A detailed 3-D shear-wave velocity (Vs) model of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Changbai volcano and adjacent areas in NE China is obtained by conducting a joint inversion of group-velocity dispersion curves at periods of 5-30 s and phase-velocity dispersion curves at periods of 5-100 s from ambient noise and earthquake surface waves. We use 1602 group-velocity dispersion curves and 3125 phase-velocity dispersion curves, which were recorded at 57 permanent stations of the China Earthquake Administration and 27 portable stations of Jilin University during 2010 to 2014. Our results reveal strong heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle beneath the study area. A remarkable low-Vs zone is revealed in the crust beneath the Changbai volcano, indicating a hot magma chamber. The Longgang volcano is also characterized by a low-Vs anomaly reflecting partial melt in the crust. In contrast, there is no notable low-Vs anomaly in the crust beneath the Jingpohu volcano. Previous geological results and our tomographic images suggest that Changbai is a composite volcano, whereas Jingpohu and Longgang are monogenetic volcanoes. Low-Vs zones are revealed in the upper mantle beneath the three active volcanoes, which are interconnected at different depths. Combining the present results with previous findings, we deem that the three active intraplate volcanoes are caused by hot and wet upwelling flows in the big mantle wedge associated with deep subduction of the western Pacific plate beneath NE Asia.

The association between insurance status and infantile atopic dermatitis (AD) severity is not fully understood. We hypothesized that parents of infants with Medicaid coverage would report increased AD severity as compared to parents of privately insured infants. We also performed exploratory analyses of associations between insurance status and quality of life (QOL). Infants aged 4 to 12 months (n=139) were recruited from a peanut early introduction clinic. Wilcoxon rank sum tests assessed the association between AD severity as measured by parent-reported Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) scores and insurance type (private or Medicaid). Additional covariates (infant's age, biologic sex, and topical steroid use) were included in multivariate sensitivity analysis. Secondary analyses assessed for associations between insurance status and parental QOL as measured by t-scores on individual PROMIS-29 domains. Overall, the median age of subjects was 8 months, and the majority were male (n=81, 58%). Approximately one-third of subjects had Medicaid coverage (n=44, 32%). The POEM was completed for 112 subjects at the initial visit with median total scores of 7 [3, 12] and 10 [6, 16.5] for infants with private insurance and Medicaid, respectively (p= 0.032). When controlled for topical steroid use and infant sex, differences in POEM scores did not remain statistically significant (p=0.13). In secondary analyses, there were no significant differences in any of the PROMIS-29 domain scores when stratified by parental insurance status. Insurance status did not predict infant atopic dermatitis severity and was not associated with differences in QOL.

Increased TPSAB1 copy number encoding ⍺-tryptase is associated with severe reactions in adults with Hymenoptera venom allergy, systemic mastocytosis, and idiopathic anaphylaxis. Tryptase gene composition as a potential biomarker for food allergy severity has not been studied. We hypothesized that increased relative TPSAB1 copy number encoding ⍺-tryptase would be enriched in children with severe reactions to peanut. Subjects with severe reactions (n=21) and mild reactions (n=16) to peanut oral food challenge (OFC) were recruited from Lurie Children's Allergy Division. Tryptase genotyping was performed utilizing digital droplet PCR. Fisher's exact tests assessed for association between increased TPSAB1 copy number encoding ⍺-tryptase and OFC reaction severity (binary, severe versus non-severe based on published anaphylaxis consensus statements). Kruskal-Wallis tests evaluated associations between ⍺:β tryptase isoform ratios and quantitative OFC symptom scores (Bock/PRACTALL and Severity Grading Score for Acute Reactions). Most subjects were male (n= 23, 62%) and white (n= 29, 78%). Median age at peanut OFC was 3 years (range: 6 months to 11 years) with no significant differences in age or sex between severe and non-severe reactors. 2/21 (10%) with severe reactions had increased TPSAB1 copy number, while none of those with mild reactions did (p= 0.496). Subjects with ⍺:β isoform ratio of 1.5 (⍺⍺⍺:ββ) had higher OFC symptom scores as compared to subjects without ⍺-tryptase (ββ:ββ) (p= 0.02). Increased TPSAB1 copy number was only identified among individuals with severe peanut reactions and this finding was statistically significant when considering ⍺:β tryptase isoform ratios. Further study is required to validate these findings.

