was started in April 2019 in Hungary. Based on the results of the questionnaire, it was concluded that the information of the inhabitants is below the average in case of every examined renewable energy source, which is especially true for the biomass-based energy sources. The ease is almost as important as the environment friendliness. An excessively high rate of respondents (34 and 27%) is interested in solar panels and solar collectors, 32% of them seclude themselves from the use of these energy sources. It would be justified to extend these consumer researches in the future for more countries. The authors wish to clarify how the differences in location, income status and residential segment and values influence the spread of these energy sources in the EU and by which tools could support the usage of these in the future. Acknowledgment This research was supported by EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00022 „Debrecen Venture Catapult Program”. The research was financed by the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme (20428-3/2018/FEKUTSTRAT) of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary, within the framework of the 4.thematic programme of the University of Debrecen. References BP (British Petrol, 2018): Statistical Review of World Energy. 67th edition, pp. 1-52Eurostat (2019): https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statisticsInternational Energy Agency (IEA, 2018): Key World Energy Statistics. www.iea. org/statistics, pp. 1-51KSH (Hungarian Central Statistic Agency, 2019). http://www.ksh.hu/thm/3/indi3_1_2.html

A Visegradi orszagok (Cseh Koztarsasag, Lengyelorszag, Magyarorszag es Szlovakia) egyuttműkodesenek celja a tagok helyzetenek erősitese europai es globalis szinten is. A kozos torteneti hatter, az elmult harom evtized fejlődesenek hasonlosagai segitenek a Visegradi orszagoknak tamogatni egymast gazdasagi es politikai kerdesekben. Az elemzes celja a V4-es tagallamok mezőgazdasaganak bemutatasa, tovabba az itt műkodő elelmiszeripari vallalkozasok penzugyi helyzetenek vizsgalata. A tortenelem soran az elsődleges szektor fontos szerepet jatszott a Visegradi orszagok nemzetgazdasagaban. A tersegben a politikai atalakulasok utan a primer szektor GDP-ben valo reszvetele kevesbe valt fontossa, de a regio foldrajzi elhelyezkedese es lehetősegei miatt az elsődleges szektor műkodese tovabbra is dontő jelentősegű. A vallalatok penzugyi helyzetenek alapmutatoit megvizsgalva kitűnik, hogy Magyarorszagon es Lengyelorszagban az elaprozodott gazdasagszerkezet a tőkeszerkezetben es a hitelstrukturaban is megmutatkozik. Magyarorszagon es Lengyelorszagban a hosszu tavu kotelezettsegek aranya 2017-ben rendkivul alacsony volt Csehorszaghoz es Szlovakiahoz kepest. Ez reszben fakadhat a kisvallalkozasok magas aranyabol, amelyek nem eleg tőkeerősek es penzugyileg stabilak ahhoz, hogy hosszu tavu befektetesekbe invesztaljanak. Magyarorszagon emellett főkent a rovid lejaratu kotelezettsegek dominaltak, ezzel szemben a V4 maradek tagallamaiban a hosszu es a rovid lejaratu kotelezettsegek aranya sokkal kiegyensulyozottabb volt.

The aim of this research was to develop a modified version of the Munene model summarizing the factors influencing willingness to pay for functional foods, adjusted to the Hungarian population. The questionnaire survey was conducted in 2014 in Hungary on a sample of 500 individuals, representative for gender, age, settlement type and region. Building blocks of the Munene model were examined and tested with a Latent Variable Path Analysis with the Partial Least Squares (LVPLS) model. According to the results, the strongest relationship in the modified model was identified between attitudes towards, and beliefs about, the attributes of functional foods, i.e. the more consumers believe in the health protecting effect of functional foods, the more positive their attitudes towards those foods, and the more they are willing to pay a premium for them. The highest explanatory power in the model was attributed to the attitudes towards functional foods, followed by beliefs about the attributes of functional foods, and then by consumer demographics. The modification of the original Munene model based on a Hungarian sample contributes to an examination of its usability and provides an example of how it can fit to another culture. Moreover, a comprehensive model including factors influencing WTP has not yet been developed among Hungarian consumers.

