The present investigation was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Horticultural Research Centre, SVPUAT, Meerut, using twelve mango genotypes in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were computed using pooled data to determine interrelationships among morphological and biochemical traits of different genotypes in Mango. Phenotypically, fruit weight exhibited strong, positive and significant correlations with fruit pulp weight (0.915**), stone weight (0.783**), kernel weight (0.731**), fruit length (0.719**) and fruit width (0.674**), suggesting these traits can be considered for direct selection. Similarly, fruit pulp weight correlated positively with fruit length (0.732**), kernel weight (0.762**) and TSS (0.598**), while TSS showed strong association with fruit length (0.695**), pulp weight (0.582**) and kernel weight (0.412**). Total sugar was positively correlated with non-reducing sugar (0.812**), TSS (0.728**) and reducing sugar (0.395**), indicating a close biochemical interdependence in fruit quality. At the genotypic level, even stronger correlations were evident for many trait combinations. For instance, fruit weight with pulp weight (0.952**), kernel weight (0.749**) and fruit length (0.764**) were highly significant. Likewise, total sugar showed strong genotypic correlations with non-reducing sugar (0.870**) and TSS (0.776**). These results confirm that phenotypic correlations, complemented by genotypic values, serve as a practical guide for breeders. Traits such as fruit pulp weight, kernel weight, fruit length and TSS should be prioritized in selection programs to achieve simultaneous genetic improvement in both yield and fruit quality in mango.

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, India-250110. The analysis of variance data revealed substantial genetic differences for all morphological traits. According to Mahalanobis D2 all the forty genotypes were found to have a significant amount of genetic diversity. The result indicated that the greatest mean value was found in cluster III for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to Ist flower initiation, days to Ist fruit set, days to Ist fruit picking, days to IInd fruit picking, number of primary branches, number of nodes / plant, duration of crop and also some characters was found highest mean value in cluster I like, plant height, fruit length, number of fruits / plant, length of internode, fruit yield / plant and fruit yield (q/ha.). Cluster II had the most genotypes recorded overall. (21 genotypes) followed by 11 genotypes in cluster I. The largest intra cluster distance was discovered in cluster III, whereas the largest inter cluster D2 distance was measured between Cluster I and Cluster III. The genotypes of Cluster I and Cluster III are not closely related, according to the maximum inter-cluster D2 distance, although the genotypes of Cluster I and Cluster II are, according to the minimum inter-cluster D2 distance. Among all the characters that were contributed, the length of internode had the highest contribution %.

The impact of biotechnology on mango enhancement, particularly through genetic engineering and molecular markers, has been significant. Biotechnology has revolutionized the field of agriculture, offering innovative tools and techniques for improving crop traits. In the case of mangoes, genetic engineering involves the manipulation of the organism's DNA to introduce or modify specific genes, targeting traits such as disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. This approach has led to the development of mango varieties with enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, improved flavour and aroma, and increased productivity. Similarly, marker-assisted selection (MAS) utilizes molecular markers to identify and select plants with desired traits, bypassing the need for time-consuming and costly phenotypic evaluations. MAS has accelerated breeding programs, enabling the development of superior mango cultivars with desired traits. By exploring the impact of genetic engineering and molecular markers in mango improvement, we gain insights into their potential to address key challenges in mango cultivation and meet consumer demands.

The influence of plant growth regulators, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylic acid, on fruit crop development and quality enhancement. Various stages of fruit crop growth, such as flowering, fruit set, ripening, and post-harvest attributes, are examined through comprehensive experimental approaches. Auxins play a crucial role in regulating fruit size, shape, and development by facilitating cell elongation. Gibberellins control fruit elongation, seed germination, and fruit set. Cytokinins influence fruit expansion, sugar metabolism, and overall quality by promoting cell division and differentiation. Ethylene affects fruit ripening processes, including color change, softening, and flavor development. Abscisic acid influences fruit maturation and dormancy. Brassinosteroids regulate fruit development, including size, ripening, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Jasmonates and salicylic acid, involved in defense responses, have an impact on fruit ripening, quality, and disease resistance. The application of these regulators shows promise in improving fruit quality, nutritional composition, and shelf life. This study aims to provide valuable insights into fruit crop physiology and develop strategies to optimize productivity and quality. It emphasizes the importance of proper regulation and responsible use of plant growth regulators to address environmental, health, and ecological concerns associated with excessive or improper application. Excessive use of PGRs can lead to various physiological issues, adversely affecting fruit crop productivity and quality. Therefore, careful control of application procedures, dosages, and timing is necessary to ensure fruit crop health and avoid negative consequences.

The study was carried out at the Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.). The fourteen quantitative traits, thirty genotypes of okra were tested in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during the summer season of 2021. Fruit yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with plant height, fruit diameter, number of branches per plant, fruit length, number of flowers per plant, test weight and number of fruits per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level, indicating mutual association of these characters. Path coefficient analysis exhibits positive direct effect was observed towards fruit yield per plant for number of branches per plant followed by number of fruits per plant, days to first fruit harvesting, days to first flower initiation, fruit diameter, plant height, days to first fruit set and duration of crop at genotypic level. At the phenotypic level also the estimates of direct and indirect were generally less than genotypic level. The magnitudes of residual effects were found to be small at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. These traits could be utilized in a selection procedure for okra crop enhancement in the future.

