В статье описывается разработанный автором метод формирования исходной матрицы высот, позволяющей провести анализ морфометрических свойств полигона трассирования. Полигон сепарируется на отдельные территориальные единицы, каждая из которых имеет собственный рейтинг по совокупности различных критериев (таких как антропогенная нагрузка, морфометрия и т. д.). Рейтинг отдельной территориальной единицы определяет перспективность ее рассмотрения при решении задачи трассирования линейных объектов наземного транспорта. Подобная дискретная модель полигона фактически представляет собой взвешенный граф, поиск пути в котором осуществляется различными алгоритмами, такими как алгоритмы Дейкстры, A* и алгоритм поиска в ширину. The article describes the method developed by the author for forming the initial height matrix, which makes it possible to analyze the morphometric properties of the tracing polygon. The polygon is separated into separate territorial units, each of which has its own rating based on a set of different criteria (such as anthropogenic load, morphometry, etc.). The rating of a separate territorial unit determines the prospects of its consideration when solving the problem of tracing linear objects of land transport. Such a discrete polygon model is actually a weighted graph, in which the search for a path is carried out by various algorithms, such as Dijkstra’s algorithm, A* and the breadth-first search algorithm.

Twelve hydrothermal autoclave experiments were conducted with Domanik oil shale from the Ukhta region (Chut River) at temperatures of 250–375°C and run duration of 24 h (6 experiments), 72 h (5 experiments), and 48 h (1 experiment). The composition of hydrocarbon gases C1–C5 was studied for each experiment and quantitative data on their yields were obtained. Based on these data, the distributions of generation potential of individual gaseous hydrocarbons by activation energy were established under hydrothermal experimental conditions. The character of the kinetic spectra of individual alkanes C2–C5 is virtually identical; their main narrow maximum corresponds to Ea 55 kcal/mol with an Arrhenius factor of 1 × 1014 s–1. The distribution of the methane generation potential by activation energies is distinguished by the fact that a significant part of its generation potential falls within the region of activation energies of 60–70 kcal/mol and by the uncertainty of the distribution character in this region.

В статье рассматривается ряд современных тенденций в законодательстве, которые оказывают значительное влияние на деятельность надзорных органов МЧС России. Первая тенденция («мораторий» на проверки) является вынужденной, экономически обоснованной и состоит в ослаблении контроля над деятельностью коммерческих организаций, сокращении плановых и внеплановых проверок соблюдения противопожарных норм. Вторая тенденция состоит в растущем количестве профилактических визитов, которые имеют рекомендательный характер и не оказывают административного давления на контролируемых лиц. Третья тенденция связана с отсутствием в правовом поле определения понятия «угроза жизни и здоровья людей», которое играет принципиальную роль при осуществлении государственного пожарного надзора. Указанные тенденции вызваны как объективными факторами, так и некоторыми правовыми пробелами. Целью статьи является анализ данных тенденций и их влияния на эффективность государственного пожарного надзора. В результате проведенного анализа сделан вывод о том, что «мораторий» на проверки привел к снижению внимания со стороны коммерческих организаций к вопросам обеспечения пожарной безопасности. Профилактические визиты, количество которых ежегодно увеличивается, не оказывают существенного воздействия на данную ситуацию. Отсутствие юридически закрепленного понятия «угроза жизни и здоровью людей» приводит к тому, что надзорные органы МЧС России и органы прокуратуры используют различные подходы к определению данной угрозы. The article examines a number of modern trends in legislation that have a significant impact on the activities of the supervisory bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. The first trend (the "moratorium" on inspections) is forced, economically justified and consists in weakening control over the activities of commercial organizations, reducing scheduled and unscheduled inspections of compliance with fire safety regulations. The second trend is the growing number of preventive visits, which are advisory in nature and do not exert administrative pressure on the supervised persons. The third trend is associated with the absence in the legal field of a definition of the concept of "threat to life and health of people", which plays a fundamental role in the implementation of state fire supervision. These trends are caused by both objective factors and some legal gaps. The purpose of the article is to analyze these trends and their impact on the effectiveness of state fire supervision. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the "moratorium" on inspections led to a decrease in attention from commercial organizations to fire safety issues. Preventive visits, the number of which increases annually, do not have a significant impact on this situation. The absence of a legally enshrined concept of “threat to human life and health” leads to the fact that the supervisory bodies of the Russian Emergencies Ministry and the prosecutor’s office use different approaches to defining this threat.

