Urban areas serve as important habitats for many taxa worldwide, with biodiversity potential often arising from the heterogeneous mosaic of greenspaces and the many different drivers that shape species assemblages. This also includes highly anthropogenic green infrastructure such as vertical greening systems that are gaining more attention as cities densify. Yet, their potential for different types of vegetation, including spontaneous species, and how this associates with the occurrences of different pollinator groups, remains largely unexplored. We therefore assessed (a) the vegetation, (b) diverse pollinator groups, and (c) their association on 24 pre-existing and newly established green wall systems in the metropolitan region of Stuttgart, Germany, over six sampling periods, including different seasons and years (N=108). Our data demonstrates a high variety in the use of cultivated plant species and that spontaneous species, as well as species from near-natural planting design, can add variety to vegetation composition. Overall, we identified 200 plant species and mapped at least one pollinator group during each site visit, with a maximum of 75 individuals counted during a mapping in early summer. Based on the results of generalized linear models, we determine that certain pollinator groups associate with plant species richness (wild bees, bumble bees, hoverflies) and/or flower cover (bumble bees, honeybees, wasps). For some pollinator groups, the season or the greening system was also relevant. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that vertical greening can contribute to biodiversity support in dense cities if such strongly designed spaces consider specific environmental characteristics.

Urban greenspaces benefit mental health in adults, with increasing evidence that biodiversity might also play a role. However, we know very little about the impact of urban biodiversity on preschool children's well-being, despite the critical importance of the formative years. Additionally, though greenspace characteristics are well described in Europe, greenspace classifications and descriptions rarely include playgrounds as a stand-alone unit, yet playgrounds are the public outdoor space most used by children. Here, we use an inter-disciplinary approach to describe the plant diversity and habitat structure of 28 playgrounds in Stuttgart, Germany, and investigate its impact on preschool children's well-being, as well as on their nature-connectedness across all seasons. We show that the studied playgrounds host high levels of plant species richness. Plant communities in the herb layer are dominated by common lawn species yet also include meadow and ruderal species and a species of conservation interest. We highlight a positive association between preschool children's well-being and playground tree diversity but a negative association with greenness around children's homes. Levels of well-being also varied seasonally, with higher levels found in winter. Children's socio-demographic background plays a key role in influencing well-being, with higher levels found in children living in nuclear families and in denser neighbourhoods. Higher levels of nature-connectedness, both of the children and of their carers, were associated with higher well-being in children. Children's nature-connectedness varied seasonally, with higher levels in spring and summer. Our results highlight the potential for improving preschool children's well-being through relatively simple measures in greenspace design, for example, by improving the diversity of trees. Measures to improve nature-connectedness from the youngest age could be critical to enhance well-being.Read the free for this article on the Journal blog. St & auml;dtische Gr & uuml;nfl & auml;chen f & ouml;rdern die psychische Gesundheit von Erwachsenen, und es gibt vermehrt Hinweise, dass Artenvielfalt hierbei auch eine Rolle spielt. Wir wissen jedoch nur sehr wenig & uuml;ber die Auswirkungen der st & auml;dtischen Artenvielfalt auf das Wohlbefinden von Kindern im Vorschulalter, obwohl die ersten pr & auml;genden Jahre der Kindheit von entscheidender Bedeutung f & uuml;r ihre Entwicklung sind. Erstaunlicherweise werden Spielpl & auml;tze nur selten als eigenst & auml;ndige Einheit in Klassifizierungen und Beschreibungen st & auml;dtischer Gr & uuml;nfl & auml;chen aufgef & uuml;hrt, obwohl Gr & uuml;nfl & auml;chen in Europa detailliert klassifiziert und beschrieben sind und obwohl Spielpl & auml;tze die von Kindern am meisten genutzten & ouml;ffentlichen Freifl & auml;chen sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel arbeiten wir mit einem interdisziplin & auml;ren Ansatz, um Pflanzenvielfalt und Biotopstruktur von 28 Spielpl & auml;tzen in Stuttgart, Deutschland, zu beschreiben und deren Auswirkung auf das Wohlbefinden und die Naturverbundenheit von Kindern im Vorschulalter zu untersuchen. Wir zeigen, dass die untersuchten Spielpl & auml;tze eine gro ss e Pflanzenvielfalt aufweisen. Die Vegetation wird zwar von h & auml;ufigen Rasenarten dominiert, enth & auml;lt aber dennoch eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Pflanzenarten, z.B. typische Wiesen- und Ruderalarten, sowie einige seltene Pflanzenarten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf der einen Seite einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen dem Wohlbefinden der Kinder und der Geh & ouml;lzvielfalt auf den untersuchten Spielpl & auml;tzen, auf der anderen Seite einen negativen Zusammenhang mit dem generellen Vorkommen von Gr & uuml;nstrukturen in der Wohnumgebung. Zudem variiert das Wohlbefinden der Kinder zwischen den Jahreszeiten; im Winter ist es am gr & ouml;ss ten. Der soziodemografische Hintergrund ist eine besonders wichtige Variable, um das Wohlbefinden der Kinder zu erkl & auml;ren. Hierbei ist das Wohlbefinden gr & ouml;ss er bei Kindern, die in Kernfamilien und in dicht bebauten Stadtvierteln leben. Sowohl bei Kindern, als auch bei den Menschen, die sie betreuen, war eine ausgepr & auml;gtere Naturverbundenheit mit einem gesteigerten Wohlbefinden der Kinder verbunden. Die Naturverbundenheit der Kinder variierte au ss erdem mit den Jahreszeiten, wobei h & ouml;here Werte f & uuml;r Fr & uuml;hling und Sommer verzeichnet wurden. Synthese und & Uuml;bertragbarkeit. Die Ergebnisse assen vermuten, dass das Wohlbefinden von Vorschulkindern verbessert werden kann, die mit einfachen Massnahmen bei der Gestaltung von Gr & uuml;nfl & auml;chen zusammenh & auml;ngen. Zum Beispiel kann die Vielfalt der Geh & ouml;lzarten erh & ouml;ht werden, also mehr unterschiedliche B & auml;ume und Str & auml;ucher eingebracht werden. Solche Ma ss nahmen zur Verbesserung der Naturverbundenheit von Kindern schon in einem fr & uuml;hen Alter k & ouml;nnten entscheidend das Wohlbefinden steigern.