The present investigation was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, U.P. during Kharif season, 2020. The experimentalmaterial comprised of twenty genotypes were planted in Randomized Block Design with threereplications. Fruit yield per hectare showed positive and highly significant correlation with fruit yieldper plant, number of fruits per plant, harvest duration, 1000seeds weight, number of seeds per fruit,number of fruits per cluster and number of clusters per plant at both genotypic and phenotypiccorrelation. Positive and non-significant correlation for plant height, average fruit weight, number oflocules per fruit and number of primary branches. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highestpositive direct effect on yield per hectare was observed for fruit yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit,number of fruits per cluster, harvest duration and 1000 seed weight. Hence these traits may besimultaneously selected to develop high yielding varieties.

Twenty tomato genotypes were evaluated to genetic variability, heritability and genetic advanceamong the characters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The genotypes were planted inRandomized Block Design with three replications during the Kharif season- 2020 at HorticultureResearch centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, U.P. (250110). The analysis of variance revealed high significant differences among the genotypes for all thecharacters under studies, suggesting sufficient variability for yield and yield contributing characters.The phenotypic coefficient of variations (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficients of variations(GCV) for all traits studied. The maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient (PCV and GCV) wasobserved for number of fruits per plant (38.11 & 37.57), number of clusters per plant (36.17 & 34.72),number of locules per fruit (33.23 & 29.99), number of seeds per fruit (31.71 & 31.25), fruit yield perhectare (26.76 & 25.28) and fruit yield per plant (26.23 &25.45). Heritability estimates variedfrom(60.97) number of fruits per cluster to (97.19) number of fruits per plant. genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean was high (>20%) for number of fruits per plant (76.30), number of clusters perplant (68.65), number of seeds per fruit (63.46), number of locules per fruit (55.77), fruit yield per plant(50.85), fruit yield per hectare (49.21), average fruit weight (42.96), 1000 seeds weight (32.87), harvestduration (31.25), number of primary branches (29.07), plant height (28.39) and minimum for fruits percluster (26.76) indicating the additive genetic effect. Phenotypic selection for their improvement could be achieved by simple selection.

The present investigation was carried out during Kharif season at the Horticulture Research centre of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, U.P. 2020. The D2 statistics was applied to assess the genetic divergence among 20 genotypes of tomato using Mahalonobis D2 analysis. The experimental materials were planted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study. The genotypes were grouped into five different genetic clusters on the basis of genetic affinity or diversity. Cluster III comprised of highest 7 genotypes followed by Cluster I comprised of 4 genotypes, Cluster II also comprised of 4 genotypes, Cluster V comprised of 3 genotypes and Cluster IV comprised lowest number of 2 genotypes. The highest mean value was recorded in Cluster V for number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant (g), fruit yield /ha (q) and 1000 seed weight (g) followed by cluster II for harvest duration (days), average fruit weight (g) and number of seeds per fruits, Cluster III for number of primary branches, plant height (cm), Cluster I for number of clusters per plant and Cluster IV for number of locules per fruit respectively. The maximum intra cluster distance was found in cluster V and minimum intra cluster distance was recorded cluster IV. The highest inter- cluster distance was recorded between Cluster I and Cluster V and the minimum inter cluster D2 distance was recorded between cluster I and Cluster IV. The highest contribution in the manifestation of genetic divergence was exhibited by number of fruits per cluster followed by number of primary branches, fruit yield per hectare, number of locules per fruit, plant height, harvest duration, number of clusters per plant, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, 1000 seeds weight, fruit yield per plant and lowest in number of seeds per fruit. Which could lead to the production of a wide range of beneficial genetic variation for tomato yield improvement.

The experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2018 at Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology; Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.) assess the genetic diversity among fifteen genotypes of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]. The genetic diversity analysis according to that the formation of five clusters suggesting the presence of wide genetic diversity. The clustering pattern showed that geographical diversity wasn't related to genetic diversity. The analysis of % contribution of assorted characters toward the expression of total genetic divergence showed that the Days to 50% flowering (14.48%) followed Days of fruit set (12.95%), Vine length (m) (11.67%), Number of fruits per plant (10.93%), Number of the primary branches (10.37%), Days to first fruit harvest (10.16%), Average fruit weight (g) (9.44%), Fruit diameter (cm) (6.63%) contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence. Based on the maximum genetic distance. It is advisable to attempt a crossing of the genotype from cluster II (GP-7) with the genotype of cluster I (GP-5), cluster IV (GP-2) and cluster III (GP-1), which may cause to the generation of a broad spectrum of favorable genetic variability for yield improvement in bottle gourd.

