Optimizing maize–Brachiaria intercropping requires effective weed management with selective maize herbicides. This study evaluated the spray performance and efficacy of atrazine + nicosulfuron for weed management in maize–Brachiaria intercropping, focusing on how droplet classes and spray volumes affect maize growth and yield. The deposition experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with six replications. Field experiments were conducted during two seasons [2021 early season—ES (rainy season) and 2022 late season—LS (dry season) in a randomized block design and a 4 × 2 factorial (fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse droplet classes × spray volumes of 77 and 144 L ha−1) plus four controls treatments: Maize + Brachiaria without weed control, Maize + Brachiaria manually weeding, Brachiaria manually weeding, and Maize manually weeding. The study revealed that droplet class and spray volume significantly influence droplet deposition. Treatments spraying fine droplets at 144 L ha−1 exhibited higher coverage and droplet density levels. Intercropping maize with Brachiaria grass can be achieved without significant yield losses in the ES. However, the intercropping system reduced maize yield by approximately 17

The Conyza genus includes nearly 150 species, comprising closely related weedy species. Proper identification of Conyza spp. is essential to develop effective strategies for their management. The overlap of traits, species varieties, and the putative occurrence of hybridization hampers the identification of Conyza spp. and its management in agricultural and natural environments. Herein, we assessed five DNA barcodes and 32 morphological traits to classify Conyza spp. and survey their dispersion in soybean fields [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Brazil in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The Conyza accessions included two species, hairy fleabane [ Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist) and Sumatran fleabane [ Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker], and each species comprised two varieties. The ITS and rps16 - trnQ gene regions showed the ability to distinguish between the two Conyza species, while the matK , rbcL , and trnF - trnF gene regions were not polymorphic. Out of 32 morphological traits, phyllary color, involucre shape, capitulescence type, and inflorescence type were the most polymorphic and even reliable for taxonomic purposes. The combination of ITS or ITS + rps16 - trnQ regions and the four morphological markers was able to discriminate 91% of the plants, except those of C. bonariensis var. angustifolia . These results support the taxonomic resolution between C. bonariensis and C. sumatrensis and are useful for other Conyza spp. and other closely related weedy species worldwide. Conyza sumatrensis was detected in 94% of soybean fields across macroregions and seasons in Brazil, while C. bonariensis was sparsely dispersed, mainly in the southern macroregion (MRS 1).

