Lunasin has demonstrated antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. The objectives were to evaluate the concentration of lunasin in different lunasin-based commercial dietary supplements, to produce a lunasin-enriched soy extract (LESE) using a two-step pilot-plant-based ultrafiltration process, and to evaluate their biological potential in vitro. LESE was produced using 30 and 1 kDa membranes in a custom-made ultrafiltration skid. Lunasin was quantified in eight products and LESE. Lunasin concentrations of the lunasin-based products ranged from 9.2 ± 0.6 to 25.7 ± 1.1 mg lunasin/g protein. The LESE extract contained 58.2 mg lunasin/g protein, up to 6.3-fold higher lunasin enrichment than lunasin-based dietary supplements. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 121.5 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in Now® Kids to 354.4 mmol TE/g in LESE. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibition ranged from 5.3% on Soy Sentials® to 38.3% on synthetic lunasin. ORAC and lunasin concentrations were positively correlated, and HAT and lunasin concentrations were negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Melanoma B16-F10 and A375 cells treated with lunasin showed dose-dependent inhibitory potential (IC50 equivalent to 330 and 370 μM lunasin, respectively). Lunasin showed protein kinase B expression (57 ± 14%) compared to the control (100%) in B16-F10. Lunasin concentration found in commercial products and lunasin-enriched soy extract could exert benefits to consumers.

Abstract Soybeans are one of the most important crops in terms of volume and applications of the products obtained from them. Grown for oil and protein production, soybeans are feedstock for food, feed, fuel, and biobased products. Today, soybean oil can be found in most food products, as a result of its availability and positive nutritional and functional properties. The extensive scientific research and development conducted by both industry and academia on soybean oil is a main contributor to its important positioning among oils. This article provides a comprehensive review of this work, including information on the composition of soybeans, soybean oil, and other soybean lipids, especially as affected by environment, variety, and genetic modification; the physical properties of soybean oil, grading of soybeans, oil extraction, and the effect of various extraction techniques on oil quality and the various soy protein ingredients; basic refining and processing of soybean oil and soybean refinery co‐products; the major uses of soybean oil; trading rules for soybean oil; and the oxidative quality of soybean oil along with its health aspects.

Gender preselection using isolated populations of X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa that have been separated on the basis of DNA content is currently possible in swine and other farm animals, as well as in humans. Semen from most livestock species can now be successfully separated into predominantly X or Y sperm populations before their use for intra-tubal insemination, deep-uterine insemination or for in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce sexed offspring. Birth of progeny of the desired sex in cattle, sheep and swine under semi-practical conditions has successfully validated the sexing technology. Spermatozoa are separated on the basis of inherent differences in DNA content in the X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm population using modified flow cytometry/cell sorting technology. Spermatozoa are stained with Hoechst 33342 which binds to the DNA in an amount proportional to the amount of DNA present in the individual spermatozoa. Over 300 animals from various species at several locations have been born using the USDA-Beltsville Sperm Sexing Technology for separating X and Y spermatozoa. Sex ratios are shifted from the normal 50:50 to 85 to 90% of one sex or the other. In swine, offspring have been born as the result of surgical intratubal insemination of separated spermatozoa and also from IVF and embryo transfer. At the present time, standard swine artificial insemination techniques are not optimized for use with the small numbers of flow cytometrically separated X or Y sperm populations. Cattle, swine and rabbit offspring have been reproduced through the second generation with normal morphology and reproductive function. Numerous improvements have been made in the sexing technology since it was first reported in 1989. Increasing the speed of the sexing process to make the application of the technology available to a larger segment of the livestock industry is paramount, even with insemination technology designed for small numbers of spermatozoa.

The corn wet milling process is one of the most sophisticated grain processes used worldwide. Coproducts from wet milling include starch, fuel ethanol, and glucose in highly purified forms, as well as lower valued coproducts such as corn gluten feed which is a mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, and residual fat. The primary coproduct, starch, is used to make many products, such as sweeteners, ethanol, and modified starches for food and industrial uses. The initial step of the process, steeping, is key to effective fractionation, separation, and purification of the starch-based prime products. Coproducts have a range of market values. Corn gluten meal is highly valued for companion animal, poultry, and swine diets, while corn gluten feed has value similar to or less than that of incoming maize and is widely used in ruminant animal diets.