Ashless extracts, hypercoals, were obtained from Tuvan coals of the Ulug-Khem basin by dissolving them in N-methylpyrrolidone. The yield of the extracts was 27.3–79.4

The thermal and hydrothermal processing of polyvinyl chloride waste was studied. The liquid product in the hydrothermal processing of polyvinyl chloride with 10

For the first time, high-alumina mineral associations including rare minerals of the rhönite-kuratite series were found in post-caldera lava flows of the Kudryaviy and Menshiy Brat volcanoes (Kuril Islands). These lava flows are composed of olivine-bearing basalts and andesite-basalts of the calc-alkaline series. Partially crystallized olivine-hosted melt inclusions in these rocks contain high-alumina daughter phases. Residual glass with up to 25 wt% Al2O3, Al-pyroxenes and spinel with minerals of the rhönite subgroup were identified. The rhönite-kuratite series minerals are characterized by strong variations in Al, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg, Si, as well as very low Ti, which makes it possible to name it a low-Ti Fe2+ analogue of rhönite with the formula (Ca,Mg,Na)4(Mg,Fe,Fe, Al,Ti,Mn)12O4[Si8.2Al3.8O36] – (Ca,Na,Mg)4(Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti)12O4[Si6.78Al5.22O36]. It is assumed that high-alumina daughter phases form in olivine-hosted melt inclusions through water accumulation in the trapped melts during crystallization of the host olivine on the walls of melt inclusions. Water-rich melts can inhibit early crystallization of plagioclase, which promotes enrichment of the residual melt in Al2O3.

For the first time, high-alumina mineral assemblages including rare minerals of the rhönite–kuratite series were found in postcaldera lava flows of the Kudryavy and Menshiy Brat volcanoes (Kuril Islands). These lava flows consist of olivine-bearing basalts and andesite-basalts of the calc-alkaline series. Partially crystallized olivine-hosted melt inclusions in these rocks contain high-alumina daughter phases. Residual glass with up to 25 wt

The PGE-Cu-Ni Oktyabr'sky deposit, related to the Kharaelakh intrusion, contains the largest sulfide ore bodies in the world. Various models have been proposed to explain its formation based on the mineralogical and textural characteristics of the sulfide ores. However, the underlying structure of the intrusion, critical to understanding the deposit's formation, has not been well studied until now. For the first time a 3D model of the center deposit with C-3 and C-4 orebodies representing its main part has been created. The model reveals that the intrusion in this area is a thin plate, rather than a tubular or honolithic body, as previously assumed. This morphology does not support the idea of ore formation by in situ reaction between primary magma and host rocks. Instead, sulfides were transported by magma from a deeper zone in the chamber. Within this area, two pulses of magma were identified, forming the Northern and Southern intrusive branches. They are similar in inner structure; however, some differences exist. The rocks of these intrusions are identical in terms of their major components but differ in metals (Cu/Ni ratios, Co, Zn, and V contents), which is particularly reflected in the composition of the chalcopyrite group of minerals. The picritic gabbro-dolerites presented in both intrusive bodies crystallized under similar conditions, namely, T and fO2, with an accuracy of the applied methods (+/- 15 degrees C and +/- 0.4 lgfO(2), respectively) from two portions of magma that differ from those of the taxitic gabbro-dolerites. Therefore, the Oktyabr'sky deposit has a more complex structure in its central part than has been previously reported. Considering earlier published data from the western and eastern parts, it can be concluded that the Karaelakh intrusion consists of several intrusive bodies rather than a single large massif that should be consider in future models.

The paper represents new data on the formation conditions of basalts from post-caldera volcano Menshiy Brat (Medvezhia caldera, Iturup Island). Liquidus mineral assemblage is composed of olivine (Fo up to 90.1 mol. %) and chromium spinel (Cr# = 0.46–0.6), which crystallized at 1090–1170°С and oxygen fugacity NNO +0.6 (σ = 0.2) – NNO +0.2 (σ = 0.14). The study of melt inclusions in the liquidus olivine demonstrated that its parental melts have low-alumina, low-potassium compositions with up to 15.5 wt. % MgO and with an average water content of 5.5 wt. %. The data on volatile contents in the olivine-hosted melt inclusions suggest that the basic melts appeared due to partial melting of essentially peridotitic source with a small admixture of an olivine-free component at 1225°С under active influence of the slab-related fluids. These fluids were separated from the subducting slab at 670–705°С and depths of 95–105 km beneath the Iturup Island. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the evolution of basic magmas that serve as a heat and volatile supply during the formation of large calderas.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702923210024

