The Infrared Free Electron Laser (IR-FEL) at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), India, operates in an oscillator configuration and provides continuously tunable radiation in the 12.5-50 mu m wavelength range, enabling diverse applications in materials science, biomedical imaging and spectroscopy. The first lasing was achieved in 2018 at 34 mu m, marking India's first successful FEL operation. Following a major upgrade of the injector and optical transport system in 2019, the machine achieved saturated lasing at 28 mu m in March 2020. The IR-FEL now operates as a user facility with stable and repeatable performance, delivering up to 7 mW CW out-coupled power at the user stations and full wavelength tunability. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental characterization of the IR-FEL, focusing on electron beam parameters, optical beam quality and lasing dynamics. The results are compared with the FEL design simulations to evaluate the performance and guide future optimization. The measured small-signal gain, start-up time, energy spread and output power show overall good agreement with theoretical predictions, though some deviations, particularly in the detuning curve and cavity loss, open areas for future investigation through FEL simulations using the measured beam parameters.

A unique user facility has been established at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore for the Infrared-Terahertz (IR-THz) spectroscopy of materials under low temperature and high magnetic field sample environment. In this facility, studies can be performed using the intense, coherent, monochromatic and continuously tunable electromagnetic radiation from an infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL), or with broad-band radiation from low power laboratory sources. The IR-FEL delivers an IR beam with a brightness of ~10(13)-10(14) photons/s/mm(2)/ mrad(2)/0.1% BW in the wavelength range of 12-54 mu m at a custom-built user station, where trial experiments using this light have been started. A custom built Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, working in conjugation with a magneto-optical cryostat system has been commissioned at the user station where the IR-FEL light can be coupled. This is the only working FEL in the country along with its user facility. The present study highlights the latest results from the commissioning of the IR-FEL based user facility, the first-trial experiments performed therein, and the future developmental ideas.

In wheat (Triticum aestivum), canopy architecture, culm diameter and stem strength are the key providers of lodging tolerance. To better understand the lodging phenomenon and determine the best linked trait to lodging, a study of lodging resistance was conducted in both artificially-induced and natural lodging conditions. Various morphological, phenological and biochemical traits, such as acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose and activity of lignin-synthesising enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase) were recorded. Anatomical features were also examined by light microscopy, using the Wiesner reaction. Genotype C306 demonstrated the highest susceptibility to lodging compared to other varieties due to its limited production of lignin-synthesising enzymes, as well as its taller plant height and narrower culms. The dwarf mutants (DM6 and DM7) have a stronger resistance against lodging because they have thick stems and a short plant canopy structure. The most suitable donors for lodging are semidwarf varieties (HD2967, DPW621-50, DBW88) because they have higher production of lignin and lignin-synthesising enzymes. Grey correlation analysis also confirmed the ability of these three genotypes to tolerate lodging. The genotypes studied were comprehensively ranked. The study also includes an effort towards the standardisation of lodging methodology under artificial conditions.

Green nanotechnology offers several possibilities to bridge the nano and sustainability domains and help us achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and address major global concerns. In this review, we detail the fundamentals and applications of GNT toward SDGs goals. This includes energy production, pollution abatement, water treatment, and eco-friendly agricultural practices. The discussion includes challenges related to legal, ethical and safety aspects as well as limits of the technology. Prospects call for collaborative efforts across various disciplines and policy guidelines in bridging eco-friendly nanotechnology with UN SDGs. We hope that the insights provided in this review can help guide future research and policies toward more environmentally responsible practices, improving global environmental stewardship with a special emphasis on nanotechnology.