While peanut FPIES is increasingly reported, its true frequency is challenging to measure systematically. We sought to design a strategy to facilitate accurate identification of patients with peanut FPIES utilizing the electronic health record (EHR). We ran five distinct EHR phenotype queries at a single tertiary care children's hospital between 2016 and 2021. The queries included: 1) results or procedure codes for peanut allergy testing, 2) "peanut" in EHR allergy list, 3) ICD10 diagnosis codes for food allergy/anaphylaxis, 4) ICD10 diagnosis codes for allergic/dietetic gastroenteritis/colitis, and 5) ICD10 diagnosis code for FPIES. We then performed chart review validation in selected zones formed by overlap of the queries in a five-set Venn diagram. We reviewed all subjects in these zones if n≤20, or a random sample of 20 if n>20. We identified 23,419 patients fitting at least one EHR query. This included 503 with the FPIES ICD10 code, 2210 with a listed peanut allergy, and 9552 with peanut allergy testing. Among 116 charts reviewed, we identified 14 patients with peanut FPIES. All 14 confirmed cases had the FPIES ICD10 code; none of the charts reviewed without this code included a confirmed case. 13/14 had peanut allergy testing; 7/14 had peanut listed as an allergy. Of the 15 patients with both an FPIES ICD10 code and peanut listed as an allergy, 7 (47%) had confirmed peanut FPIES. Standardized search algorithms and Boolean logic could facilitate case-finding for studies of peanut FPIES in larger cohorts, but additional search strategy refinement is needed.

Abstract Background An observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) measure assessing both symptom control and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with asthma younger than 6 years is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the content validity of the Pediatric Asthma Questionnaire (PAQ), a newly developed 6-item ObsRO measure for caregivers of children aged 2–5 years diagnosed with asthma. Results In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 parents or caregivers. The first part of the interview was an open-ended discussion whereby participants were asked to describe their observations of their child’s asthma symptoms and HRQoL impacts followed by a cognitive debriefing of a draft version of the PAQ. The most frequently reported symptoms were coughing (n = 15, 100%), wheezing (n = 14, 93%), and trouble breathing (n = 10, 67%). Overall, participants found the PAQ easy to complete and relevant to their child’s experience with asthma, with most reporting the instructions, response scales, and recall period for the items to be appropriate. The majority of participants (93%) believed they could accurately report on the items included in the PAQ based on their observations of their child’s asthma symptoms and impacts, or reliably get the information from the child’s teacher, school, or caregiver when their child was not in their presence. One item was modified based on feedback about the phrase “oral steroids” to clarify modes of administration. A few other minor changes were incorporated into the PAQ following suggestions from participants, including replacing the phrase “how often” with “how many days” in one of the items to improve clarity and overall consistency with the response options. Conclusion Qualitative data support the content validity of the PAQ as a fit-for-purpose and well-understood 6-item observer-reported outcome measure to evaluate both symptoms and asthma-specific HRQoL impacts experienced by pediatric asthma patients aged 2–5 years for use in clinical and real-world studies.

The objectives of this article are to present a mathematical model that uses Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory to describe the free vibratory motion of rotating nanoscale beams. The Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory, and generalized thermoelasticity with phase-lags are used to derive the system of equations for rotating thermoelastic nanobeams. The studied nanobeam is subjected to ramp-type heating and to a significantly exponentially decaying load. The analytical solution was derived using the Laplace transform method, and the transformation of the converted fields was performed by applying the residue calculus. The numerical results of the physical fields under investigation are collected and displayed graphically. The impacts of nonlocal parameters, different types of loads, and ramping-time parameters in addition to rotation were studied and analyzed.