We investigated the potential of Mucuna pruriens and Canavalia ensiformis as phytoremediation candidates for Tebuthiuron (TBT)-contaminated soils. Crotalaria juncea was the bioindicator specie for tebuthiuron and Lactuca sativa used in ecotoxicological bioassays, both analyses aim to verify the herbicide presence in soil samples as TBT is persistent with environmental and health risks due to its tendency to bioaccumulate. We conducted a 140-day greenhouse experiment associated with bioaugmentation by microbial inoculants - solid or liquid. Both C. ensiformis (CE) and M. pruriens (MP) exhibited distinct growth patterns, with MP demonstrating a faster growth rate than CE, evident from its higher growth apex (α = 84.52) and specific growth rate (k = 0.113). While soil samples with microbial inoculants demonstrated significant biomass increase with tebuthiuron absence, the introduction this herbicide notably hindered phytomass production, particularly in MP + TBT treatments. Liquid inoculant notably contributed to biomass accumulation in MP, whereas microbial bioaugmentation did not substantially enhance phytomass in CE under tebuthiuron presence. Furthermore, C. juncea exhibited initially slow development in the reference treatment but displayed accelerated growth and greater height with liquid inoculant compared to solid inoculant. Despite the presence of tebuthiuron, C. juncea in soil with TBT alone reached a maximum height exceeding 100 cm. However, tebuthiuron significantly reduced biomass accumulation in C. juncea, indicating its high sensitivity to this herbicide. Liquid inoculant facilitated the highest dry biomass accumulation in C. juncea, yet the introduction of tebuthiuron led to a considerable reduction in biomass, underscoring the plant's susceptibility to it. While bioaugmentation showed potential in mitigating herbicide phytotoxicity, its efficacy varied among tested inoculants. In bioassays with L. sativa, bioaugmentation with liquid inoculant resulted in a higher final germination index (GI) compared to solid inoculant and the reference treatment. Conversely, soil samples containing only tebuthiuron demonstrated a higher final GI and growth velocity compared to the reference treatment, implying the natural attenuation of toxicity over time. Additionally, previous cultivation of Mucuna pruriens positively influenced the development of test-organism, resulting in a higher GI and growth rate compared to the reference treatment. These findings provide valuable insights for various stakeholders, including the scientific community, industries, and bioengineers. They offer a strong incentive to develop advanced bioremediation strategies to address persistent pesticide contamination, especially in intensive agroecosystems like sugarcane-producing fields. Implementing our biological solution holds the potential to usher in a cleaner and safer era in agriculture, thereby protecting both society and the environment.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of herbicides in association to control Rottboellia exaltata and Ipomoea quamoclit during pre-emergence while also to evaluate the potential impact on the sugarcane. The experimental design employed a randomized block with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: 1 - no herbicide application; 2 - indaziflam + sulfentrazone; 3 - indaziflam + diclosulam; 4 - indaziflam + tebuthiuron; 5 - flumioxazin + diclosulam, 6 - flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone and 7 - clomazone + sulfentrazone. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of weeds control, green coverage percentage (Canopeo (R) system), weed biomass (g m(-2)), itchgrass height, and sugarcane tiller. Several herbicide associations have been proven effective alternatives for managing itchgrass and cypressvine morningglory. The most successful treatments for itchgrass control were indaziflam + tebuthiuron (100%) and indaziflam + diclosulam (97%), whereas for cypressvine morningglory, the betters were indaziflam + sulfentrazone (97%), indaziflam + diclosulam (98%), indaziflam + tebuthiuron (97%), flumioxazin + diclosulam (94%), and clomazone + sulfentrazone (96%). All treatments reduced the weed biomass, with indaziflam + tebuthiuron being the safest option for protecting sugarcane.

Herbicides are important for weed control but can severely impact ecosystems, causing soil and water contamination, biodiversity loss, and harm to non-target organisms. Tebuthiuron, widely used in sugarcane cultivation, is highly soluble and persistent, posing significant environmental risks. Microbial inoculation has emerged as a sustainable strategy to mitigate such damage. This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of Mucuna pruriens and Canavalia ensiformis in tebuthiuron-contaminated soils, enhanced by fungal and bacterial inoculants. Crotalaria juncea served as a bioindicator plant, and Lactuca sativa was used in ecotoxicological bioassays. During a 140-day greenhouse experiment from September 2021 to March 2022, M. pruriens showed faster growth than C. ensiformis in uncontaminated soils but was more affected by tebuthiuron. Bacterial inoculants improved M. pruriens growth under stress, while fungal inoculants mitigated tebuthiuron’s effects on C. ensiformis. C. juncea exhibited high sensitivity to tebuthiuron but grew beyond 100 cm with bacterial inoculants. Ecotoxicological assays showed that bacterial bioaugmentation significantly reduced soil toxicity. Natural attenuation further decreased tebuthiuron toxicity, and prior cultivation of M. pruriens enhanced soil detoxification. This integrated approach combining phytoremediation and bioaugmentation offers a sustainable method to degrade tebuthiuron, foster safer agriculture, and reduce environmental and health risks.