Aqueous oil extraction is an approach that could replace organic solvent extraction with water. Compared to typical solvent extraction and mechanical pressing processes, aqueous extraction has higher oil recovery (over 80%) than the mechanical pressing process, and resolve issues resulted from chemical loading and remaining in the hexane extraction. Proteases are used to assist free oil release from oil bodies by hydrolyzing cotyledon cell walls in aqueous extraction process. The resulting enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) includes dehulling, flaking, extruding, enzymatic extraction, and enzymatic demulsification processes. SuperPro Designer was used to conduct a techno-economic analysis (TEA) of the extraction process. The total capital investment, operation cost, and profits were evaluated. During EAEP, insolubility of water and oil allows the simultaneous extraction of protein and oil. This decreases operation costs, especially the oil purification process, and therefore increases profits made from the main product (soybean oil). This simultaneous extraction also increases the profit towards the coproduct, i.e., protein in skim. Additionally, the absence of chemical and enzyme recycling contribute to the better economic value of EAEP. Despite the increase in facility costs due to extraction and demulsification units, the value-added coproduct extraction and high free oil yield contribute to the economic feasibility of EAEP in industrial- and commercial-scale productions when skim and insoluble fiber are used as water and carbohydrate supplies for integrated soy/cornethanol biorefinery processing.

Expelling and hexane extraction are two typical processes for soybean oil production used in industry. The main issues for these two processes are the low efficiency and hazardous chemical problems respectively. Enzyme assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) was proposed to increase the efficiency without using organic solvent, which is replaced by water. The environmental impact analysis of these three processes are based on their mass flows, energy consumption and global warming potential. For mass flows, the environmental impact indices were calculated based on material flow of input and output components. Energy consumption was used to evaluate the carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gas (GHG), and criteria pollutants emissions by GREET models. According to our results, hexane extraction has the highest environmental impact due to the application of organic solvent. Expelling has the highest GHG and criteria pollutants emissions because of the high energy requirement for heat pressing processes. EAEP has similar environmental impacts to the expelling process, but it also lowers GHG and criteria pollutants emissions. EAEP has the potential to be a green process adopted by industry although a high energy intense pretreatment to produce finer soybean flakes for increasing oil recovery is still a challenge.

Publication number EP2106280 A2 Publication type Application Application number EP20070862538 Publication date Oct 7, 2009 Filing date Dec 4, 2007 Priority date Dec 22, 2006 Also published as CN101610824A, US20100227042, WO2008088489A2, WO2008088489A3 Inventors Peter Birschbach, 7 More » Applicant Danisco US, INC., Genencor Division, Iowa State University Export Citation BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan Non­Patent Citations (1), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)

The characterization of nanometer-scale interactions between carbon-containing substrates and alumina surfaces is of paramount importance to industrial and academic catalysis applications, but it is also very challenging. Here, we demonstrate that dynamic nuclear polarization surface-enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP SENS) allows the unambiguous description of the coordination geometries and conformations of the substrates at the alumina surface through high-resolution measurements of 13C-27Al distances. We apply this new technique to elucidate the molecular-level geometry of 13C-enriched methionine and natural abundance poly(vinyl alcohol) adsorbed on γ-Al2O3-supported Pd catalysts, and we support these results with element-specific X-ray absorption near-edge measurements. This work clearly demonstrates a surprising bimodal coordination of methionine at the Pd-Al2O3 interface.

High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of mixed solvent systems on the acidity at the solid liquid interface of solid acid catalysts. A method was developed that can exploit benefits of both solution and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) by wetting porous solids with small volumes of liquids (< 2 mu L/mg) to create an interfacial liquid that exhibits unique motional dynarirics intermediate to an isotropic liquid and a rigid solid. Results from these experiments provide information about the influence of the solvent mixtures on the acidic properties, at a solid liquid interface. Importantly, use of MAS led to spectra with full resolution between water in an acidic environment and that of bulk water. Using mixed solvent systems, the chemical shift of water was used to compare the relative acidity as a function of the hydration level of the DMSO-d(6) solvent. Nonlinear increasing acidity was observed as the DMSO-d6 became more anhydrous. H-1 HR-MAS NMR experiments on a variety of supported sulfonic acid functionalized materials, suggest that the acid strength and number of acid sites correlates to the degree of broadening of the peaks in the H-1 NMR spectra. When the amount of liquid added to the solid is increased (corresponding to a thicker liquid layer), fully resolved water phases were observed. This suggests that the acidic proton was localized predominantly within a 2 nm distance from the solid. EXSY H-1-H-1 2D experiments of the thin layers were used to determine the rate of proton exchange for different catalytic materials. These results demonstrated the utility of using (SSNMR) on solid liquid mixtures to selectively probe catalyst surfaces under realistic reaction conditions for condensed phase systems.