Despite having well-developed mechanisms of thermoregulation, animal do not maintain strict homeothermy under extreme climatic condition. Harsh environments constitute stressful conditions to animals raised in extreme climatic areas, and as a result, animals develop various adaptive mechanisms that enable them to survive under conditions of extreme heat or extreme cold. The study entitled, “Effect of Meteorological variables on Physiological parameters in Black Bengal Goat” was conducted on twelve adult healthy Black Bengal Goats with the objective to determine the seasonal variations in different physiological responses. Twelve Black Bengal does were investigated for their physiological profiles during autumn(Oct to Nov) and winter (Dec to Jan) seasons. All Physiological parameters such as rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate measured daily at 6 A.M. and 3 P.M. throughout the study period. Meteorological parameters like dry bulb temperature and relative humidity were recorded daily for two times at 6 am and 3 pm for estimation of THI throughout the study period. In addition to that the meteorological data for last one year was also collected for estimation of THI. In the present study, the mean THI found during autumn and winter season was 70.45±0.60 and 57.58±0.91 respectively while the mean THI for last one year was 72.09±0.38 during autumn and 62.14±0.28 during winter season. During autumn season, the mean rectal temperature (0F), respiration rate (breaths/min.) and heart rate (beats/min.) were 101.17±0.19, 25.50±0.43and 69.45±1.51 respectively. During winter season, the mean rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate were 98.67±0.29, 22.34±0.21and 67.55±0.88, respectively. Significant (P

The mutated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with increased plasma PAI-1 levels and a severe asthma phenotype. We previously showed that soy isoflavones significantly reduced the need for oral corticosteroids in patients with the 4G4G/4G5G genotype and reduced plasma PAI-1 levels (Cho SH et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul;144:109-117). We investigated the cellular mechanisms of soy isoflavone-induced PAI-1 regulation in this study. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were cultured with or without TGF-β1 and/or genistein, a soy isoflavone. PAI-1 production was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA. We investigated the cellular mechanisms of genistein-related PAI-1 regulation. Cell signaling molecules including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, mTOR, and Smad2/3 were measured by Western blot analysis. There was a significant increase in PAI-1 mRNA and protein production (about 10-fold) from NHBE after stimulation with TGF-β1. Genistein treatment significantly reduced TGF-β1–induced PAI-1 gene expression and protein production in a dose-dependent manner (360.7 ± 10.5 ng/mL [1 mmol/L] and 306.0 ± 5.3 pg/mL [5 mmol/L] vs 393.3 ± 20.7 ng/mL [no treatment], P < .05). In addition, genistein significantly increased phosphorylation of AMPK, thereby inhibiting TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and PAI-1 production in NHBE. This study demonstrates that genistein, a major soy isoflavone, significantly reduces TGF-β1-induced production of PAI-1. It suggests that the therapeutic benefit of soy isoflavones in asthmatic patients with the high PAI-1 producing genotype might be via the AMPK pathway.

Use of digital tools and services is increasing at a faster rate in India. Internet use among youth has proliferated because of the success of social media platforms that have become an indispensable part of young people's lives. With more and more households getting an access to internet and digital tools, corresponding concerns related to children as they grow up are also rising that need to be addressed immediately and with sensitivity. Cyberbullying is one such concern in India. This chapter presents and analyzes the incidence of cyberbullying in India and how it can be tackled, especially through parental mediation. It has been found that for containing instances of cyberbullying, the parents must sensitize their children in terms of internet etiquette, morals, and cyber laws, including enhancing their own knowledge of new media, since several studies have concluded that lack of digital literacy in parents has been a major impediment in parental interventions in digital media use by young people.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Melissa officinalis in MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease in mice. The whole plant material was extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the above extracts were assayed for their antioxidant potential by In-vitro DPPH method. The antiparkinson’s activity of ethanolic extract of Melissa officinalis was evaluated by actophotometer and rotarod test. The levels of catalase and SOD were estimated in cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum. The activity of complex-I was also estimated. Among the four extracts, ethanolic extract showed highest antioxidant potential in DPPH method so it was decided to use ethanolic extract for in-vivo studies. The ethanolic extract of Melissa officinalis showed a significant and dose dependent effect at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg p.o. in both actophotometer and rotarod model. The ethanolic extract of Melissa officinalis also showed a significant in-vivo antioxidant potential by restoring the levels of catalase and SOD. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the potential antiparkinson’s properties of the ethanol extract.