Abstract To enhance weed control in sugarcane systems, the application of herbicide association is widely practiced. This approach broadens the spectrum of weed control and ensures a successful sugarcane yield. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of herbicide combinations in controlling Rottboellia exaltata (itchgrass) and Ipomoea quamoclit (morningglory) during pre-emergence while also evaluating the potential impact on the sugarcane variety RB85 5156. The experimental design employed a randomized block structure with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: 1 - no herbicide application; 2 - indaziflam + sulfentrazone (120 + 750 g i.a ha− 1); 3 - indaziflam + diclosulam (120 + 110 g i.a ha− 1); 4 - indaziflam + tebuthiuron (120 + 900 g i.a ha− 1); 5 - flumioxazin + diclosulam (150 + 110 g i.a ha− 1), 6 - flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone (200 + 200 g i.a ha− 1) and 7 - clomazone + sulfentrazone (1,080 + 750 g i.a ha− 1). The following parameters were evaluated: percentage of itchgrass and morningglory control, green coverage percentage (Canopeo® system), weed biomass (g m− 2), and itchgrass height. Tiller counts were also assessed to characterize the effects of the herbicides on sugarcane plants. Several herbicide associations have been proven effective alternatives for managing itchgrass and morningglory. The most successful treatments for itchgrass control were indaziflam + tebuthiuron and indaziflam + diclosulam, whereas for morningglory, the top performers were indaziflam + sulfentrazone, indaziflam + diclosulam, indaziflam + tebuthiuron, flumioxazin + diclosulam, and clomazone + sulfentrazone. All treatments significantly reduced the weed biomass, with indaziflam + tebuthiuron being the safest option for protecting sugarcane.

The presence of weeds in forest estates is considered one of the biggest problems in the implantation, maintenance, and renovation of eucalyptus plantations. This research aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity of herbicides on eucalyptus and I. nil. The experiment was installed inside a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with five replications. The treatments consisted of the application of 0.2% (v/v) adjuvant with the herbicides: atrazine (2250 g i.a. ha-1), clomazone (720 g i.a. ha-1), sulfentrazone (600 g i.a. ha-1), glyphosate (1440 g i.a. ha-1), and control. The following variables were analyzed: electron transport rate (ETR), water consumption, and plant phytotoxicity. For I. nil plants treated with atrazine, it was possible to detect phytotoxicity previous to the appearance of symptoms in the visual analysis, due to the inhibition of ETR at 24 hours after application (HAA). The highest levels of phytotoxicity for eucalyptus and I. nil were obtained by glyphosate and sulfentrazone, respectively.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) maize is dominant in countries where it is grown. Significant, adverse effects of glyphosate application to GR maize have been reported, but few data from robust studies exist to determine if such effects are common. In this study, the effects of recommended application rates (single and sequential applications) were used on GR maize grown at two locations for one season and for two seasons in a third location. No significant effects of glyphosate on mineral content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in leaves or grain, plant height, stem diameter, ear parameters, or yield were found at any location or in any growing season. Likewise, harvested grain quality, as determined by percent starch, protein, and total lipids, was unaffected by glyphosate treatment at any location. Neither glyphosate nor aminomethylphosphonic acid, the primary degradation product of glyphosate, were found in grain from any treatment at any location, except for 20 ng g−1 of glyphosate found in grain from one season at one location. These results support the view that recommended applications of glyphosate have no significant effects on growth, grain composition, mineral content, grain quality, nor yield of GR maize.

To obtain good control of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) in post-emergence in sugarcane crop, we evaluate the herbicides association on post-emergence of E. heterophylla and the ratoon cane selectivity. The experimental scheme was in randomized blocks with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: control; ametryn + mesotrione + sulfentrazone (1,500 + 144 + 800 g i.a ha(-1)); ametryn + mesotrione + diclosulan (1,500 + 144 + 200 g i.a ha(-1)); ametryn + mesotrione (2,500 + 144 g i.a ha(-1): Highest dose); ametryn + mesotrione (2,000 + 144 g i.a ha(-1): Lowest dose) and ametryn + mesotrione + diuron (1,000 + 144 + 1,250 g i.a ha(-1)). The percentage of control, dry mass, height and percentage of germination of E. heterophylla and injury level, yield and technological quality of sugarcane were evaluated. The best control of E. heterophylla was: ametryn + mesotrione +sulfentrazone; ametryn + mesotrione + diclosulan and ametryn + mesotrione (Lowest dose). As for the ratoon cane selectivity the best yield was achieved with the association ametryn + mesotrione +diclosulan. An appropriate association of herbicide molecules provides successful control of E. heterophylla, especially the association of sulfentrazone or diclosulan together with ametryn and mesotrione.

Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the main areas where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are planted. Thus, considering that biological agents can be an alternative for disease control, the present study aimed to carry out initial studies to investigate the response of rubber tree seedlings inoculated with Colletotrichum and treated with saprobes fungi from the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil (Curvularia eragrostidis, Memnoniella levispora, Myrothecium roridum and Phialomyces macrosporus). Seedlings of the rubber tree clone RRIM600 were sprayed with biocontrol agents as preventive and curative treatments seven days before and after C. tamarilloi inoculation, respectively. Assessments included plant response to disease expression based on the percentage of symptomatic area on treated leaves, percentage of graft death, and percentage of apical death in seedlings 30 days after inoculation with C. tamarilloi. In addition, the enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) had their activity quantified by their association with plant resistance to pathogens. The fungus C. eragrostidis had the best result in controlling anthracnose when applied as a preventive treatment, showing 10% less disease than the untreated plant. The same was observed for the fungus P. macrosporus when used in the curative form. These fungi also reduced the graft death. In these cases, PAL activity was higher and may be linked to the induction of resistance against the pathogen. The peroxidase activity was not expressive for treatments with saprobic fungi in the periods studied. Therefore, among the tested fungi, C. eragrostidis and P. macrosporus are promising for the control of anthracnose, deserving further studies.

The use of herbicides and growth regulators in agricultural crops to reduce vegetative growth is widely studied worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic traits of upland rice subjected to low doses of glufosinate-ammonium applied at different development stages. The treatments consisted of five low doses (0; 15; 30; 60; and 100 g a.i. ha−1; a.i.: active ingredient) of glufosinate-ammonium herbicide: a single low dose between active tillering (AT) and floral differentiation (FD); a single low dose after FD; low dose divided into two applications, the first at the beginning of the AT and the second between AT and FD; low dose divided into three applications, the first at the beginning of the AT, the second between AT and FD and the third after the FD, with four replications. The agronomic traits of upland rice were negatively affected due to the application of low doses of glufosinate-ammonium, with reduction in grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of panicles, full spikelets and spikelets per panicle. Glufosinate-ammonium has no potential to be used as hormesis effect in rice plants due to loss in grain yield.

A mucuna-preta é uma leguminosa anual, que nos últimos anos assumiu posição de destaque como uma importante planta daninha em várias regiões. O controle químico constitui-se umas das principais ferramentas de manejo de plantas daninhas, contudo, diferentes condições climáticas podem influenciar consideravelmente a eficácia de muitas moléculas. O glyphosate é um dos herbicidas sistêmicos, de amplo espectro de controle, amplamente utilizado para o controle químico de plantas daninhas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as respostas de crescimento de plantas de mucuna-preta em diferentes temperaturas submetidas a doses de glyphosate. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por nove doses de glyphosate (g ha-1 e.a.): 2,81; 5,62; 11,25; 22,5; 45,0; 90,0; 180,0; 360,0 e 720,0, além de um tratamento controle (sem aplicação de herbicida). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA), e aos 28 DAA massa seca da parte aérea das plantas, além da extração e quantificação da cera epicuticular. Doses de glyphosate inferiores a 22,5 g ha-1 e.a. não ocasionaram nenhum efeito nas plantas e nas doses superiores a 360 g ha-1 e.a. proporcionou a morte da mucuna-preta em ambos os experimentos. A resposta da mucuna-preta nas doses intermediárias de glyphosate variou e associou-se as diferentes condições de temperatura que provocaram diferenças nas quantidades de ceras nos experimentos realizados. As plantas de mucuna-preta respondem de maneira diferente ao herbicida glyphosate em condições de temperatura diferente.