The research by design project focuses on developing more-than-human urban environment adaptations. The project employs prototypes built from responsive wood panels that respond to different microclimatic conditions, thus supporting the diversity of species with diverse conditions. The prototypes POL-AI combine insect hotels and pollinator gardens, and AI monitoring systems. In parallel, QR codes lead to Do-it-Yourself (DIY) recipes to construct similar elements, and to a citizen-science mobile application, “Spot-a-Bee”, that informs the AI image recognition database. Therefore, the project becomes generative. The prototypes were developed through gigamapping. The co-design process brought together researchers from various disciplines, urban ecologists, and stakeholders with diverse backgrounds, allowing for rich perspectives and meaningful community engagement. Codesign played a key role in grounding the prototypes both ecologically and socially. The project demonstrates how participatory, more-than-human approaches can foster biodiversity, raise environmental awareness, and create scalable models for urban ecological design.

Knowledge on the status and trends of biodiversity in urban areas is scattered and biased towards a few taxonomic groups, despite the fact that cities are where most humans get in touch with nature today. As part of the German Biodiversity Assessment (‘Faktencheck Artenvielfalt’), we conducted a nationwide review of published studies that recorded species occurrences in urban areas in Germany. We found that urban areas can host a large proportion of all plant, animal, and fungal species found in Germany, thus contributing to the nationwide conservation of biodiversity. However, compared to other habitat types outside of cities, the number of studies analysing the status and trends of urban biodiversity is relatively small. We could not identify a general trend over time for species diversity in German cities, based on the available studies. Even within individual species groups, there are combinations of declining, positive, and/or neutral trends. Information on population trends remains limited. Similarly, evidence of whether urbanisation promotes the homogenisation or differentiation of species groups is weak, with those groups investigated more thoroughly showing mixed patterns. With regard to biodiversity promotion, preserving the environmental heterogeneity that contributes to biodiversity is important, such as the maintenance of various habitat types (forests, parks, gardens, ponds, streams, etc.) that offer various food and nesting resources. Hence, the proportion of built-up impervious areas must remain limited, i.e. must not increase, and additional measures to promote biodiversity must be implemented. However, local authorities are largely ill-equipped to systematically monitor species occurrence across the variety of habitat types, or elements of green-blue infrastructure and taxonomic groups in cities. We discuss these findings, considering international urban biodiversity assessments and suggest key attributes of an effective national monitoring system to support urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement.