No large studies have evaluated the differential association of Tacrolimus exposure with food allergy (FA) in bone marrow transplant (BMT) compared to solid organ transplant. This retrospective cohort study included 2,382 transplant recipients (680 BMT, 1,702 solid organ) at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Childrens Hospital of Chicago from 2007-2017. Post-transplantation FA was defined as incident physician diagnosis of FA after transplant using ICD-9/10 coding. We determined gender, age at transplant, transplant type and Tacrolimus exposure on all subjects. Chi-square and Fischer's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. Multinomial logistic regression determined the odds of FA controlling for gender, transplant type and age at transplant. Joint analysis determined the combined and independent effects of transplant type and Tacrolimus exposure on odds of FA. Subjects were older children (median age 11.0 years) and 54.7% male. Post-transplantation FA developed in 2.23% overall, and in 0.9% of BMT recipients, 2.8% of all solid organ transplant recipients and 5.5% of liver transplant recipients. Compared to BMT, solid organ transplant recipients were 2.6-fold more likely to develop FA (95%CI: 1.1-6.3; p=0.038). Liver transplant recipients had 2.3-fold increased odds of FA compared to other solid organ transplant recipients (95%CI: 1.3-4.2; p=0.007). Compared to BMT recipients without Tacrolimus, solid organ transplant recipients exposed to Tacrolimus had 4.8-fold increased odds of FA (95%CI: 1.9-12.4; p=0.001). This large, retrospective cohort study of BMT and solid organ transplant recipients found that solid organ transplant recipients exposed to Tacrolimus had a 5-fold increased risk of FA.

The 4G/4G genotype of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is associated with increased plasma PAI-1 levels and poor asthma control. Previous studies suggest that soy isoflavone may reduce PAI-1 levels. Plasma PAI-1 levels were measured by ELISA and a PAI-1 functional polymorphism (rs1799768, 4G/5G) was characterized in subjects with poorly controlled asthma enrolled in a 24-week randomized, controlled clinical trial of soy isoflavone. Demographic and clinical characteristics were determined for each PAI-1 genotype and genotype-specific treatment responses were compared between asthmatics randomized to soy isoflavone versus placebo. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) were cultured with or without TGF-β1 and/or genistein, and PAI-1 levels were measured in the supernatant. The 4G/5G+4G/4G genotype was associated with a higher risk for allergy-related worse asthma symptoms and eczema at baseline compared to the 5G/5G genotype (OR 2.3, p=0.03 and OR 2.6, p=0.02, respectively). Soy isoflavone treatment significantly reduced plasma PAI-1 levels compared to placebo regardless of the genotypes. Soy isoflavone treatment significantly reduced the use of oral corticosteroids (number of events/person-year) compared to placebo in the 4G/5G+4G/4G genotype (0.2 vs 0.8, relative risk 0.28, p <0.01) but not in the 5G/5G genotype. TGF-β1 significantly increased the production of PAI-1 from NHBE and genistein treatment reduced TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 production in a dose-dependent manner. This study suggests that PAI-1 polymorphisms can be used as a genetic biomarker for soy isoflavone responsive subjects with asthma. Genistein-induced reduction of PAI-1 generation from airway epithelial cells may be a part of the underlying mechanism.

Elevated PAI-1 levels are associated with worse outcomes in COPD. It is unknown whether elevated PAI-1 affects lung function, or risk of COPD / emphysema in healthy adults. We included 996 randomly sampled participants and an additional 197 subjects with obesity from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults cohort, recruited at a mean age of 25 years and followed for 30 years. We used ANCOVA to determine the adjusted association of serum PAI-1 level, measured at years 7 and 20 (n=1180), with FEV1 %-predicted at year 30 and FEV1 decline from peak. Secondary outcomes included odds of COPD (post-bronchodilator FEV1:FVC <0.70 at year 30) and emphysema (CT scan measures). Compared to the first tertile of PAI-1 levels, those within the highest tertile of PAI-1 level at either year 7 (-36 mL/yr vs -33 mL/yr, p=0.03) or year 20 (-36 mL/yr vs -33 mL/yr, p=0.01) had the greatest FEV1 decline. Individuals within the highest tertile of PAI-1 at both year 7 and 20 had the lowest post bronchodilator FEV1 %-predicted at year 30 (90.4% vs. 98.1%, p<0.0001), but no association with incident COPD. Higher log PAI-1 levels at years 7 (OR:0.73, CI: 0.55,0.97) and 20 (OR:0.67, CI:0.51,0.88) showed lower odds of emphysema, but lost significance with inclusion of BMI. Sensitivity analyses limited to the random sample showed minimal change in direction or significance. Generally healthy subjects with higher PAI-1 were more likely to have greater lung function decline over 30 years, but did not have higher odds of COPD.