The paper seeks to summarize opportunities offered by the University of Debrecen (UD) for the further development of students’ and researchers’ innovative ideas to enter the marketplace, and to identify the essential links of the university’s innovation ecosystem resulting in mutual benefits at local, regional, national and international levels.The Innovation Ecosystem Center (IEC) is an organizational unit of UD responsible for innovation management and technology transfer that is evolving according to needs. It aims to promote the exploitation of research results and introduction of new technologies and goods into the market. Fostering entrepreneurial mindset, encouraging cooperation with the private sector and promotion of societal and environmental aspects of innovation are amongst the IEC activities.In order to fully fulfill its mission of innovation and become recognized by relevant stakeholders, it is essential that UD provides its services in a professional setting that meets the demands of the 21st century and offers opportunities for coworking. The specifically designed incubation centercontributes to the wider (market) exploitation of ideas and thus local economic development based on the cooperation of innovative teams with the actors of private and government sectors, while efficiently addressing environmental-socio-economic challenges.

A fitneszipar társadalmi-gazdasági jelentősége mára megkérdőjelezhetetlenné vált, melyet egyre növekvő méretei és piaci részesedése is jól bizonyítanak. Az egészséges életmód térnyerése mellett növekszik a kereslet a különféle szabadidős tevékenységek iránt. Az európai egészség- és fitneszpiac 2017-ben és 2018-ban is növekedett, melyet mind a fitneszklubok számának, mind a tagok számának és azok költéshajlandóságának növekedése eredményezett. Kutatásunkban az Észak-alföldi régióban működő fitnesztermek körében mélyinterjús kutatást végeztünk (N=33). Elemeztük, hogy a régióban működő fitnesztermek szolgáltatásai hogyan viszonyulnak napjaink nemzetközi fitnesz trendjeihez. Arra kerestük a választ, hogy a szolgáltatók a sportkínálatukban hogyan jelenítik meg a fogyasztói trendeket. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy azok a különböző edzésmódszerek, mozgásformák és funkcionális tréning gyakorlatok jelennek meg a szolgáltatók népszerű kínálatában, melyek leginkább alkalmasak arra, hogy a fogyasztók teljesítőképességét és fittségi szintjét növeljék.

On a global level, a healthy lifestyle is experienced more where sport and physical activity as a way of life has gained more importance. European Union documents (such as the White Paper on Sport-2007) further stressed the important role of physical activity, and member states have declared the same opinion. Almost all scientific research approaches the topic by measuring the sport-related activity rate and incidence. The findings of Eurobarometer (2014) revealed that 41% of responding European citizens pursue some kinds of sport or do some form of body movement once a week, while 59% rarely or never do. In Hungary, compared to the findings of 2009, activity improved. Still, 44% of Hungarian citizens never undertake any sports activity. Pursuing sport and showing interests in a more active lifestyle are indicators that may truly reflect the social connection between sport and the society itself, and we may apply both terms in the framework of engagement. These terms lead us to the topic of sport related involvement, including social, psychological, and economic dimensions. In a large sample representative survey, carried out among Hungarian people in the North Great plain region, we aimed to reveal the specifications of sport engagement and our empirical findings have proved a very strong connection between sport and the population itself.

A hazai és nemzetközi kutatási eredmények felhívják a figyelmet az egészséges táplálkozás területét érintő változtatásokra. A szekunder adatok tanúsága szerint a megfelelő tápanyag-, vitamin- és ásványianyag-ellátottsághoz, valamint a hiányállapotok és a túlzott bevitel okoz­ta egészségproblémák megelőzéséhez elenged­hetetlen a változatos táplálkozás, különösen a zöldség- és gyümölcsfogyasztás növelése, az állati eredetű zsírok, a magas só- és cukortartalmú élelmiszerek fogyasztásának mérséklése, továbbá a gabonafélék, különösen a teljes kiőrlésű gabonák, a zsírszegény tej és tejtermékek, illetve a halak fogyasztásának növelése. Ennek érdekében kiemelten fontos a magyar lakosság tájékoztatása az egészséges táplálkozás irányelveiről, és elengedhetetlen a korszerű, közérthető élelmiszeralapú ajánlások terjesztése, valamint az egészséges élelmiszerválaszték biztosítása és elérhetővé tétele. Az egészséges táplálkozáson túl a megfelelő fizikai aktivitás – már a napi rendszerességgel végzett séta is – mérhető egészségnyereséget jelent mind az egyén, mind a társadalom számára. JEL-kód: I12