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an environmentally-friendly alternative to solvent and mechanical oil extraction methods, and can achieve ∼ 97% oil recovery from soybeans. The present study utilized soy skim (protein rich) and insoluble fiber (IF; carbohydrate rich), both co-products of EAEP, in dry-grind corn fermentation. The effects of adding soy skim and untreated IF (UIF), either separately or together, and adding pretreated IF (TIF), on ethanol production were investigated. Maximum ethanol production was achieved when UIF and skim were slurried together (corn-to-UIF ratio 1:0.16; skim-to-UIF ratio 6.5:1) and when fiber-hydrolyzing enzymes were added to corn fermentation. This modification to corn fermentation increased ethanol yield by 20%, ethanol production rate by 3%, and decreased fermentation time by 38 h compared to corn-only fermentation. An attempt was also made to utilize pentoses (from soy skim and IF) in integrated corn-soy fermentation slurry by an additional Escherichia coli KO11 fermentation step.

We determined the effects of a commercial proprietary formulation of polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes on ethanol fermentation performance, oil partitioning and recovery, and quality of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on a 1.5-L and 50-L fermentation scale. The enzyme was added at the start of fermentation. Whole beer was subjected to beer well incubation, distillation, and separation of thin stillage from the wet cake. The enzyme promoted faster ethanol production without affecting the final ethanol yield. The enzyme treatments resulted in 8–18% higher wet yield of thin stillage than the control, 13–21% of oil increase in thin stillage, and 11% fiber reduction in DDGS. Free oil recovery from thin stillage was improved by the enzyme treatments (13–53% increase). The present study shows that the use of the polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes can add benefits to ethanol plants by increasing corn oil yield and producing fermentation coproducts with increased nutritional value and potentially broader applications in animal feeds

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an environmentally friendly technology where oil and protein can be simultaneously extracted from soybeans by using water and protease. Countercurrent, two-stage, EAEP was performed at a 1:6 solids-to-liquid ratio, 50 °C, pH 9.0, and 120 rpm for 1 h to extract oil and protein from soybeans. The skim fractions were produced by three methods: (1) by treating with 0.5 % protease (wt/g extruded flakes) in both extraction stages; (2) by treating with 0.5 % protease in the 2nd extraction stage only; and (3) by using the same two-stage extraction procedure without enzymes in either extraction stages. Countercurrent, two-stage, protein extraction of air-desolventized, hexane-defatted, soybean flakes was used as a control. Solubility profiles of the skim proteins were the typical U-shaped curves with the lowest solubility at the isoelectric point of soy protein (pH 4.5). The use of the enzyme slightly improved solubility of the recovered protein with hydrolyzed proteins having higher solubilities at acid pH. Emulsification and foaming properties were generally reduced by the use of enzyme during EAEP extractions. The skims produced with protease-extracted (hydrolyzed) proteins gave gels with lower hardness than did unhydrolyzed proteins when heated at 80 °C. The essential amino acid compositions and protein digestibilities were not adversely affected by either extrusion or extraction treatments.

