ObjectiveAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to improve cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (mild AD).MethodsWe aimed to examine the brain functional alterations accompanying improvement in cognitive performance following anodal tDCS at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in a sample of patients with early AD (N = 40; MCI, n = 19, and mild AD, n = 21) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).ResultsSignificant (p-FDR < 0.05) reduction in seed(left middle frontal gyrus, lMFG)-to-voxel resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC) was noted following tDCS intervention, while task-based fMRI (tbfMRI) analysis revealed significant (p-FDR < 0.05) increases in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activations at PCC and right MFG (rMFG) during episodic memory encoding and retrieval tasks, respectively. Furthermore, a significant decrease (p-FDR < 0.05) in resting-state MEG (rsMEG) gamma power at the right occipital cortex and an increase in phase (theta) and amplitude (gamma) coupling at the left entorhinal cortex were observed post-tDCS.ConclusionThe findings of this comprehensive study using resting fMRI and MEG, as well as task-based fMRI, provide mechanistic insights regarding brain functional alterations that underlie the cognitive modulatory effects of anodal tDCS in early AD.

Tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease (TDPD) and postural instability and gait disturbance (PIGD) are clinically defined motor subtypes of PD with significant differences in clinical phenotype, prevalence of non-motor symptoms (NMS), rate of progression and underlying pathophysiology. To evaluate white matter microstructural integrity in TDPD and PIGD motor subtypes of PD to ascertain subtype specific patterns of involvement. Data was analysed for 162 subjects – TDPD (n = 74), PIGD (n = 54) and HC (n = 34) who were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent detailed clinical assessment including the MDS-UPDRS, MDS-NMS, and motor subtyping was based on the ratio of mean TD/PIGD score (≥ 1.15:TD, ≤ 0.90: PIGD) from the MDS-UPDRS. 3T multi-shell diffusion weighted imaging data was acquired and processed. Diffusion metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) were considered for tract based spatial statistics and evaluation of whole tract measures. The PIGD group exhibited widespread reductions in FA and increases in MD, RD, and AD in motor, associative, and limbic tracts, consistent across voxel-wise and tract-level analyses. TDPD showed limited alterations. White matter changes in PIGD correlated with higher motor and non-motor symptom severity, particularly involving corticospinal, fronto-occipital, and cingulum tracts. The PIGD variant of PD has significantly widespread alterations involving diffusion metrics of numerous dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic tracts involved in distinct motor and non-motor symptoms. These may be the basis for the phenotypic variations and differences in severity observed between these motor subtypes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:The adenosine pathway in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is largely unexplored. The present study aims to provide new insights into the role of adenosine pathway in patients with DRE associated with HS (DRE-HS). METHODS:Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze 10 genes involved in adenosine pathway ( ADARB1 , ADK , NT5E , ADORA1 , C-FOS, C-MYC, CREB1, C-JUN, NF-kB1, and MAPK ) in surgically resected sclerosed hippocampi (n = 37) and compare their expressions with control hippocampi (n = 38) obtained from the autopsy. Expression analyses were also carried out in peripheral blood of 20 matched patients and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS:C-JUN , NT5E , C-FOS , ADARB1 , and ADORA1 were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus, whereas in blood, C-JUN , NT5E , C-FOS , and ADORA1 were significantly downregulated. ADARB1 , NF-kB1 , MAPK1, C-FOS, and CREB1 showed the reverse direction of expressions in post-surgery blood samples. On clinico-genetic analysis, MAPK1 and ADARB1 correlated with neuronal dispersion in the dentate gyrus ( P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) and C-JUN correlated with neuronal loss in CA1 ( P = 0.01) and CA4 ( P = 0.04) areas. In blood, MAPK1 , NF-kB1 , and C-FOS expressions correlated negatively with the age of onset of seizures ( P = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). In addition, ADARB1 expression correlated with neuronal loss in CA3 and CA4 areas ( P ≤ 0.001 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION:Genes with similar expression patterns in the brain and peripheral blood are potential biomarkers in DRE-HS. Significant clinico-genetic correlations warrant further studies for developing novel therapeutic interventions.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-developmental disorder with skewed gender ratio presentations. Women are more likely to present with internalizing disorders, often diagnosed with comorbid disorders than adult-ADHD. One hundred and one treatment-seeking adults (18-45 years; 78 men, 23 women), were recruited at a Tertiary Health Care (THC) and assessed on ASRS, executive functions, emotion-regulation, an Indian social-cognition battery, and self-report of functioning. Gender differences were examined using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Independent samples t-test. The mean age of sample was 26 years, majority were single, from urban settings. Women had significantly greater mean scores on ASRS, significantly greater self-reported mind-wandering, hyper-focusing, motor-coordination difficulties, reduced self-esteem, tendency towards demoralization, and mood lability. Women had higher illness-severity, often identified upon screening. The majority met full-threshold criteria for ADHD, and only a few had subclinical-ADHD. Trends indicate low help-seeking in women, with atypical primary complaints. Women were more likely to be diagnosed with personality disorder than ADHD. There were no gender differences in executive functions, emotion regulation and functioning. These preliminary findings are likely to aid contextualizing adult-ADHD in women in India, allowing for early recognition and management of adult-ADHD across gender.