Abstract This study describes the use of an extract from Cassia fistula Linn (Cf) leaves to produce biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) employing a green synthesis approach. UV-Vis, FTIR, DLS, XRD and TEM studies are implemented to characterize the synthesized CfBio-CuONPs. A maximum peak was produced by the CfBio-CuONPs at 272 nm. The CfBio-CuONPs were crystalline, according to XRD measurements. The O-H group, aromatic group, and other functional groups were present in the FTIR spectrum of CfBio-CuONPs. The spherical, 15–25 nm-diameter CfBio-CuONPs were investigated using TEM to determine their size and shape. The antibacterial potential of the synthesized CfBio-CuONPs was then examined against four pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and it was found that E. coli had the highest zone of inhibition (282.4), followed by B. subtilis (272.01), P. aeruginosa (240.97), and S. epidermidis (231.2). The maximum antioxidant activity (73% 1.54%) of CfBio-CuONPs was detected at a dose-dependent concentration of 2000 g/ml. On the other hand, the toxtrak test was used to determine the in vitro toxicity of CfBio-CuONPs and evaluate the percentage inhibition (%PI). According to the data, CfBio-CuONPs have a substantially stronger toxic effect value/PI against E. coli (93.52%) than against P. aeruginosa (92.65), B. subtilis (91.25%), and S. epidermidis (82.89%). These results also show that CfBio-CuONPs are more effective in killing harmful bacteria than antibiotics. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that CfBio-CuONPs are superior to chloramphenicol and close to gentamycin in their ability to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. The ecotoxicological consequences may benefit from these findings.

This study outlines the synthesis of biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using an extract derived from Cassia fistula Linn (Cf) leaves through a green synthesis approach. Characterization of the synthesized CfBio-CuONPs was carried out using UV- VIS, FTIR, DLS, XRD, and TEM studies. The CfBio-CuONPs exhibited a prominent peak at 272 nm in UV–VIS spectroscopy, and XRD measurements confirmed their crystalline nature. The FTIR spectrum of CfBio-CuONPs revealed the presence of functional groups such as O–H and aromatic groups. TEM analysis confirmed that the CfBio-CuONPs were predominantly spherical with diameters ranging from 15 to 25 nm. Subsequently, the antibacterial potential of CfBio-CuONPs was evaluated against four pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis. Among these, B. subtilis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition (26.93 ± 2.01 mm), followed by E. coli (24.25 ± 1.04 mm), P. aeruginosa (23.98 ± 0.97 mm), and S. epidermidis (22.97 ± 1.20 mm). CfBio-CuONPs demonstrated maximum antioxidant activity (78 ± 1.54

The present investigation deals with the deformation in a fractional order micropolar thermoelastic medium with mass diffusion subjected to thermomechanical loading due to input laser pulse. Laplace and Fourier transform technique is used to solve the problem. Concentrated normal force and thermal source are taken to illustrate the utility of approach. The compact form expressions for normal stress, tangential stress, tangential couple stress, mass concentration and temperature distribution are obtained in the transformed domain. Numerical inversion technique of Laplace trans-forms and Fourier transform has been applied to obtain the resulting quantities in the physical domain after developing a computer programme. The normal stress, tangential stress, tangential coupled stress, temperature distribution, and mass concentration are depicted graphically to show the effect of relaxation times. Some particular cases of interest are deduced from the present investigation.

The present investigation deals with thermal and mechanical interactions in a fractional order microstretch thermoelastic half-space subjected to inclined mechanical forces acting at the boundary of the surface of the half-space. Integral transform technique (Laplace and Fourier transform) has been applied to solve the basic equations mathematically. Mathematical expressions of mechanical stresses coupled tangential stress, microstress, and the temperature distribution are obtained numerically. Some particular results and special cases also have been derived from the present research.

In recent years, developing nanoparticles with green processes is gaining huge attention due to its cost-effectiveness. simplicity and non toxic precursors. The present study utilized the potential of egg white for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (EW-AgNPs). In order to characterize the EW-AgNPs, various techniques have been employed. UV-vis spectroscopy (3 00-700nm) was used to study the lambda(max) which highlighted the peak at 422nm. Further, the stability of synthesized EW-AgNPs was studied using Zeta potential the value of -16.4 mV was obtained indicating the stability of developed EW-AgNPs in the solution. Transmission electron microscopy was used specifically to visualize the shape and size of synthesized EW-AgNPs, the images showed spherical to the disverse shape of EW-AgNPs. In the first phase the EW-AgNPs were studied for dye degradation along with NaBH4. The enhanced dye degradation of blue dye was obtained with EW-AgNPs+NaBH4. showing 90- 100% degradation from 100- 25 mgL(-1) dye solution, respectively. Further, in the second phase. antimicrobial activity (Zone of Inhibition) of EW-AgNPs seas analyzed against Escherichia coli and Staphyloccusaureus A higher ZOI was obtained for E.coli (16mm) than S. aureus (12.4mm). The present study proved egg white's ability to develop stable silver nanoparticles, which seas further found to be effective for blue dye degradation and antimicrobial activity.