Onion is one of the most important bulb crop grown all over the India. It belongs to family Alliaceae and locally known as Pyaj. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of micronutrients on growth of Onion (Allium cepa L.) during Rabi season of 2019-2020 at the Horticultural Research centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The maximum plant height (27.18, 43.32, 49.22 and 47.45 cm at 30, 60, 90 and at harvest after days of transplanting, respectively), number of leaves (5.11, 8.83, 12.87 and 13.98 at 30, 60, 90 and at harvest after days of transplanting, respectively), diameter of stem per plant (6.64, 8.97, 11.13 and 10.95 mm at 30, 60, 90 and at harvest after days of transplanting, respectively) and length of longest leaf at harvesting (43.56 cm) were reported under treatment T9 -RDF + Zinc Sulphate 20 Kg ha-1 + Borax 10 Kg ha-1 whereas the minimum values for above parameters were recorded under T11- control. Hence application of RDF + Zinc Sulphate 20 Kg ha-1 + Borax 10 Kg ha-1 is worth recommendable for formers to get significantly better growth of Rabi onion.

Experiment to investigate the effect of disbudding on growth and yield on Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cv. Snowball which was carried out on the field during August, 2020 at the Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut-250110. The experimental materials comprised of sixteen treatments were plantedin Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Data showed the significant variationamong all characters. The result indicated that maximum plant height (53.76 cm), number of branches per plant (7.61), number of leaves per plant (92.68 plant -1), leaf area (57.90cm2), days to first flower budinitiation (60.36 days), stalk length (cm) (9.54 cm), diameter of flowers (94.92 mm), average flower yield per plant (g) (236.59), average flower yield per plot (kg ha-1) (9.26), average Yield (t ha -1) (35.46) from T4 No disbudding (control).

The present study was conducted during 2020-2021 at Horticultural Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.). Experiment was conducted with pruning intensity i.e. control (0%), 25 Percent, 50 percent, 75 percent & quality parameters were analyzed. Total 48 plants were selected. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) and number of treatment was 12 and each replicated 4 times where each treatment consists of one plant. The results were found maximum in all the parameters viz., number of flowers per tree (162.96), length of shoot (62.26 cm), fruit set (71.04%), number of fruit per tree (141.77), fruit weight (156.79gm), fruit size (7.58cm), fruit volume (152.84 cm3), fruit yield (22.22 kg/plant), fruit yield (246.86 q/ha) during first week of March with 75% of pruning intensity. The minimum values were found in control pruning (0%). In general the pruning of guava trees in first week of March with 75% of pruning intensity level was found beneficial for enhancing fruit size and quality of guava.

An experiment was conducted comprising 40 genotypes of okra in RCBD with three replications at HRC, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut during summer season of 2018-19. The significant variation and relatively wide range of mean recorded for all characters, indicated the existence of variation among the tested genotypes. High phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for number of primary branches and moderate phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for length of internode, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield. High GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for number of primary branches, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, number of nodes per plant, fruit yield, length of internode, days to first flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, and days to first fruit set. Fruit yield showed positive and significant correlation with fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height, length of internode, fruit length, number of primary branches and duration of crop at both phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient. The path coefficient analysis indicated high positive direct effect for fruit yield per plant, plant height, days to first flower initiation, number of primary branches and days to first fruit picking and high but negative direct effect exhibited by length of internode, number of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, days to 50% flowering, days to second fruit picking, duration of crop and days to first fruit set on fruit yield.

An experiment was conducted to study genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Twenty genotypes were used in this experiment. These genotypes were planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during the summer season- 2018-19 at Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.). Genetic Variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic gain for different characters were studied in 20 genotypes of cucumber.The phenotypic coefficient of variations (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficients of variations (GCV) for all traits studied. The maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient (PCV and GCV) was observed for vine length (12.55 & 11.41cm), number of primary branches (30.87 & 29.18), days to 50% flowering (11.33 & 10.13), days to first fruit harvest (11.78 & 10.53), number of fruits per plant (23.45 & 22.80), fruit length (22.48 & 21.32cm), fruit diameter (12.85 & 11.70cm), average fruit weight (29.82 & 28.65), fruit yield (16.95 & 15.84).Heritability estimates varied from 89.34 percent for the number of primary branches to 99.99 percent for average fruit weight. The genetic advancement as a percent of the mean (>30%) was found to be highest for average fruit weight, number of primary branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit yield. whereas moderate genetic advance (20%) was observed for fruit diameter, vine length, days to first fruit harvest, and days to 50% flowering.

Present investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut during zaid-2018-19. Analysis of variance revealed significant variability among the strains of okra for all character’s studied. Heritability estimates varied from 42.97 percentage for duration of crop to 97.07 percent for plant height. Number of primary branches showed high (>25%) GCV. Moderately high variability for GCV coupled with high estimates of heritability were observed for length of internode, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield (q/ha). High heritability (>60%) was obtained for plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of primary branches, fruit yield (q/ha), length of internode, days to first flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, and days to first fruit set. The moderate heritability (20%) was found to be highest for number of primary branches, length of internode, number of nodes per plant, plant height, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant, while the moderate genetic advance (10%) was observed for fruit yield, days to first flower initiation, days to first fruit set, days to 50% flowering, days to first fruit picking, days to second fruit picking and fruit length.