Longitudinal observational studies have found an association between vision impairment and accelerated decline in cognition. However, no randomised trials have assessed the possible benefit of vision correction on cognitive change. We present the protocol for a three-year randomised controlled trial designed to assess the impact of spectacles for distance and/or near vision correction on cognitive change among community-dwelling elderly participants in India. Cognitive Level Enhancement through Vision Exams and Refraction (CLEVER) is a single-centre, open-label, parallel-group, individually-randomised trial. Participants (760 total, 380 in each arm) aged ≥ 60 years with correctable vision impairment at distance and/or near (presenting visual acuity < 6/18 in the better-seeing eye and improving to > = 6/18 with spectacles and/or presenting near vision worse than N6 at 40 cm and improving to N6 with spectacles), normal hearing (able to repeat at least three out of six words whispered from a 50 cm distance in the better ear) and normal cognition (Hindi Mini-mental Status Examination score > 18/31) will be enrolled. After a comprehensive eye examination, intervention group participants will receive distance, near, or bifocal spectacles, while controls will receive a prescription and spectacles at the end of the trial. The primary outcome will be the three-year change in Longitudinal Aging Study in India–Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI DAD) global cognitive factor score, with and without adjustment for baseline score, age, gender, education and other potential confounders. CLEVER is designed to assess the effectiveness of spectacles as a low-cost intervention to prevent or delay cognitive decline. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05458323, February 15, 2023.

BACKGROUND:Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes (APS) form the third largest group of neurodegenerative disorders including Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS). These conditions are characterized by rapid progression, poor prognosis, low survival rates, and limited treatment options. Few studies have suggested that genetic, environmental factors and inflammation contribute to the pathobiology of these complex disorders, however, the etiology of disease and progression remains unclear. METHODS:A multicenter prospective longitudinal (3-time point) study will be conducted with a total sample size of 400 across all the groups (PSP, MSA, CBS). Patients with APS will be recruited after a detailed evaluation by movement disorder specialists and obtaining valid informed consent. The socio-demographic data and whole exome sequencing will be performed only at the baseline. Non-invasive procedures such as neurological and cognitive assessments, sleep quality assessments including polysomnography, brain imaging, and retinal imaging will be conducted at each time point. In addition, gene expressions, methylation patterns, inflammatory cytokines, disease-associated pathological proteins (Tau, pTau-181, α-synuclein and β-amyloid), non-targeted proteomics, skin biopsy, and iPSC will be performed at each time point eventually. The statistical analysis will be performed, followed by the developing of machine learning (ML) models. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSION:This unique native dataset in APS will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving pathological protein aggregation and disease progression. Furthermore, the longitudinal design of the study enables a detailed examination of symptom development, progression, and management. The ML models combined with advanced imaging techniques will aid in early diagnosis, differentiation among APS types, and the development of future clinical trials and treatment strategies.