The present investigation deals with the deformation in micropolar thermoelastic diffusion medium due to inclined load subjected to thermal laser pulse. Normal mode analysis technique is used to solve the problem. The inclined load is assumed to be a linear combination of a normal load and a tangential load. The closed form expressions of normal stress, tangential stress, couple stress, temperature distribution and mass concentration are obtained. A computer programme has been developed to derive the physical quantities numerically. The variation of normal stress, tangential stress, coupled stress; temperature change and mass concentration are depicted graphically to show the effect of relaxation times and mass concentration. Some particular cases of interest are deduced from the present investigation.

The plant Apamarg (Achyranthes aspera L.) was tested for antibacterial (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus), antifungal (Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum) activities. For extraction, methanol extract was chosen. The DPPH Radical Scavenging activity was used to test the antioxidant action. The current study reveals a link between indigenous Achyranthes aspera L. treatment and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal responses. Ascorbic acid had the lowest DPPH scavenging activity than methanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera L., which exhibited antioxidant activity. The effects of DPPH radical scavenging are dose-dependent. The stems and roots of Achyranthes aspera L. are high in antioxidants that could be utilized as a natural supplier of antioxidants and antimicrobial components.

Erosive wear caused by particulates slurry is one of the major concerns in the pipe bend which may results in the failure of the pipe flow system. In the present work, erosion wear rate through mitre pipe bend caused by silica sand particulates slurry has been investigated using ANSYS Fluent code. The solid spherical particulates of size 125 µm and 250 µm having density of 2650 Kg/m3, were tracked to compute the erosion wear rate using Discrete Phase Method (DPM) model. The particulates were tracked using Eulerian-Lagrange approach along with k-ɛ turbulent model for continuous fluid phase. The silica particulates were injected at solid concentration of 5% and 10% (by weight) from the pipe inlet surface for wide range of velocities viz. 1–8 ms−1. The erosion wear rate was computed through four computational erosion models viz. Generic, Oka, Finnie and Mclaury. Furthermore, the outcomes obtained through Generic models are verified through existing experimental data in the literture. Moreover, the results of DPM concentration, turbulence intensity and particle tracking were predicted to analyze the secondary flow behaviour through the bend cross section. Finally, the effect of particulate size, solid concentration and flow velocity were discussed on erosion wear rate through bend cross section. The findings show that the locality of maximum erosive wear is positioned at the extrados of the bend outlet cross section. Additionally, it is found that Mclaury model offers higher erosion rate as compared to the other models and provides benchmark for designing the slurry pipeline system.

The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a hybrid intrusion detection system to handle series and non-series data by applying the two different concepts that are named clustering and autocorrelation function in a single architecture. There is a need to propose and build a system that can handle both types of data whether it is series or non-series. Therefore, the authors used two concepts to generate a robust approach to craft a hybrid intrusion detection system. The authors utilize an unsupervised clustering approach that is used to categorize the data based on domain similarity to handle non-series data and another approach is based on autocorrelation function to handle series data. The approach is consumed in single architecture where it carries data as input from both host-based intrusion detection systems and network-based intrusion detection systems. The result shows that the hybrid intrusion detection system is categorizing data based on the optimal number of clusters obtained through the elbow method in clustering.

The key issue associated with the industries is the transportation and dumping of solids particulates in the form of slurry at the desired place using long length pipelines. In this perspective, numerical simulation of three-dimensional horizontal slurry pipeline of 0.0549 m diameter using Eulerian two-phase model with RNG k-ɛ turbulence closure is carried out. The glass - beads solid particulates having density ( = 2470 kg/m3) and slurry concentration varies as 10% to 50% (by volume) for velocity ranges of 3-5 ms-1. The computational modeling is done using available commercial software ANSYS Fluent for 125µm and 440 µm particulate size at different velocity and concentration range to know their effect on slurry flow characteristics. It is observed that for chosen particulate size pressure drop increases with increase in velocity at all solid concentration range. The pressure drop in slurry for 440 µm solid particulates is found higher as compared to the pressure drop of 125 µm solid particulates slurry. The percentage change in pressure drop is also reported in the paper due to particulate size effect at all velocity and solid concentration. The obtained results of predicted pressure drop are analytically compared with the available experimental results of literature and are in synchronism with that. A parametric study is carried out with the aim of visualizing and understanding the solid particulate size effect on slurry flow characteristics. Finally, the results of settling solid concentration contour, velocity contour, concentration profiles, velocity profiles and vector representation of concentration/velocity were also predicted for chosen particulates sized slurry.