S 105 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO MAY 4–7, 2014 1 PCP 1: Assessment of Protein Nutritional Quality: Digestibility and Bioavailability Chairs: E. Krul, Solae LLC, USA; N. Deak, Solae LLC, USA; and J. Wanasundara, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Canada Human Requirements for Protein and Amino Acids: How Much Do We Really Know? D.J. Millward, DJ Millward, Twickenham, Middlesex, UK. Although the assessment of protein nutritional quality can be done, at least in theory, with methods which measure its components directly, in practice quality is predicted as a function of its digestibility & indispensable amino acid (IAA) score. Scoring requires a reference IAA profile which in turn requires knowledge of both IAA & protein (PROT) requirements for the population of interest & the establishment of these values is inherently difficult. The currently accepted values were compiled from an extensive review by FAO/WHO (2007) & this report was only able to identify PROT & IAA requirements for healthy adults: i.e. maintenance requirements. For all other population groups these maintenance values were used in a factorial model of maintenance & growth to predict requirements. It is the case that none of the listed values for IAA & PROT requirements are entirely secure and in one case, i.e. pregnancy, the requirements may be unsafe. There is also considerable current debate about whether the current model based on minimal PROT & IAA requirements is appropriate & should be replaced with optimal requirements assumed by advocates to be higher values. This presentation will review the difficulties & uncertainties associated with the established human PROT & IAA requirements in the context of an adaptive metabolic demand nutritional model for dietary protein. The Evolution of Protein Quality Evaluation. G.J. Hughes, DuPont Nutrition & Health, St. Louis, MO, USA. It has long been recognized that both quantity and quality of dietary protein is important for human health. However, debate continues on the most appropriate way to assess protein quality for scientific as well as regulatory purposes. The Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), a rat assay method, has been used for nearly 100 years. As more studies on human amino acid requirements and protein bioavailability became available, newer methods have been proposed. The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), based on comparing the amino acid composition of a dietary protein to a reference amino acid profile and adjusting for protein digestibility, was introduced in 1991 and has been adopted by regulatory agencies globally. More recently, another method, the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) has been proposed, recommending different amino acid reference patterns and ileal digestibility to assess amino acid bioavailability. Another method under discussion is the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method. These newer methods are not generally accepted and lack regulatory adoption. It is clear that researchers are seeking to improve protein quality assessment for human nutrition but it appears that more work needs to be done to determine the most biologically relevant, reproducible, and cost-effective method that can be widely implemented. Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids Current Methodology and Possible Approaches to Standardization. H.H. Stein, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Not all amino acids that are ingested are also absorbed and utilized by the body, but the quantities of absorbed amino acids may be estimated by determining the ileal digestibility of amino acids. However, ileal digestibility is usually not determined in humans, but the pig is recognized as an appropriate model for humans. Determining ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets or food ingredients fed to pigs involves the surgical installation of a cannula in the distal ileum of pigs, which allows for collection of digesta samples directly from the distal ileum. By subtracting the quantities of amino acids that are excreted in the intestinal fluids from the intake of amino acids, the apparent ileal digestibility is calculated. However, because the output of amino acids in the ileal fluids includes not only amino acids of dietary origin, but also amino acids of endogenous origin, a correction for the endogenous amino acids is needed and by doing so, values for the standardized ileal digestibility are calculated. These values are additive if different ingredients are mixed together and the digestibility of amino acids in the mixture may be calculated from the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in each ingredient. ABSTRACTS 105 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO MAY 4–7, 2014S 105 AOCS ANNUAL MEETING & EXPO MAY 4–7, 2014 2 Protein Quality of Heat-processed Feed Ingredients and Its Effects on Swine Nutrition. F. Almeida and H.H. Stein, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Plant proteins commonly used in swine diets are routinely heat-processed. The application of heat is unavoidable and necessary to deactivate antinutritional factors (e.g., trypsin inhibitors), as well as to aid in the desolventizing and drying processes. Heat-processing, however, must be carefully controlled because overheating may initiate Maillard reactions. During these reactions, which occur under proper moisture and temperature conditions, the amino group of an amino acid or protein reacts with the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. Lysine is particularly susceptible to these reactions because of its exposed epsilon amino group. Amino acids participating in Maillard reactions may be destroyed or become biologically unavailable to pigs. Thus, the concentration and digestibility of amino acids in heat-damaged feed ingredients is reduced. Consequently, reduced protein utilization by pigs fed heat-damaged feed ingredients may result in decreased growth performance and increased N excretion, causing environmental concern. Therefore, rapid and reliable evaluation of the protein quality of heat-processed feed ingredients is necessary to minimize their detrimental effects and efficiently use them in swine

The amounts of soybeans and total vegetable oil crops have been rising for a number of years. World production of soybeans in 2003 was estimated to be 184.49 million MT out of 317.89 million MT total for vegetable oil crops, making soybeans the world’s largest oilseed crop, rivaled only by palm oil (1). The 2003 crop of soybeans was expected to yield 29.85 million MT of soybean oil out of a total of 91.79 million MT of vegetable oil worldwide. The U.S. production of soybean oil was estimated at 8.59 million MT for 2002, of which 7.86 million MT was consumed domestically. During 2002–2003, Brazil produced 4.90 million MT and Argentina 4.12 million MT of soybean oil (2). The U.S. price of crude soybean oil has varied from $0.24/kg to $0.62/kg over the past 5 years with the lower prices being more recent (1). Soybeans owe their dominance of the oilseed market to the value of their protein, which is much greater than that of other oilseeds. Of the oilseed meals produced in 2003, 129.58 million MT out of a total of 185.69 milllion MT was soybean meal (1). Of the money made on extracting soybeans, the meal accounted for between 51% and 76% of the total in the last 10 years. Soybean oil of typical composition performs well as a salad oil, but it is usually hydrogenated for use as a margarine stock or frying oil. Soybean oil’s stability to oxidation also is limited by its content