BACKGROUND:Psychiatric disorders are increasingly conceptualised within a neurodevelopmental framework, in which genetic liability interacts with environmental exposures across the lifespan to shape brain and behavioural trajectories. Deviations in these trajectories may confer vulnerability or resilience to later psychopathology. Longitudinal cohorts spanning critical developmental windows are required to map these pathways and their associated risk and protective factors. METHODS:The PAthways to Resilience And Mental health (PARAM) project is a multi-site longitudinal cohort in India, enrolling approximately 9,000 participants from the antenatal period to 30 years of age. PARAM extends the Consortium on the Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA) cohort, which recruited more than 9,000 individuals aged 6-23 years, by adding intensive follow-up from the fetal period to early childhood. Eight sites across India participate, with five recontacting their original cVEDA participants for repeated assessments. Repeated measures include questionnaires on development, temperament, and mental health; family medical and psychiatric history; assessments of environmental exposures such as adverse experiences, diet, maternal stress, toxic exposures, and screen use; and satellite-derived indicators of urbanisation and air pollution over time. Detailed examinations comprise anthropometry and body composition, neurocognitive testing, neurophysiological measures including heart rate variability and body sway, neuroimaging with 3T MRI and fNIRS, and biospecimen collection (blood, buccal swabs, hair, nails, urine, stool) for genomic, toxicological, and metabolic assays. Data are stored in a harmonised digital archive linked to a barcoded biorepository. Follow-up employs a closed cohort design for children younger than two years and an accelerated longitudinal design for older participants. Planned analyses include mixed-effects and generalized additive models for trajectories, multi-site imaging harmonisation and normative modelling, multivariate integration of multi-omic and imaging features, and predictive modelling with nested cross-validation and external validation where feasible. Missing data and attrition will be addressed using multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting. DISCUSSION:PARAM will offer insights into population-based developmental trajectories, identify modifiable risk and protective factors, and support predictive models for psychopathology. The findings are expected to inform precision interventions and public health strategies, while contributing a socio-culturally diverse resource to global mental health research.

Introduction Mid-life cognitive function contributes to a wide range of health and social outcomes. However, there are knowledge gaps in understanding the associations of life-course growth and longitudinal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk marker profile which are major determinants of mid-life cognition. Our study, therefore, aims to examine the relationships of size at birth, growth during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and the cumulative burden of CVD risk factors during adulthood with mid-life cognitive performance (brain reserve and structure). Methods and analysis The study will include 1400 participants aged between 49 and 54 from the Vellore Birth Cohort (VBC). Exposures include data collected previously on serial growth measurements (height and weight) from birth to the age of 45 years, IQ measured using the Binet-Kamat battery in childhood, and CVD risk factor profile (blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin concentrations, lipid profile), modifiable lifestyle characteristics (diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use) and socio-economic status (SES) measured at mean ages 28, 41.5and 45 years. The NIMHANS Neuropsychology Battery (NNB) and Weschler Memory Scale III – Indian Edition (WMS) will be used to assess cognitive performance across multiple domains as outcomes. Anthropometry, modifiable lifestyle characteristics, and SES will be updated for the current study. A subset of 150 participants will undergo functional neuroimaging [fMRI] to quantify brain volume, white matter hyperintensities, and resting state functional connectivity. Conditional regression methods and latent trajectory models will be used to quantify changes in growth and adult cumulative CVD risk factor burden. Factor analysis will be used to reduce the dimensions of multi-domain cognitive battery tests. Ethics and dissemination The institutional ethics committees of CMC, Vellore, India, have approved the study. Findings will be shared through scientific meetings and peer-reviewed journal publications.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor feature of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment is challenging and routinely missed in clinical practice. Our study aimed to study the efficacy of NIMHANS Neuropsychological Battery for Elderly (NNB-E) in diagnosing subtle cognitive deficits in PD patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to validate NNB-E and evaluate cognitive impairment in PD patients in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: We recruited 31 PD patients and 31 healthy controls in the current study. We validated NNB-E using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, Crohnbach's alpha, principal component analysis, and Pearson product-moment correlation, and studied the cognitive impairments using NNB-E in the non-demented PD patients and controls who scored ≥24 on HMSE. Results: Cognitive performance of PD patients was poor compared to controls. NNB-E showed good internal consistency and construct validity with Crohnbach's alpha of 0.861 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.878. The battery was able to detect mild cognitive impairment in 74.1% of patients and 6.4% of controls. The ROC curve showed that the overall sensitivity of the battery was 73.2% and specificity was 92.6% at an optimal cutoff score. Different cutoff values set for defining PD-MCI as per MDS task force criteria resulted in varying frequencies of MCI ranging from 25.8% to 71%. Conclusion: Our study established the validity of NNB-E in PD patients, and this tool was suitable for diagnosing PD-MCI and discriminating PD patients from normal controls in the Indian population. This study also showed PD-MCI at various cutoff scores with greater impairment in executive and attention domains.