The key issue associated with the industries is the transportation and dumping of solids particulates in the form of slurry at the desired place using long length pipelines. In this perspective, numerical simulation of three-dimensional horizontal slurry pipeline of 0.0549 m diameter using Eulerian two-phase model with RNG kɛ turbulence closure is carried out. The glass - beads solid particulates having density (  = 2470 kg/m3) and slurry concentration varies as 10% to 50% (by volume) for velocity ranges of 3-5 ms-1. The computational modeling is done using available commercial software ANSYS Fluent for 125μm and 440 μm particulate size at different velocity and concentration range to know their effect on slurry flow characteristics. It is observed that for chosen particulate size pressure drop increases with increase in velocity at all solid concentration range. The pressure drop in slurry for 440 μm solid particulates is found higher as compared to the pressure drop of 125 μm solid particulates slurry. The percentage change in pressure drop is also reported in the paper due to particulate size effect at all velocity and solid concentration. The obtained results of predicted pressure drop are analytically compared with the available experimental results of literature and are in synchronism with that. A parametric study is carried out with the aim of visualizing and understanding the solid particulate size effect on slurry flow characteristics. Finally, the results of settling solid concentration contour, velocity contour, concentration profiles, velocity profiles and vector representation of concentration/velocity were also predicted for chosen particulates sized slurry.

The erosive wear rate caused by slurry flow is the worst phenomenon associated with complex geometry like bend, curved cross section and rotating machinery. The numerous quantitative research is available in the past for findings of erosive wear rate through pipe bend, but findings of erosive wear rate through pipe bend using Fluent based various erosion models are not yet established. In the present work, erosion wear rate using four computational-based erosion models viz. Generic, Oka, Finnie and Mclaury through horizontal mitre pipe bend instigated by bottom ash particulates slurry has been investigated using Fluent code. The solid particulates of spherical shapes 162 µm, 300 µm and 445 µm having density 2219 kg/m3 were tracked to compute the erosion wear rate using Discrete Phase Model (DPM). The particulates were tracked using Eulerian–Lagrangian approach coupled with k−ɛ turbulent model at volume fraction ranging from 2.5 to 10% for wide range of velocities viz. 1–10 ms−1. Additionally, the results of DPM concentration, turbulence intensity, velocity and particle tracking using particulate residence time were predicted to analyze the erosive rate through pipe bend. The simulated outcomes show that the maximum erosion wear rate exists at the extrados of pipeline near the bend exit. Finally, the effects of particulate size, concentration and velocity were discussed on erosion wear rate. Furthermore, the simulated outcomes obtained through computational erosion models were verified with the available experimental data and findings show that the outcomes obtained with Generic model could be the benchmark for designing the slurry pipeline bend.

The present work shows the slurry flow characteristics of glass beads having density 2470 kg/m3 at different Prandtl number through a horizontal pipeline. The simulation is conducted by Eulerian two-phase model using RNG k-ε turbulence closure in available commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. The transportation of solid particulates has the settling behaviour in the slurry pipeline and that leads to the sedimentation and blockage of the pipeline resulting more power and pressure drop in the pipeline. Therefore, it is important to know the transport capability of the solid particulates at different Prandtl fluids to minimise the pressure loss. The fluid properties at four Prandtl numbers i.e. 1.34, 2.14, 3.42 and 5.83 is used to carry the solid concentration ranges from 30-50 % (by volume) at mean flow-velocity ranging from 3 to 5 ms-1 . The obtained computational results are validated with the published data in the literature. The results show that the pressure-drop rises with escalation in flow velocity and solid concentration at all Prandtl number. It is found that the suspension stability enhancement is considerable for lower range of Prandtl number and decreases for higher range of Prandtl number. Finally, glass beads concentration contours, velocity contours, concentration profile, velocity profiles and pressure drop are predicted to understand the slurry flow for chosen Prandtl numbers.