The economic viability of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) of soybeans depends on properties and potential applications of all fractions (skim and insolubles as well as oil). EAEP oil contained lower free fatty acid, phosphorus, and tocopherol contents, similar unsaponifiable matter levels, and higher degrees of oxidation (peroxide and p-anisidine values) than hexane-extracted oil. The phospholipid profile of EAEP fractions was mainly composed of phosphatidic acid, followed by phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Most of phospholipids were present in the skim, except for phosphatidic acid, which was the major phospholipid in the cream fraction. Skim and cream contained 55 and 3 % of the soluble carbohydrates in the original extruded flakes, respectively. Soluble carbohydrates of the skim were mainly composed of stachyose (5.8 ± 0.8 mg/mL) and sucrose (9.9 ± 0.8 mg/mL), which were hydrolyzed into glucose, galactose, and fructose after addition of α-galactosidase. Skim and cream peptides contained <20 kDa MW molecules. About 71 % of the skim peptides were <20 kDa MW, with 49 % being <1.35 kDa MW, 22 % being 17–1.35 kDa MW, and 29 % being 44–670 kDa MW. Skim protein and carbohydrate contents make this fraction suitable for replacing water in ethanol fermentations, thereby improving the fermentation rate/production and the nutritional quality of distiller’s dried grains with solubles.

Microalgae are a promising source of lipids for biofuel production. To improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of this biofuel feedstock, one should create value for co-products after lipid extraction. Thus, protein isolation from the defatted biomass presents an opportunity. To extract algae protein, temperature and pH were evaluated to maximize the extraction from Nannochloropsis biomass. Maximum quantity of protein was solubilized at 60°C and pH11 and recovered at pH3.2. The isolated protein fractions contained 56.9% and 40.5% protein when using isopropanol (IPA) defatted and non-defatted biomass as the starting materials, with protein yields being 16 and 30%, respectively. The IPA-defatting treatment significantly decreased the protein extraction yield. These values are low compared with soybean protein isolates (>90% protein and ~60% yield). The relatively high protein content (>34%) in the pH11 insoluble fraction indicates needs for further extraction optimization. The nitrogen and amino acid content of the initial materials and all the fractions were determined and the calculated nitrogen to protein conversion factor was in the range of 4.06–4.70. The possibility of the presence of conjugated protein, i.e., N-containing glycoproteins, is also discussed.

A concise protocol for the synthesis of -methylene--hydroxy--carboxy--lactams has been described via alkylation of amino acid derived iminoesters with -bromomethylmethacrylate, followed by allylic hydroxylation. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their cytotoxicity on multiple myeloma cancer cell lines.

A 2(3) full-factorial study was designed to study the effect of corn preparation methods (flaking and grinding) on dry-grind ethanol performance using raw starch hydrolysis (RSH) process. Moisture content (15, 22%), flaker roller gapsetting (0.508 mm, 1.016 mm). and grinding were studied. Fifteen hundred g of corn samples were cracked, roller pressed, and were either ground further or retained, along with control ground corn. A bimodal size distribution was observed for ground corn, regardless of flaking. Moisture at 22% resulted in bigger-sized flakes with d(50) between similar to 1.3 and 1.8 mm, compared to similar to 138-169 mu m for ground corn. Not all ground corn resulted in higher ethanol concentration in fermentation beer: the ethanol levels in beer did not reflect the starch hydrolysis trend that favored ground corn. In a related study, the beer ethanol concentration did not show a clear trend with rollermill gapsetting while fermenting the flakes produced at 0.203, 0.305, 0.406, and 0.508 mm gapsettings. Generally, flakes from corn at 22% moisture resulted in higher ethanol content in beer. Rollermill flaking was found comparable to hammermill grinding for dry-grind corn ethanol via raw starch hydrolysis and yeast fermentation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soy skim, a protein-rich liquid co-product from the aqueous extraction of soybeans, was co-fermented with corn to produce ethanol. Effects of soy skim addition level, type of skim, corn particle size, water-to-solids ratio, and urea on co-fermentation were determined. The addition of 20–100% skim increased the fermentation rate by 18–27% and shortened the fermentation time by 5–7h without affecting ethanol yield. Finely ground corn or high water-to-solids ratio (⩾3.0) in the mash gave higher fermentation rates, but did not increase the ethanol yield. When the water was completely replaced with soy skim, the addition of urea became unnecessary. Soy skim retentate that was concentrated by nanofiltration increased fermentation rate by 25%. The highest level of skim addition resulted in a finished beer with 16% solids, 47% protein (dwb) containing 3.6% lysine, and an ethanol yield of 39g/100g dry corn.