Abstract. In the middle and lower reaches of inland river basins of arid regions, human-intensive exploitation directly determines the distribution patterns of plants in arid areas and further determines the patterns of water use and the water cycle in arid regions. However, human activities on vegetation water utilization and the influence of the water cycle process and mechanism are not clear. In this study, seven observation systems were set up to collect samples in the mountainous, oasis and desert areas of the Shiyang River Basin, an arid inland river in central Asia. In order to quantitatively assess the contribution of different potential water sources to plants, stable isotopes of various water bodies in different geomorphic units of the basin were analyzed. The results showed that precipitation and soil water were the main sources of forest trees in mountainous areas, and the farmland vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of the oasis mainly absorbed soil water supplied by irrigation. The desert area forms vegetation in the ecological water transport area, and vegetation mainly absorbs soil water, lake water and groundwater formed by ecological water transport. On the whole, the water use patterns of plants in mountainous areas are not affected by human activities fundamentally, the oasis area is mainly affected by irrigation activities, and the inland river terminal lake area is mainly affected by ecological water transport. Human activities determine the water use patterns in the middle and lower reaches of inland rivers in arid areas.

Abstract. Mountainous areas are the main water-producing and source areas of rivers. Global climate change is transforming the distribution of plants and forms of water use. Therefore, a clear understanding of evapotranspiration in mountainous forest zone is key for understanding the ecohydrological effect of vegetation and its influence on the water cycle of the watershed. We quantified the evapotranspiration processes in the forest belts of the Qilian Mountains as well as their contribution to runoff yield and concentration based on precipitation, soil water, and plant water samples and experimental data. The study showed that transpiration of Qinghai spruce accounted for the highest proportion of evapotranspiration in the entire Qinghai spruce forest ecosystem, with an average of 79 %, which means that transpiration is much greater than evaporation. Soil water content and air humidity were the dominant factors influencing evapotranspiration in Qinghai spruce forest belts. The growing season of Qinghai spruce is characterized by greater evapotranspiration than precipitation in each month. Consequently, the forest zone does not yield flows in the eastern part of the Qilian Mountains. The warming of global temperatures and human activities are likely to trigger shifts in the distribution areas and evapotranspiration regimes of Qinghai spruce, which in turn will lead to a change in water resource patterns in the basin.

Abstract. Stable isotopes could be used as tracers to estimate the evaporation loss of surface water, which provides a new perspective for the research of hydrological processes. A systematic observation station has been built in the Shiyang River Basin, one of the most important inland river basins in Northwest China. This work conducted systematic observations on the river water, precipitation and hydrometeorology of the Shiyang River from 2017 to 2019. The evaporation loss of the Shiyang River is estimated to be 1.30 % in the mountainous rivers, 2.28 % in the mountainous reservoir (Xiying Reservoir), 2.87 % in the oasis rivers, 7.97 % in the oasis reservoir (Hongyashan Reservoir), and 41.37 % in the terminal lake (Qingtu Lake). No matter in mountain or oasis, the evaporation loss of reservoir is much higher than that of the river, and the evaporation loss of the terminal lake is the largest. The evaporation loss of the river-lake continuum accounts for 14.66 % of the total water volume of rivers and lakes (reservoirs). This work enriches the study of stable isotopes in the field of evaporation loss in the river-lake continuum, expands our understanding of the hydrological cycle in arid regions.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that a complex distribution of water resources, regional development, and management mechanisms create significant management challenges for transboundary river basins. We utilized diagnostic thinking to examine the water management issues of the 14 main transboundary watersheds in three regions (Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest) of China. Our four diagnosis points were water quantity, water quality, ecological stability and human health, and cooperation among watershed stakeholders. We found that the watersheds faced varying water management issues. The Indus and Ganges basins have the worst problems, whereas the Tarim basin’s ecological environment is the most vulnerable and the Ob basin is the fittest. Therefore, depending on each basin’s results, we provide practical water management ideas for each. Furthermore, we summarized and classified the geographical settings of each basin and determined the water management issues in each major region in China. Our results provide direction for both new research on and cooperation with transboundary basin water management.

IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组报告对气候系统各要素的可预测性（predictability）、不可逆性（irreversibility）和深度不确定性（deep uncertainty）给出了新认识。文中基于此对全球冰冻圈变化的上述三方面加以总结和归纳。总体来看,无论何种排放情景,半球和全球尺度上冰冻圈各要素于21世纪均具有一定的可预测性,即均向融化或退化方向变化,且具有不可逆性;但在区域尺度、短时间尺度和百年以上时间尺度上,不同冰冻圈要素或因内部变率大、或因响应机制复杂而存在可逆、可预测性差乃至深度不确定性难题。

文章通过对于同平台搭载相同动力总成不同车型在整车高寒可靠性试验中出现的曲轴箱通风管路结冰问题进行分析,并依据行业经验提出解决方案并进行验证,最终车辆满足在高寒地区使用要求.

青海省夏日哈-什多龙成矿远景区位于青藏高原东昆仑东段,西起都兰县夏日哈镇,东至兴海县什多龙一带,跨祁漫塔格北坡-夏日哈岩浆弧和北昆仑岩浆弧,是青海省重要的成矿区.为了在该区寻找新的成矿有利地段,本文在对该区区域地质背景、矿产特征及区内典型矿床地质特征系统研究的基础上,利用多元素衬值累加地球化学找矿方法,在区域上优选出一批找矿靶区.多元素衬值累加地球化学找矿方法首先收集远景区1:5万水系沉积物测量成果,经过数据处理,绘制远景区衬值累计地球化学图,进而建立典型矿床找矿模式,最终通过对比分析,选出新的找矿靶区.对圈定的找矿靶区进行野外踏勘检查,均发现不同程度的矿化线索,为今后在该区进一步找矿起到了很好的指导作用.通过本次工作,发现了该方法在靶区圈定方面的优势:(1)可快速圈定异常,提高工作效率;(2)编制的地球化学图浓集中心更显著;(3)圈定的找矿靶区找矿成果显著,尤其针对陆相火山岩型多金属矿、斑岩型铜钼矿、矽卡岩型多金属矿找矿成果突出;(4)能直观反映背景变化趋势,有助于评价异常.

建立科学全面的评价指标体系,并展开合理的综合评价,能够为智能电网建设提供可靠的决策支持.以拉格朗日影子价格理论为基础,建立能够真实反映电网资源优化配置的评价指标体系,并以指标体系中的底层指标为约束条件,构建目标层指标的优化函数;结合大数据分析方法,依据底层指标的影子价格进行权重计算,形成对目标层指标的初级评价;根据目标层指标对综合评价的贡献程度进行目标层指标赋权,从“性能”和“效益”2个方面实现配电网的综合评价.

Nitrate pollution in groundwater has become a widespread problem worldwide, but understanding of the factors influencing groundwater nitrate pollution remains limited. Numerous studies have attributed nitrate pollution mostly to surface conditions and have neglected the role of hydrogeology. Therefore, this study used the Shaying River Basin as the study area and developed a least squares surface fitting (LSSF) model to systematically analyze the effect of hydrogeological conditions and surface pollution loads on groundwater nitrate pollution. Intrinsic vulnerability and total soil nitrogen (TSN) were used to represent hydrogeological conditions and surface pollution loads, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of NO3-N in shallow groundwater ranged from 0.002 to 256.29 mg/L (with an average of 14.38 mg/L). The concentration had an overall decreasing trend along the flow path. The water chemistry tended to change from HCO3-Ca to HCO3 center dot CI-Ca as the NO3-N concentration increased. Groundwater nitrate pollution was simultaneously controlled by intrinsic vulnerability and TSN, and the LSSF model explained 83.5% of the result within a 95% confidence interval. These findings explained the phenomenon by which some areas had high surface loads but no serious groundwater nitrate pollution and some areas had nitrate pollution but no high surface loads. Nitrate accumulated in high levels in areas with a high intrinsic vulnerability due to hydrogeological conditions. TSN, which was the main source of NO3-N in groundwater, came mainly from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer inputs and livestock manure. These findings provide helpful information for those tasked with managing and controlling groundwater quality. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of outliers of hydrochemical components of groundwater is an important part of obtaining hydrochemical background values.As proposed by the study of the Liujiang River Basin for calculating the background values,the hydrochemistry diagram method and the Durov diagram method based on the water chemical groups with tight internal relations have achieved good results.Those methods are strict to the sampling precision.In order to simplify the various and complex calculation processes.In this study,instead of the hydrochemistry diagram method,the information screening method suggested by the British Geological Survey (BGS) was applied to identifying the outliers of the main regular indices of shallow groundwater in the Shayinghe River Basin.Then the two identifying methods were compared.The result shows that both of the hydrochemistry diagram method coupled with PauTa criterion and the information screening method coupled with PauTa criterion are satisfactory,although there are more outliers identified by each method alone.The threshold values of the remaining data after identifying outliers for both methods are close.The information screening method proved to be an effective method for replacing the hydrochemistry diagram method.Besides,it can be used quickly and efficiently in large scale region with low sampling precision.

