If a crystal undergoes mechanical stress, then an electrical potential is developed across its sides; this phenomenon is called piezoelectricity, or the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric materials include quartz, zinc oxide (ZnO), lead zirconate titanate (PZT4), and Rochelle salt. There are numerous uses for piezoelectricity in signal and electrical transducers. In this work, transitional and creep stresses are evaluated in a thin disc made up of piezoelectric transversely isotropic solids subjected to rotation. The mathematical expressions of stress components are computed for the rotating disc by using Seth’s transition theory considering the rotation effect in circular disc. The electric displacement relations and various stress components are computed using Hooke’s Law. A non-homogeneous differential equation is obtained by using mathematical relations and the equilibrium equation. The theoretical solution of the differential equation is obtained under specified boundary conditions. Creep stresses are studied for the considered material. The obtained results are shown graphically, analyzed numerically, and concluded with a discussion of the results for transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials such as BaTiO3 and PZT-4, among others. On the basis of all the numerical discussions and graphs, it is concluded that discs composed of transversely isotropic piezoelectric (PZT4 and BaTiO3) materials are more stable than discs composed of transversely isotropic (magnesium and beryl).

During persistent hyperglycaemia, albumin, one of the major blood proteins, can undergo fast glycation. It can be expected that timely inhibition of protein glycation might be add quality years to diabetic patients’ life. Therefore, this study was designed to analyse the role of silibinin to reduced or delay amadori adduct formation at early glycation and its beneficial effect to improve the glycated albumin structure and conformation. We also analysed cytotoxic effect of amadori-albumin in the presence of silibinin on murine macrophage cell line RAW cells by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Formation of early glycated product (furosine) in all samples was confirmed by LCMS. Albumin incubated with glucose only showed presence of furosine like structure. Albumin treated with silibinin in the presence of glucose did not show such furosine like peak. This LCMS result showed the silibinin play a protective role in the formation of early glycated product. HMF contents were also reduced in the presence of silibinin, when albumin was incubated with increasing concentrations of silibinin (100 and 200 μM) in the presence of glucose. ANS binding fluorescence decrease by increasing silibinin concentrations with amadori-albumin. SDS-PAGE was also showed that no significant difference in the band mobility of albumin treated with silibinin as compared to native albumin. The secondary conformational alteration in amadori-albumin due to silibinin were confirmed by FTIR. This spectrum showed slight shift in amide I and Amide II band in albumin co-incubated with glucose and silibinin as compared to albumin incubated with glucose only. We further discussed about cytotoxic effect of amadori albumin and its prevention by silibinin. MTT assay results demonstrated that amadori-albumin showed cytotoxic effect on RAW cells but silibinin showed protective role and increased the cell viability. Moreover, the results showed that silibinin has anti-glycating potential and playing a role to prevent the formation of Amadori-albumin in-vitro. Silibinin possesses strong anti-glycating capacity and can improve albumin structure and function at early stage. It might be useful in delaying the progression of diabetes mellitus and its secondary complications at early stage.

The paper deals with the analytical solution of transitional stresses in thin rotating disc composed of piezoelectric material under temperature and internal pressure. The stresses are evaluated in the rotating disc by using transition theory of Seth. The electric displacement relations and stresses are computed by using stress strain relations. The non-homogeneous differential equation is derived by substituting the obtained relations into the equilibrium equation. The formulated differential equation is solved with specified boundary conditions, applied pressure, electric displacement and stresses. Obtained results are exhibited graphically, analysed numerically and it is then concluded that transversely isotropic beryl is better than transversely isotropic magnesium material and transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials BaTiO4 and PZT-4.

Non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of self-proteins, causing formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), have been reported in an array of pathologies, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Such modifications may generate neo-epitopes, break immunological tolerance, and induce antibody response. In this study, we have first analysed the structural modifications of whole histone in the presence of deoxyribose followed by oxidation with hydroxyl radicals. Changes in the secondary and tertiary structure of the whole histone were determined by spectroscopic techniques and biochemical assays. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UPLC-MS showed the generation of AGEs such as carboxymethyl lysine and pentosidine, while DLS and TEM indicated the presence of amorphous AGE-aggregates. Moreover, rabbits immunized with these histone-AGEs exhibited enhanced immunogenicity and ELISA and western immunoblot of IgG antibodies from SLE patients' sera showed a significantly higher specificity towards modified histone-AGEs than the native histone.