Understanding the relationships between citizens and nature is crucial in cities of the Global South for addressing biodiversity challenges in the context of inequalities and socio-environmental conflicts. We thus addressed how people value urban biodiversity along the Fucha River in Bogotá, Colombia, and act collectively to improve its environmental condition. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined (a) social valuation of ecosystem services and disservices, preferences, intended behaviours toward biodiversity (citizen surveys; n = 145), and (b) collective action for biodiversity (semi-structured interviews with five environmental groups). Key results indicate significant differences in biodiversity valuation along the river, and diverse collective actions. Hereby, positive conditions and community involvement promote a positive valuation of a healthy environment, and negative valuation is largely related to non-ecosystem aspects. A strong preference for environments with higher plant species diversity and naturalness was demonstrated. Thus, within the unequal context of a Global Southern city, biodiverse environments matter for people’s valuation and action towards nature.

In an increasingly urbanized world, urban biodiversity is people’s primary contact with nature. However, as cities expand and densify, urban green and blue spaces and their biodiversity are under pressure, risking declines in urban liveability. This Review discusses the benefits of urban biodiversity and the multiple challenges it faces, and identifies opportunities and pathways towards developing sustainable, biodiverse cities for both humans and nature. The substantial biological richness that urban areas can harbour helps to mitigate environmental pressures, address and adapt to climate change, and benefits human health and well-being. However, urban biodiversity is challenged by competition for space, human pressures and the declining engagement of urban residents with nature. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of both the benefits and challenges of urban biodiversity informs efforts to create and maintain high-quality urban blue–green infrastructure. Biodiversity-sensitive and socially inclusive urban governance and urban planning are key to developing biodiverse, green cities. Urban policies should move towards cross-sectional approaches that coordinate planning for biodiversity and green spaces with sectors such as health, education, urban planning and design. Developing cities as shared environments for humans and nature contributes to global biodiversity conservation and offers solutions to the social and environmental challenges increasingly faced by cities. Urban biodiversity underpins ecosystem services in cities, but faces multiple pressures from human activities, declining engagement of urban residents with nature, and inadequate governance systems. This Review discusses the benefits provided by urban biodiversity, the challenges it faces, and approaches to its promotion and conservation.

Plant translocation is a conservation technique increasingly used around the world. In Europe, numerous unpublished initiatives have resulted in scattered information in grey literature that is difficult to access. This represents a major obstacle to the exchange of information and experience among scientists, practitioners and competent authorities. To help filling this gap, we launched a large-scale questionnaire survey with 39 questions relating to methods, motivations, problems encountered and outcomes, supplemented by a screening of scientific publications, grey literature and national/regional databases. We gathered data on 3211 plant translocations across the European continent carried out on 1166 taxa in 28 countries, which represents the largest dataset of its kind in the world to date. Target translocated species were mainly forbs from grassland habitats and had a conservation status of greater concern nationally than globally. Practitioners mainly used plug plants originating from a single source (the geographically closest to the target site). Weather events and plant diseases were the most often unanticipated problems noticed by respondents. Through monitoring, it was found that most populations flowered but often did not reproduce and could not persist for more than five years, showcasing the challenge that translocations still present for conservationists. This work will be useful in linking conservationists and enabling them to save time and resources by more easily identifying the best practices suited to their target species, with the ultimate aim of improving the science and practice of plant translocations in Europe and beyond.