Herbicide formulations can alter the herbicide performance, affecting the application safety and weed control efficiency. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the dynamics of clomazone herbicide applied single and combined with sulfentrazone on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw. Laminated polypropylene containers filled with sugarcane straw (10 t ha−1) were subjected to two clomazone formulations (microencapsulated and conventional formulations; 1200 g ha−1) applied single or combined with sulfentrazone (600 g ha−1) with four replications, and the experiment was duplicated. The application was performed indoors with an automated sprayer. After application, accumulated rainfall depths (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mm) on the treated containers were simulated soon after the herbicide applications, and the percolated waters were subsequently collected for herbicide quantification by chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The microencapsulated formulation of clomazone applied single or combined with sulfentrazone enabled the recovery of higher quantity of clomazone (>80%), with the advantage that a large percentage remained encapsulated (>70%), thus decreasing losses and increasing the product efficiency. The 30 mm simulated rainfall efficiently carried the clomazone herbicide when its microencapsulated formulation was applied, whereas its conventional formulation required higher rainfall depths (60 mm). Sulfentrazone was easily carried through the sugarcane straw by the rainfall depths when it was combined with clomazone, regardless of the clomazone formulation. The clomazone formulation affect the percolation dynamics of this herbicide through the sugarcane straw.

The aim of this research was to verify the effect of glyphosate low doses on leaf macronutrient levels and vegetative traits of upland rice in two growth stages. The treatments were arranged in 2 x 6 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of applications in two growth stages of rice crop (tillering and floral differentiation) and the second factor was the low doses of glyphosate (0, 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100 g e.a. ha(-1)). In full bloom, the chlorophyll content was determined in a sample of 30 flag leaves. In these leaves, the contents of macronutrients were determined. At the maturity of the rice plant, the stem count was performed per m(2), effective tiller and the plant height was measured. The low doses did not influence the leaf content of macronutrients. The plant height was reduced with an increase in the low doses of glyphosate, having a greater effect on the floral differentiation stage. When applied low doses of glyphosate at the floral differentiation stage, chlorophyll content increases and when applied to tillering there is a linear decrease in chlorophyll content. The number of stems increases with the application of low doses at floral differentiation.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant growth regulator and participates in several physiological and biochemical processes. Its use can assist in the growth, development, productivity and quality of several crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid in two application stages on wheat crop. The experiment was conducted under field conditions and designed as randomized blocks, with four replications. Treatments 0.5 and 1.0 mM of SA were applied in stages 1 and 10, beginning and end of vegetative growth of wheat plants, besides a control treatment (without SA). Phytointoxication and SPAD index evaluations were performed at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after application (DAA) of SA and the end of the experiment, 109 DAA the plants were tracked to quantify the mass of a thousand grains, hectoliter weight and grain yield. The application of SA did not cause symptoms of phytointoxication and increased the values of the SPAD index and all components of grain yield compared to the control treatment (without SA). The application of SA promoted a greater increase in the variables analyzed when applied in stage 10 of wheat plants.

Mefenpyr-diethyl is a foliar-acting safener of the pyrazoline chemical group, and after its absorption, the metabolization and detoxification of herbicides occur in treated plants. Studies have demonstrated the protective effect of this safener for the herbicide fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in grass. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate whether a tank mixture of mefenpyr-diethyl has a protective response to haloxyfop-methyl in non-perennial bahiagrass. The experiment had a completely randomized design and was carried out in a greenhouse, using five replications with a 10x2 factorial scheme and ten doses of haloxyfop-methyl (0.00, 0.24, 0.49, 0.97, 1.95, 3.90, 7.79, 15.59, 31.28, and 62.35 g a.i. ha(-1)) in the presence or absence of a tank mixture of mefenpyr-diethyl (50 g a.i. ha(-1)). Phytotoxicity and electron transport rate (ETR) were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application (DAA), in addition to plant height and dry biomass at 28 DAA. In general, phytotoxicity increased due to the higher levels of the herbicide haloxyfopmethyl. The application of mefenpyr-diethyl, in turn, provided lower levels of phytotoxicity, as well as lower reductions in ETR, height, and dry biomass when compared to untreated plants. These results show the safener action of a tank mixture of mefenpyrdiethyl on low doses of haloxyfop-methyl in non-perennial bahiagrass.