Materials exhibiting different piezoelectric properties throughout their volume are referred to as functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPM). Due to their graded composition, the characteristics of these materials can be customized to fit particular needs in a variety of applications. Functionally graded piezoelectric materials are beneficial in many technical applications because of their versatility that enables increased performance, efficiency, and adaptability in a variety of disciplines. The objective of the current study is to analyse creep stresses in an annular disc composed of transversely isotropic, functionally graded piezoelectric material with varying thickness parameters. Creep stresses are evaluated analytically using the approach of Seth's transition theory. By using the stress-strain relations, the equations for mechanical stresses and electrical displacement are determined. Substituting these relations into the equilibrium equation a nonlinear differential equation is obtained. The findings are presented both numerically and graphically, demonstrating how the thickness parameter affects the circumferential stresses in the intermediate surface of the rotating disc. The disc made of transversely isotropic piezoelectric material PZT-4 exhibits higher creep stresses than other materials under consideration according to all of the numerical discussions and calculations. This work may provide an effective methodology for the analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric rotating discs and contribute to theoretical research and engineering applications.

In this manuscript, we establish hybrid function projective synchronization of a new hyperchaotic system using an adaptive control technique with unknown system parameters. In order to prevent either from deriving from participants in the single hyperchaotic financial system, identical master and slave systems are chosen. We design an adaptive controller to achieve global chaos synchronization between these master and slave systems. The synchronization results are based on adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Additionally, we outline the basic dynamic characteristics of both hyperchaotic financial systems. Numerical simulations performed in Matlab validate our results excellently.

The present chapter developed a preservation-based inventory model under the condition of carbon emissions and the effect of learning on perishable goods. Carbon emissions exit from many sources and affect the greening level of the environment. It is considered that carbon emissions exit due to electricity and also for many more reasons. Finally, total inventory cost will be minimized concerning the cycle length. For the validation of this model, a numerical example has been given and briefly justified with the help of sensitivity analysis. The effect of inventory parameters has shown separately in the sensitivity section.

Herein, the phase partitioning of triton X-100 (TX-100) and ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate (CTS) drug mixture in aqueous solutions of sodium salts was thoroughly investigated. The sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ), sodium oxalate (Na 2 C 2 O 4 ), and sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ) were used to explore the effect of sodium salts on the cloudy creation of the mixture of TX-100 and applied drug. The CTS is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic drug that is extensively utilized to cure bacterial diseases. The CP values of employed system were attained to be lessened by increasing the concentration of sodium salts (Na salts) and followed the pattern: CP_aq. NaNO_3 > CP_aq. Na_3PO_4 > CP_aq. Na_2CO_3 > CP_aq. Na_2C_2O_4 . The estimated several thermodynamic entities ( Δ G_c^0 , Δ H_c^0 , and Δ S_c^0 ) change of phase partitioning of TX-100 + CTS drug is the measurement of interactions that exist between TX-100 and CTS in aquatic Na-salts environments. The calculated ( Δ G_c^0 ) values were positive in the studied inspections, which demonstrated the nonspontaneous process of phase partitioning for the investigating system in aq. Na-salts media. The enthalpy–entropy compensation variables associated with the clouding process of TX-100 + CTS mixture in H 2 O + salts media were also calculated and interpreted in a detailed way. The operating forces between TX-100 and CTS are electrostatic and hydrophobic, which is evident from the values of Δ H_c^0 and Δ S_c^0 .

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, uncertainty has increased in foremost aspects of international and national societies, including educational organizations, like schools and colleges. This uncertainty had paused the functioning of students as it used to, for example, uncertainty has been about how the institute's closure in the last spring affected students' achievements, and likewise, the rapid conversion to the virtual form of learning in the academic years will continue affecting the achievements. Amidst all the uncertainties, there has been an increasing consensus that the lockdown and closures of the schools and colleges due to the COVID-19 have harmed students' academics, mental health and physical health. This chapter deals with how students from schools and colleges feel about the outbreak of 152COVID-19 impacting them physically, mentally and academically. In this chapter, we have used a regression model and data collected through a primary source to measure the accuracy of the Corona-positive patients with the worst-case scenario for the country of India. The results show that the COVID-19 is expected to continue to grow with an unpredictable factor and a fear of an uncertain environment as well as several health issues among individuals.

Cancer is turning into the leading cause of death across the planet but with all of the details on how to expand complementary treatment strategies, it is continued to be a mystery. Mathematical models provide realistic representations and sizes of complex biological systems, as well as the clarification of organisms by their effects can provide insight into the shape predictions of the plant under different conditions. Also tumorigenesis can be understandable by the use of biomaterials and biomaterials have also ability to identify and capture tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. As to recapitulate key features of the tumor microenvironment in vitro, including architectural, mechanical, and biological functions, natural and synthetic biomaterials can be applied as models. In this work, a mathematical model is developed by using the delay differential equation methodology in which the discussion has been made on stability analysis with time delay.