Social acceptance of end users is indispensable for the implementation of agricultural and solar energy systems to create a more sustainable and productive residential building sector. Thus, the main aim of this study is to investigate the social acceptance level of the two systems and the implementation preferences of Egyptian end users, i.e., residents, in relation to their different sociocultural backgrounds. Given that most of the construction in Egypt is taking place in new cities, the acceptance of such systems strongly relates to societal implications for urban sustainability. An online survey was therefore disseminated to the residents of new cities in the Greater Cairo Region in Egypt (n=274). A contingency analysis was conducted using the SPSS tool, calculating the Chi-squared and Fisher tests to identify significant associations between the variables. Results indicated a high level of social acceptance of both the agricultural (71%) and solar energy (64%) systems. The attitude of residents towards the systems and their experience using them were the variables exhibiting the highest association with social acceptance of agricultural systems (p<0.001 for attitude and experience) and solar energy systems (p=0.04 for attitude and p=0.002 for experience). The most preferred system types were the horizontal planters on hand railings and roof-mounted photovoltaics. Responses showed that production was the main aim for agricultural systems, while economic returns were the main aim for solar systems. However, both systems faced the same barriers, especially in relation to economic barriers. Out of the 12 sociocultural variables tested, respondents’ age had the most significant impact on the implementation preferences of both systems followed by gender, residence type, and access to shared facilities. Our study addressed a knowledge gap by comparing the two systems to identify the common or different reasons behind the disparity between their high theoretical potential versus low on-ground implementation. Future research could investigate other underlying factors behind social acceptance beyond the analyzed sociocultural aspects and tackle the types of each system in detail.

Interaction with urban nature provides many nature-derived benefits for people. However, human-nature interaction studies are conducted primarily during the vegetative season, but remain largely unexplored in winter. We therefore used non-participatory methods (i.e. systematically observing park users on-site) to characterize human-nature interactions in three urban parks in Stuttgart, Germany in the winter of 2020/2021 (N=13,474 observations). Descriptive statistics were calculated and two multivariate logistic regression models built to serve as the basis for analyses. Results indicated that high-engagement human-nature interaction (i.e. nature photography, active observation, touching, or collecting natural elements) was generally low (2.4% of observations) and that park visitors most frequently interacted with flora, then fauna, and finally abiotic natural elements. Certain visitation behaviors including technology use and visiting alone were associated with a lower odds of high-engagement nature interaction, whereas walking a dog was associated with a higher odds of high-engagement nature interaction. Additionally, odds of high-engagement nature interaction were higher at sites with a naturalized pond. While these findings are context-specific, they provide insight into the number of people that participate in high-engagement nature interaction, details into how they interact with urban nature in winter, and have potential implications for the design and management of urban greenspaces in future cities that best support both people and nature year round.

Can the building sector become productive and, in parallel, help create livable spaces? Agricultural and solar energy systems can contribute to the building sector’s transformation; however, research on these systems has mostly focused on technological development and achieved gains, while overlooking a key driver of success, which is social acceptance. Only recently has the discussion on social acceptance of the systems gained momentum revealing that their adoption, especially in residential sectors, is bound to end users. Therefore, using a quantitative, survey-based, case study approach, we investigated what influences the social acceptance of end users, i.e., the residents of residential buildings in Egyptian new cities. Based on UTAUT – a Technology Acceptance theory – seven underlying factors were tackled using a statistical contingency analysis (SPSS, n = 274) to test their association with (a) social acceptance of agricultural and solar energy systems and (b) the sociocultural background of the residents. Results revealed that social acceptance of the systems was associated with factors like the expected effort for implementation, concerns and anxieties about the systems, external supporting conditions, and social influences – while surprisingly, it was not associated with the expected performance of the systems, their perceived costs, and the need for financial support. Most studied factors showed associations with the sociocultural aspects, except for the expected effort and perceived cost of solar systems and financial facilitations of both systems, which proved to be completely independent of the sociocultural background of the residents. The conducted analysis and concluded insights about the underlying factors behind social acceptance have not been previously covered in detail for the two systems in comparison, especially for the case of new Egyptian residences. The study findings can support relevant stakeholders such as policymakers, suppliers, engineers, etc. in triggering the social acceptance of the systems in Egypt and contexts of similar settings.