受长期注入水的冲刷作用,注水开发油田的储集层物性及渗流特征参数发生较大变化,从而引起岩石相对渗透率变化范围加大,变化后的相对渗透率曲线形态更为复杂.常规数值模拟软件未能考虑储集层物性和相对渗透率参数的变化,导致模拟结果与实际情况不完全符合.通过建立苏北盆地东部低渗透油藏沙20断块的渗流机理模型,评价了长期注水开发过程中油藏典型特征参数的变化规律,实现对储集层物性和相对渗透率参数时变数值模拟方法的表征.结果表明,针对中低渗透油藏,长期注水冲刷作用导致储集层物性变差,平均剩余油饱和度计算值有所增大,尤其是在注水井附近,但考虑时变效应前后剩余油分布模式基本一致.

Kaili-Majiang urban master plan revision (2014-2030) folows tourism development strategies, practices multiple plans integration, eliminates spatial diference among the plans, sets up rigid-lfexible combined control lines, improves the preservation and utilization of tourism resources, strengthens multiple plans integration via the immediate plan, coordinates land use demand and supply, and explores an urbanization path with Guizhou characters.

利用流体力学原理及三角谐波函数,建立简单实时的典型强切变风场仿真模型.以机载X波段相控阵天气雷达参数性能和观测方式为依据,给出雷达水平扇扫和垂直扫描下的风场径向速度仿真数据.通过分析仿真数据,指出了机载天气雷达在不同飞行高度上探测强切变风场的特征.利用一次强飑线天气的实际雷达观测资料对比分析了强切变风场仿真数据的可信度.强切变风场的仿真模型数据可作为机载雷达回波信号仿真实验中的相位参数模拟数据,仿真实验结果还可为后续的实际飞行观测提供理论分析和方法依据.

As a new developed method for estimating earthquake detection prob-abilities,the probability-based magnitude of completeness (PMC)method can avoid decreasing the detection capability resulted by artificial factors,and can access the detection capability in the areas where traditional Gutenberg-Richter relationship-based method is ineffective due to lack of earthquakes.In this study,we determine the detection probability of all 39 stations of the Inner Mongolia seismic network by using the PMC method.The results show that the PMC method can reflect the network earthquake monitoring capacity objective-ly.The detection probability is better than other regions in the midwestern and the mid-eastern region of Inner Mongolia,due to better coverage of seismic sta-tions,however,it is poor in the Alxa Youqi region,the Sino-Russian border, and Sino-Mongolia border.Synthesized detection probability results indicate that minimum probability-based magnitude of completeness,MP,can reach ML2.2 in the 80%area of the Inner Mongolia when the stations of the neighbor-ing networks are involved,and only about ML3.3 in other areas.In order to en-hance the monitoring capacity of Inner Mongolia regional seismic network,more stations are still needed to emplace in the Sino-Mongolia border region,the northeastern region of Inner Mongolia,and to the west of Alxa Zuoqi to opti-mize the layout of seismic network.