The whole living community is concerned about the future in the pandemic era. This epidemic is biting embraced, and well-adopted living culture and the entire community are stressed. Parents are becoming more concerned about their children, especially in the area of education. Toddlers' parents are now trying to inculcate new and optimized methods and tactics of learning education. This study is specifically aimed at determining the factors contributing to the stress level of parents during COVID-19. Parents are trying to embrace the new methods along with making their children comfortable. These new errands are more challenging for the parents as well as for the children. Regarding research methodology, a primary data collection technique is used, and a well-framed questionnaire is prepared for analysis on the five-point Likert Scale. In this chapter, we have evaluated various factors associated with stress during the pandemic through online studies. KMO, Barlett, and chi-square methods are used to find the correlation between the reasons for concerns and parents' stress levels in NCR.

Now-a-days, one of the most devastating and life-threatening disorders is cancer. Various types of cancer based on the organ affected are namely lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer etc. A number of anticancer drugs are obtainable among which tyrosine kinase inhibitor is the superior one. The available tyrosine kinase inhibitors are namely Crizotinib, Ibrutinib, Osimertinib, Brigatinib. Among them, brigatinib is the recent INN drug which belongs to second generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and indicated for non-small cell lung cancer. Literature review shows that there are no developed methods available for determination of brigatinib except UPLC method. In the present study, authors aimed to develop and validate RP-HPLC method for determination of brigatinib. Regarding RP-HPLC method, C18 column (ID: 5 micron*100 Å) was employed as stationary phase while combination of methanol and distilled water (75%:25%) was used as mobile phase. The retention time of brigatinib was found 5.6 min from the chromatogram. The regression equation was y = 53344x - 239.6 with coefficient of determination (R2) 0.999 and correlation coefficient (r) 0.9994; indicating excellent linearity of the calibration curve obtained by the newly developed method. Percent (%) RSD for robustness, ruggedness, precision was below 2. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.332 μg/mL and 1.00 μg/mL, respectively. The findings ensure the suitability of the developed method as an established one to assay brigatinib in any quality control laboratory.

Albumin, an important serum protein, is continuously exposed to various oxidizing/nitrating and glycating agents. Depending upon the nature/concentration of reactive species present, the protein may be glycated, oxidized/nitroxidized or glyco-nitro-oxidized. Peroxynitrite is a powerful nitroxidant and has been reported to damage a wide array of macromolecules. On the other hand, methylglyoxal is a very strong reactive dicarbonyl and a potent precursor for the formation of advanced glycation end products under pathological conditions. In certain pathological conditions albumin may be modified by peroxynitrite and methylglyoxal simultaneously. There is dearth of literature suggests that structural/conformational and functional alteration in albumin upon glycation and oxidation/nitroxidation, however the alterations produced by glyco-nitro-oxidation has not yet been explored. Therefore, in this study, simultaneous effect of glycation and nitroxidation on the structure and conformation, vis-a-vis function of albumin was explored. Glyco-nitro-oxidized albumin showed decreased free amino acid content together with decreased affinity of albumin towards cobalt. Molecular docking model and molecular dynamic simulations showed close interaction and formation of stable complexes between methylglyoxal, peroxynitrite and albumin. Formation of carboxymethyl lysine and 3-nitrotyrosine in glyco-nitro-oxidized albumin were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and UP-LC MS. Aggregate formation in glyco-nitro-oxidized albumin was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of these results, it may be speculated that, albumin modified with endogenously generated methylglyoxal and peroxynitrite might be a driving factor in the progression of heightened inflammatory autoimmune responses. The work presents a ground to study the role of glyco-nitro-oxidized albumin in the pathogenesis and progression of various autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Greening efforts are the steps taken to control the hazardous activities by different factories and to take environment-friendly steps which cause the least harm to nature. People buy products more which are green in nature. In this study, an inventory model is articulated in which demand is reliant on selling price and greening efforts. Here, all unit quantity discount is assumed. The purchasing cost is reliant on order size besides holding cost is reliant on time. By using greening efforts, a retailer can earn more profit. The aim of this study is to find a profit function that is taken to be dependent on greening efforts, cycle time, and selling price. The main aim of this paper is to earn more profit by using preservation technology and by allowing a carbon tax. The deterioration rate cannot be ignored so preservation technology is used here to overcome the effect of worsening. To find the optimal answer, an algorithm is developed. Concavity is shown through 3D graphs. Mathematical examples and sensitivity analysis is also done to validate the results.