The Siberian Traps are believed to play an essential role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, although the link between these events is unclear. Plume ascent, its interaction with the lithosphere, and crustal rocks are considered as sources of volatile components that trigger mass extinction. Reliable estimations of the volumes of gases released during the basalt magma degassing that formed typical traps are few. In this work, the volatile contents in the parental melt of the Southern Maslovsky intrusion, which is a part of the PGE–Cu–Ni Maslovsky deposit in the Norilsk district in the Northwest Siberian Platform, were determined. The studied intrusion belongs to the ore-bearing Norilsk intrusive complex, which is coeval to the Morongovsky–Mokulaevsky Formations of the Siberian flood basalt province. The objects of this study were 8 silicate-melt inclusions in olivines from picritic gabbro-dolerites and 68 inclusions in clinopyroxenes, and 2 inclusions in olivines from olivine-bearing gabbro-dolerites. The composition of the parental melt in terms of major and trace element abundances was close to the main stage of the platform magmatism. The average volatile contents in melt inclusions were as follows: 4500 ppm H 2 O and Cl 1333 ppm, followed by trace amounts of F 387 ppm, S 743 ppm, CO 2 1279 ppm, and B 4.18 ppm, typical of within-plate magmas. In addition, the contacts of igneous rocks with sedimentary deposits (carbonate-terrigenous rocks and coals) demonstrate the occurrence of narrow zones of alteration and the absence of a significant volume of gases that could influence the process of species extinction. There is no strict evidence of the influence of the Siberian traps on the Permian–Triassic mass extinction.

Novel data from mineralogical studies of the peridotite xenoliths from the Komsomol’skaya–Magnitnaya kimberlite pipe, Upper Muna field, Siberian craton, are presented. The mineral composition of 170 peridotite xenoliths (dunites, harzburgites, and lherzolites) is investigated. Based on these studies, it has been established that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Upper Muna kimberlite field is composed mainly of garnet and chromite-bearing dunites, harzburgites, and subordinate amounts of granular garnet lherzolites. The high proportion of peridotites with high-Mg olivines (Fo > 93 mol %) indicates the highly depleted nature of the lithospheric mantle peridotites. Based on the geochemical studies of the garnets, it has been found that the diamondiferous lithospheric keel underwent a low degree of metasomatic modification, mainly with the participation of carbonatite fluids/melts. Using the data on clinopyroxene monomineral geothermobarometry, it has been established that the thickness of the lithosphere in the area of the Upper Muna field at the time of kimberlite magmatism (~360 Ma) was about 220 km and the interval of the diamond window was about 95 km (from 125 to 220 km).

— One of the pivoting problems in the genesis of magmatic deposits is the role of silicate melt in the origin of sulfide ores. A way of solving this problem is to compare massifs with different mineralization, using contents of major and trace elements in the rocks. However, intrusions of the Norilsk intrusive complex are rarely compared with one another in terms of ore composition and volume in them. This paper is the first geochemical data, all of which were acquired with the application of modern analytical techniques, on the Chernogorsky intrusion in the Norilsk trough. The structure and composition of this intrusion are well comparable to the intrusions of the same complex hosting the uniquely large deposits: Talnakh, Kharaelakh, and Norilsk 1. The weighted mean composition of the Chernogorsky intrusion (wt %) is as follows: 47.2 SiO 2 , 0.62 TiO 2 , 16.7 Al 2 O 3 , 9.94 FeO, 0.16 MnO, 11.7 MgO, 11.3 CaO, 1.53 Na 2 O, 0.46 K 2 O, 0.07 P 2 O 5 , and 0.18 Cr 2 O 3, , and the ratios of trace elements (La/Sm) n = 1–2, (Gd/Yb) n = 1.2–1.4, and (Th/Nb) n = 1–4 are same as typical of other rocks of the Norilsk complex. The ores of the Chernogorsky intrusion are close to the ores of Norilsk 1, their Cu/Ni ratio slightly exceeds 1, and the Pt + Pd = 5–6 ppm on average. However, the predicted resources of metals in this massif (0.8 Mt Cu + Ni and 0.5 kt Pt + Pd) are 140 times lower than the resources of the Kharaelakh intrusion (113 Mt Cu + Ni, 17.5 kt Pt + Pd), and 50 times lower than in Talnakh (40 Mt Cu + Ni, 8.3 kt Pt + Pd). This confirms that the ore content in an intrusion does not depend on the composition of its silicate rocks, and hence, the compositions of these rocks cannot be used as an exploration guide for new deposits.