Cognitive abilities are markers of brain development and psychopathology. Abilities, across executive, and social domains need better characterization over development, including factors that influence developmental change. This study is based on the cVEDA [Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions] study, an Indian population based developmental cohort. Verbal working memory, visuo-spatial working memory, response inhibition, set-shifting, and social cognition (faux pas recognition and emotion recognition) were cross-sectionally assessed in > 8000 individuals over the ages 6-23 years. There was adequate representation across sex, urban-rural background, psychosocial risk (psychopathology, childhood adversity and wealth index, i.e. socio-economic status). Quantile regression was used to model developmental change. Age-based trajectories were generated, along with examination of the impact of determinants (sex, childhood adversity, and wealth index). Development in both executive and social cognitive abilities continued into adulthood. Maturation and stabilization occurred in increasing order of complexity, from working memory to inhibitory control to cognitive flexibility. Age related change was more pronounced for low quantiles in response inhibition (β∼4 versus =2 for higher quantiles), but for higher quantiles in set-shifting (β > -1 versus -0.25 for lower quantiles). Wealth index had the largest influence on developmental change across cognitive abilities. Sex differences were prominent in response inhibition, set-shifting and emotion recognition. Childhood adversity had a negative influence on cognitive development. These findings add to the limited literature on patterns and determinants of cognitive development. They have implications for understanding developmental vulnerabilities in young persons, and the need for providing conducive socio-economic environments.

Abstract Background: Dementia with Lewy body is a neurodegenerative disorder and is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. We aimed to study the demographic, clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging characteristics of these patients. Methods: The current study is a retrospective chart review of 37 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of probable dementia with Lewy body. The relevant demographic data and clinical details including detailed history, examination, clinical scales (unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale scores in OFF and ON states), mini mental status examination scores, and neuropsychological and imaging findings were retrieved from the medical records. Results: There were 33 men in the study. The mean age was 67.08 ± 9.27 years, mean age of disease onset was 63.76 ± 8.67 years, and mean duration of illness was 3.32 ± 2.2 years. In most of the patients, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder preceded the illness by 5.5 ± 6.88 years. The patients had good response to levodopa with significant improvement in the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale part III score ( P = 0.0018). The mean mini mental status examination score was 16.97 ± 5.96. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse cerebral atrophy (42.4%) as the most common finding. Fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (n = 8) showed hypometabolism in the occipital lobes with sparing of the posterior cingulate gyrus. Neuropsychological assessment showed impairment in mental speed, focused and sustained attention, verbal fluency, working memory, planning, set shifting, response inhibition, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial construction. Conclusions: There was early cognitive impairment with multiple domains affected. In most of the patients, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed atrophy and occipital lobe hypometabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography.

Abstract Objective  The study explores whether the epileptic networks associate with predetermined seizure onset zone (SOZ) identified from other modalities such as electroencephalogram/video electroencephalogram/structural MRI (EEG/VEEG/sMRI) and with the degree of resting-state functional MRI/positron emission tomography (RS-fMRI/PET) coupling. Here, we have analyzed the subgroup of patients who reported having a seizure on the day of scan as postictal cases and compared the findings with interictal cases (seizure-free interval). Methods  We performed independent component analysis (ICA) on RS-fMRI and 20 ICA were hand-labeled as large scale, noise, downstream, and epilepsy networks (Epinets) based on their profile in spatial, time series, and power spectrum domains. We had a total of 43 cases, with 4 cases in the postictal group (100%). Of 39 cases, 14 cases did not yield any Epinet and 25 cases (61%) were analyzed for the final study. The analysis was done patient-wise and correlated with predetermined SOZ. Results  The yield of finding Epinets on RS-fMRI is more during the postictal period than in the interictal period, although PET and RS-fMRI spatial, time series, and power spectral patterns were similar in both these subgroups. Overlaps between large-scale and downstream networks were noted, indicating that epilepsy propagation can involve large-scale cognition networks. Lateralization to SOZ was noted as blood oxygen level–dependent activation and correlated with sMRI/PET findings. Postoperative surgical failure cases showed residual Epinet profile. Conclusion  RS-fMRI may be a viable option for trimodality imaging to obtain simultaneous physiological information at the functional network and metabolic level.