The present investigation deals with the deformation in a fractional order micropolar thermoelastic medium with mass diffusion subjected to thermomechanical loading due to input laser pulse. Laplace and Fourier transform technique is used to solve the problem. Concentrated normal force and thermal source are taken to illustrate the utility of approach. The compact form expressions for normal stress, tangential stress, tangential couple stress, mass concentration and temperature distribution are obtained in the transformed domain. Numerical inversion technique of Laplace trans-forms and Fourier transform has been applied to obtain the resulting quantities in the physical domain after developing a computer programme. The normal stress, tangential stress, tangential coupled stress, temperature distribution, and mass concentration are depicted graphically to show the effect of relaxation times. Some particular cases of interest are deduced from the present investigation.

In this paper, a denoising technique is proposed based on a nonlinear anisotropic diffusion model with two diffusivities parameters, i.e., Charbonnier and total variation. These diffusivities are dependent on the diffusivity function for balancing. Furthermore, proof of the existence and uniqueness theorem of the model are presented. The convergent iterative scheme is proposed for the diffusion model. To discretize the diffusion model, the finite difference method with forward-backward diffusivities is used. The numerical results are given in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as a metric.

Now a day, green retail operations drive in many fields to improve the quality of deteriorating items during the delivery of the green items to his customer. In the present paper, retailer receives greening items from the seller and stores it. After received lot of greening items, retailer starts packing of greening items to maintain the quality of greening items and safe from some germs. We are considering that the holding units exit carbon units which are harmful to the environments. Retailer includes carbon emission cost and green packing cost and also invests on greening items to control the greening degree of the product. This paper deals a green economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model with learning effect for decaying greening items under the inflationary condition and credit financing. An expression for the total cost of the retailer has been minimized with respect to cycle length in the environments of green operations. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of greening degree and trade-credit financing with the learning effect and inflationary condition under carbon emissions on the retailer's total inventory cost. An expression for the total cost of the retailer has been minimized with respect to cycle length in the environments of green operations. Conclusively, sensitive analysis has been presented as a consequence of numerical examples.

The purpose of the present study is to explore the effects of endogenous stressors on structure and function of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients' albumin. In contrast to glycated-albumin or nitro-oxidized-albumin, high titre antibodies against glyco-nitro-oxidized-albumin were found in the sera of RA patients. Also, compared to the other two modified forms of albumin, glyco-nitro-oxidized-albumin showed highest percent inhibition. Albumin isolated from RA patients' sera displayed hyperchromicity and quenching of tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies also revealed the presence of dityrosine and advanced glycation end products in RA patient's albumin. RA patients' albumin showed weaker binding with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid dye. Secondary structure alterations were demonstrated by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biochemical investigations revealed substantial decline in the availability of free side chains of amino acid residues; increased carbonyls and decreased sulfhydryls in RA patients' albumin. The functional impairment in RA patients' albumin was revealed by their low binding with bilirubin and cobalt. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine and 3-nitrotyrosine in RA patients' albumin. The amyloidogenic aggregation of RA patients' albumin was confirmed by Congo red absorption and thioflavin-T fluorescence assays. The morphology of the aggregates was visualized under scanning and transmission electron microscope. From the above findings, we inferred that endogenous stress in RA patients have modified albumin and produce structural/functional abnormalities. Also, the presence of anti-glyco-nitro-oxidized-albumin antibodies along with other clinical features may be used as biomarker for the diagnosis and assessment of treatment responses in RA patients.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The partial differential equation (PDE)-based models are widely used to remove additive Gaussian white noise and preserve edges, and one of the most widely used methods is the total variation denoising algorithm. Total variation (TV) denoising algorithm-based time-dependent models have seen considerable success in the field of image-denoising and edge detection. TV denoising algorithm is based on that signals with spurious detail have a high total variation and reduction of unwanted signals to achieve noise-free images. It is a constrained optimization-type algorithm. The Lagrange multiplier and gradient descent method are used to solve the TV algorithm to reach the PDE-based time dependent model. To eliminate additive noise and preserve edges, we investigate a class of weighted time-dependent model in this study. The proposed method is investigated in a well-balanced flow form that extends the time-dependent model with an adaptive fidelity element. Adaptive function is fusing into the regularization term of the classical time-dependent model which successfully enhances the intensity of the regularizer function. We maintain the ability of the time-dependent model without any oscillation effects. Furthermore, we want to prove the viscosity solution of our weighted and well balanced time-dependent model, demonstrating its existence and uniqueness. The finite difference method is applied to discretize the nonlinear time-dependent models. The numerical results are expressed as a statistic known as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metric (SSIM). Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model yields good performance compared with the previous time-dependent model.