Aim: A clinical study of prevalence of ocular manifestations in malnourished children attending anganwadi centers in urban slum areas. Material & Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in Anganwadi centers of urban slum area, with children of age group 0 – 6 years. All children underwent detailed systemic and ocular examination and were graded for malnutrition according to IAP classification. The results were analysed statistically. Results: In our study the prevalence of ocular manifestations is 9.6% (50). Prevalence of malnutrition is 18.53% (96). Out of 96 malnourished, 56 children (58.33%) belong to grade I malnutrition, out of which 16 children (32%) had ocular manifestation, which is total ocular manifestation in all the grades of malnutrition. So, ocular manifestation in malnourished children is 32%. Overall ocular involvement was seen in 50 children out of 518 children examined, with overall prevalence of 9.65%. Thereis significant difference of ocular involvement between malnourished and wellnourished (p value – 0.017). Conclusion: Overall prevalence of malnourished children wasfound to be very less at anganwadi centers in our study. This may be probably due to the timely vaccination of children and the nutritional supplements being provided to them at Anganwadi centers through various national programmes.

Maternal and Child Health is recognized as one of the significant component of the family welfare. Maternal and Child Health services are essential and specialized services. More over, children are the asset for the family, community and nation where as, mothers have an important role in their growth and development. In spite of the wide spread infra structural facilities and service interventions in the rural areas, the morbidity and mortality among children continue to be a major cause of concern to the planning commissions. The focus seems to be the quality and level of utilization of services which are linked to the knowledge and availability of these services to the target population. Therefore the investigator planned to conduct the study to assess the knowledge among married women on utilization of MCH services. The research approach adopted for this study was evaluative approach and one group pre and post test design. The independent variable is STP and dependent variable is knowledge on utilization of MCH services. The setting of the study was at selected rural areas of Tumkur district. The sample consists of 60 married women and convenient sample technique was used to select the sample. The findings of the study revealed that the overall knowledge score shows increase in mean post test knowledge 25.53 with SD 2.10 than mean pre test knowledge 14.52 with SD 2.63. Hence in all areas post test scores are increased so the hypotheses is accepted significant at p< 0.001 level. It shows that STP was effective in increasing the knowledge of mothers. There is significant relationship between ages, education of mother, family income, and no. of children with post test knowledge scores.

Objectives Children with hypoxic brain injuries have been considered to make poorer recovery than children with traumatic brain injuries. We aim to highlight that early rehabilitation may contribute to better outcomes than widely appreciated. Methods Retrospective study. Setting: two hospitals in the UK with paediatric intensive care units (ICU) and neurorehabilitation wards. Inclusion criteria: children under 16 years; admitted to ICU for ventilation; encephalopathy following cardiorespiratory arrest January 2010 to December 2014; survived to discharge from ICU. Exclusion criteria: children under 1 year of age; cardiorespiratory arrest following trauma. Results 16 children (8 male) were identified. Mean age: 99 months. Causes of cardiorespiratory arrest: strangulation (3); hypovolaemia (2); near-drowning (2); peri-operative (2); cardiac arrhythmia or unexplained (3); asthmatic arrest (2); other (2). Return of spontaneous cardiac output was 15 min or more in 11 out of 16 children. Mean length (SD) of stay on ICU: 11.5 (12.4) days. Eleven children had bilateral basal ganglia injury with varying cortical involvement; no imaging abnormality was identified in one child. Six children required prolonged parenteral nutrition or gastrostomy; two required ileo-colectomy; three children required tracheostomy. Four children required re-admission to ICU or high dependency care. Movement disorders requiring medications (baclofen, diazepam, L-Dopa) were common. Discharge from hospital occurred at median (range) 107 (9–706) days after injury. Ten children were discharged home directly. Discharge KOSCHI score was 3B (severe disability) or worse in nine children; four children were at 5A or 5B (good recovery). 60% of children were sitting independently 150 days and walking independently 500 days post injury. Duration of cardiac arrest did not alter outcomes but mode of injury played a more significant role in predicting outcome. Conclusions Severe disability or vegetative state after hypoxic encephalopathy is a frequent, but not inevitable outcome in children who survive to discharge from ICU. This group of children often require several months of inpatient admission to achieve medical stability during which time they are capable of active participatory rehabilitation. There is some potential for continued improvement following discharge.