Cognitive impairment contributes to functional impairment in schizophrenia. Yet, little is known about how environmental characteristics are related to cognition in schizophrenia. By examining how cognition and the environment are intertwined, it may be possible to identify modifiable risk and protective factors that can improve cognitive outcomes in schizophrenia. We aimed to identify multivariate associations between cognition and three geospatial characteristics (built-space density, habitable green spaces, and public spaces for social interaction) within one's immediate neighborhood among individuals with schizophrenia. We recruited partic- ipants with schizophrenia from three sites - an urban metropolitan and two towns in southern India. We administered standard cognitive assessments and performed a principal axis factoring to identify episodic memory, cognitive control, and social inference-making factors for use in further analyses. We estimated geo- spatial characteristics of an individual's neighborhood, i.e., up to 1 km2 around the residence, by sourcing data from Google Earth. We performed unconditional and conditional (to examine the effect of clinical covariates) canonical correlation analyses to understand the multivariate relationship between cognition and geospatial characteristics. We analyzed data from 208 participants; the first canonical cognitive variate (higher social inference-making and poorer cognitive control) shared 24% of the variance (r=0.49; P < 0.001) with the first geospatial variate (lower built density and poorer access to public spaces). Years of education, age at onset, and place of residence significantly modulated this relationship. We observe differential associations of the built environment with social and non-social cognition in schizophrenia, and highlight the clinical and demographic characteristics that shape these associations.

This study aimed to localise the eloquent cortex and measure evoked field (EF) parameters using magnetoencephalography in patients with epilepsy and tumours near the eloquent cortex.A total of 41 patients (26 with drug-refractory epilepsy and 15 with tumours), with a mean age of 33 years, were recruited. Visual evoked field (VEF), auditory evoked field (AEF), sensory evoked field (SSEF), and motor-evoked field (MEF) latencies, amplitudes, and localisation were compared with those of a control population. Subgroup analyses were performed based on lobar involvement. Evoked Field parameters on the affected side were compared with those on the opposite side. The effect of distance from the lesion on nearby and distant evoked fields was evaluated.AEF and VEF amplitudes and latencies were reduced bilaterally (p < 0.05). Amplitude in the ipsilateral SSEF was reduced by 29.27% and 2.16% in the AEF group compared to the contralateral side (p = 0.02). In patients with temporal lobe lesions, the SSEF amplitude was reduced bilaterally (p < 0.02), and latency was prolonged compared with controls. The MEF amplitude was reduced and latency was prolonged in patients with frontal lobe lesions (p = 0.01). EF displacement was 32%, 57%, 21%, and 16% for AEF, MEF, VEF, and SSEF respectively. Patients in the epilepsy group had distant EF abnormalities.EF amplitude was reduced and latency was prolonged in the involved hemisphere. Distant EF amplitudes were more affected than latencies in epilepsy. Amplitude and distance from the lesion had negative correlation for all EF. EF changes indicated eloquent cortical displacement which may not be apparent on MRI.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effectiveness of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) for improving verbal encoding and memory, visuospatial construction, visual memory and quality of life (QoL) in persons with alcohol dependence.Design/methodology/approachThe sample comprised treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent persons (n = 50), allotted into two groups: (1) the treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 25) and (2) the treatment group (n = 25)]. The groups were matched on age (±1 year) and education (±1 year). The TAU group received standard pharmacological treatment, psychotherapeutic sessions on relapse prevention and yoga for 18 days, while the treatment group received IIPA sessions in addition to the usual treatment. Auditory verbal learning test, complex figure test and QoL scale were administered at pre- and post-treatment along with screening measures.FindingsThe two groups were comparable on demographic variables, clinical characteristics and outcome measures at baseline. Pre- to post-treatment changes (gain scores) comparison between the treatment and TAU groups revealed a significant difference in verbal encoding, verbal and visual memory, verbal recognition, visuospatial construction and QoL.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that IIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modality (verbal and visual) and QoL in persons with alcoholism. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.Practical implicationsThe IIPA may help in treatment for alcoholism and may enhance treatment efficacy.Originality/valueIIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modalities and QoL in persons with alcohol dependence. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.