Abstract Glyphosate can generate positive effects on turfgrass maintenance as a form of growth control by decreasing the expenses associated with mowing. However, there is little information about the effects of this herbicide on turfgrasses. This study aimed to evaluate the response of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass to the herbicide glyphosate as a growth regulator. Two studies were performed in a greenhouse and repeated at different times. The treatments involved application of glyphosate at 10 different rates (0, 5.625, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1.440 g ae ha−1) with four replicates. Evaluations of green cover by digital analysis, injury, and plant height were performed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application, and shoot dry matter of clippings was determined for the last evaluation period. Bermudagrass and zoysiagrass presented variedtolerance to glyphosate toxicity. Overall, the digital analysis showed that green content was negatively influenced by the increase in visual injury caused by glyphosate application. Moreover, increasing the glyphosate rate decreased plant height and shoot dry matter in both turfgrasses. Glyphosate application rates up to 45 g ae ha−1 for bermudagrass and 90 g ae ha−1 for zoysiagrass decreased plant growth without affecting the factors analyzed in this study.

Glyphosate is used frequently in agriculture, and sourgrass (Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman) has become one of the most problematic weeds in Brazil because of its resistance to this herbicide. One of the alternatives for sourgrass control is the use of graminicide alone or in mixture with glyphosate. Thus, this experiment was aimed at evaluating on the efficacy of glyphosate, clethodim, and the interaction glyphosate + clethodim, in glyphosate-resistant and susceptible biotypes of sourgrass. A completely randomized greenhouse experiment with four replications was repeated twice. The herbicide applications were performed at the initial stage (15 cm, BBCH 23). At 21 days after application (DAA), the herbicide visual control of weed and the weed dry matter was weighed. For the mixture of herbicides, the interaction between the herbicides was also verified as synergistic, antagonistic or additive. In general, the clethodim sprayed alone and the mixture controlled the resistant and susceptible biotypes at the initial stage. In the visual control, the interaction between glyphosate and clethodim showed synergistic effect at low and intermediate doses and an additive effect at the highest doses. For dry matter, the mixture had a synergistic interaction at all doses evaluated.

Algumas substâncias podem ser utilizadas como protetores químicos para aumentar a tolerância de culturas a herbicidas, incluindo alguns micronutrientes como é o caso do selênio. O uso de herbicidas em pastagem vem sendo cada vez mais comum no manejo das plantas daninhas, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o selênio como protetor químico na seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós emergência em U. decumbens. Foram conduzidos três experimentos em casa de vegetação, em esquema fatorial 5x2, cinco doses de herbicidas e na presença ou não de selênio (Se) (25 g ha-1) aplicado via solo, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Sendo os tratamentos compostos com a utilização dos herbicidas ametryn (0, 500, 1000, 1500 e 3000 g i.a. ha-1), amônio-glufosinate (0, 75, 150, 300 e 600 g i.a. ha-1) e carfentrazone-ethyl (0, 5, 10, 20 e 40 g i.a. ha-1) e um tratamento sem aplicação de herbicida. Avaliou-se aos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAA), fitointoxicação e fluxo de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e aos 28 DAA altura das plantas e biomassa seca da parte aérea. De maneira geral, houve aumento da fitointoxicação das plantas em função das doses de todos herbicidas estudados. A aplicação de Se por sua vez, proporcionou menores níveis de fitointoxicação, e consequentemente menores reduções de ETR, altura e biomassa seca quando comparadas as plantas não tratadas com Se. Assim, conclui-se que o Se apresenta potencial de uso como protetor para esses herbicidas em pós-emergência em U. decumbens.