Background Emerging evidence support the view that brain stimulation might improve essential tremor (ET) by altering brain networks and facilitating plasticity. Yet, we are still missing a mechanistic explanation of the whole brain dynamics underlying these plasticity defining changes. Method In this study, we explored the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over left primary motor cortex (L-M1) on functional connectivity dynamics (FCD) in patients with ET. Resting-state fMRI (RsfMRI) was acquired before and after a single session of rTMS in 30 patients with ET and compared with RsfMRI of 20 age and gender matched healthy controls (HCs). We have measured the effect of brain stimulation using network topological re-organization through whole brain integration and segregation, brain stability and capacity of neural propagation through metastability and intrinsic ignition. Results Patients with ET had altered FCD measures compared to controls. After a single session rTMS, the brain connectivity measures approached normality and patients with ET revealed significantly higher integration, lower segregation with higher metastability and increased intrinsic ignition. Conclusion Brain metastability and intrinsic ignition measures could be valuable tools in appreciating mechanisms of brain stimulation in ET and other neurological diseases.

Objective: Lateralization of seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a prime step in pre-surgical evaluation requiring prolonged seizure monitoring using video EEG and manual inspection of recordings. This study uses phase amplitude coupling (PAC) in resting state magnetoencephalography to automatically lateralize TLE focus. Methods: Fifty-four patients with drug resistant TLE and 21 healthy controls who underwent MEG were considered for the study. Classification was carried out for PAC calculated for source transformed resting state of controls vs left TLE (LTLE)/right TLE (RTLE) and LTLE vs RTLE between beta, low-gamma and high-gamma as high frequency (HF) bands and low frequency (LF) 1-13 Hz, with decision tree (DT), support vector machines (SVM) and naive Bayes with feature selection by chi-square test. Further, lateralization classification was also calculated with LF sub-bands (delta, theta, alpha). Results: PAC was higher in the TLE compared to controls. LTLE and RTLE showed differences in low gamma-alpha and high gamma-delta coupling (p < 0.05). Accuracy was highest with SVM between controls and LTLE in the low gamma-LF (92.92%, AUC-1), between controls and RTLE in DT and SVM (93.54%, AUC-0.97, 1) in the low gamma-LF band and in low gamma-delta band in SVM (92.04%, AUC-1) between LTLE and RTLE. Conclusions: PAC shows distinct patterns of coupling in each subject group. Feature selection showed involvement of major network hubs and resting state networks. SVM showed best classification potential in the low gamma band. Significance: PAC in resting state MEG can supplement pre-surgical evaluation in drug resistant TLE.

Aberrant salience (AS) is considered as a predisposing factor in early psychosis. Although it has been frequently examined in the general population as a measure of vulnerability to psychotic disorder, empirical evidence on AS in prodromal phases of psychosis is still relatively scarce. Thus, the aims of this research were (1) to investigate any significant association of AS with functioning, psychopathology and treatment components of an "early intervention in psychosis" program in a sample of young community help-seekers at Ultra-High Risk (UHR) of psychosis along a 1-year follow-up period, and (2) to longitudinally monitor the stability of AS across the 1 year of follow-up. Participants (87 UHR), aged 13–35 years, completed the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI), the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) and the brief version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-B) at baseline and after the 1 year of follow-up. Spearman correlation analyses among psychopathological parameters and specialized treatment components were performed. A multiple linear regression analysis was also carried out. After a 1-year follow-up period, UHR subjects had a statistically relevant decrease in ASI total scores. This was significantly related to the number of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) sessions and the number of family psychoeducational sessions offered to UHR participants and their family members during the same 12-month period. In conclusion, AS is clinically relevant in UHR individuals. However, it seems to improve over time along with the delivery of tailored, specialized psychosocial interventions for early psychosis.