Chapter 1 Umweltgerechtes Bauen für Mensch, Flora und Fauna am Beispiel neuer Grünfassadensysteme Holger Röseler, Holger RöselerSearch for more papers by this authorPia Krause, Pia KrauseSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip Leistner, Philip LeistnerSearch for more papers by this authorLeonie K. Fischer, Leonie K. FischerSearch for more papers by this authorEva Bender, Eva BenderSearch for more papers by this authorSolène Guenat, Solène GuenatSearch for more papers by this author Holger Röseler, Holger RöselerSearch for more papers by this authorPia Krause, Pia KrauseSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip Leistner, Philip LeistnerSearch for more papers by this authorLeonie K. Fischer, Leonie K. FischerSearch for more papers by this authorEva Bender, Eva BenderSearch for more papers by this authorSolène Guenat, Solène GuenatSearch for more papers by this author Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nabil A. Fouad, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nabil A. FouadSearch for more papers by this author Book Author(s):Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nabil A. Fouad, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nabil A. FouadSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783433611708.ch1 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Zusammenfassung Grüne Infrastrukturen spielen eine bedeutende Rolle bei der klimaangepassten Gestaltung urbaner Räume und Bauwerke. Begrünte Fassaden, als Bestandteil der grünen Infrastruktur, haben aufgrund der hohen Flächenverfügbarkeit besondere Potenziale einer zukunftsorientierten Stadtgestaltung Rechnung zu tragen. Sie schaffen bei entsprechender Planung und Ausführung, neben (mikro-)klimatischen Regulationswirkungen, qualitative Lebensräume für die urbane Flora und Fauna. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung und Untersuchung eines Grünfassadensystems vorgestellt, das durch einen neuartigen Gestaltungsansatz diese Potenziale gezielt adressiert und vereint. Das System weist klimaregulierende Effekte im Außenraum auf und integriert vertikale Lebensraumstrukturen, insbesondere für gebietsheimische Pflanzen und Insekten bei gleichzeitiger positiver Beeinflussung bauphysikalischer Qualitäten. Literatur Leistner , P. et al. ( 2022 ) Klimaangepasste Gebäude und Liegenschaften – Empfehlungen für Planende, Architektinnen und Architekten sowie Eigentümerinnen und Eigentümer . Bonn : Bundesinstitut für Bau- Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (BBR) . Google Scholar Emde , F. et al. ( 2015 ) Artenschutz-Report 2015 – Tiere und Pflanzen in Deutschland [online]. Berlin : Bundesamt für Naturschutz . https://www.bfn.de/sites/default/files/2021-04/Artenschutzreport_Download.pdf Google Scholar Decken , H. v. et al. 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In the face of the global biodiversity decline, ecological restoration measures to actively enhance urban biodiversity and options for biodiversity-friendly greenspace management are high on the agenda of many governments and city administrations. This review aims to summarize and advance the current knowledge on urban grassland restoration by synthesizing research findings on restoration approaches and biodiversity-friendly management measures globally. Indeed, we found restoration approaches to be generally effective in increasing biodiversity; yet, there were variations in the outcomes due to the difference in soil disturbance methods, management regimes, the set of species introduced to a site, and the specific local setting. Based on the reviewed studies, we formulated recommendations for maximizing restoration success of urban grasslands through: i) creating a network of heterogeneous urban greenspaces and enhancing connectivity between them; ii) maintaining the spontaneous vegetation in vacant lots and wasteland sites that can provide habitats for various invertebrate species; iii) evaluating actual soil conditions, soil seed bank, and seed rain before restoration efforts take place since these seed sources could considerably affect the restoration outcomes, iv) preserving nutrient-poor conditions in urban greenspaces instead of introducing nutrient-rich topsoil; v) shifting to less intensive, biodiversity-friendly management in urban greenspaces by reducing mowing frequency and avoiding the use of chemicals; and vi) utilizing native dry grassland species for climate adaptation without irrigation. We further identified knowledge gaps regarding i) city-scale and regional-scale effects of restoration, ii) effects of interventions on multiple taxa and multiple ecosystem services, iii) restoration in small versus mega-cities, and iv) in the global south. These gaps should be addressed in future studies for making general guidelines for urban grassland restoration broadly applicable.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted urban resilience and challenged the use of urban green space (UGS). Previous studies lack consensus on whether UGS use increased or decreased during and after lockdowns and how this related to policy, economic conditions and UGS types. In a systematic review, we screened >3,000 articles in 5 languages, identifying 177 articles on UGS use changes in 60 countries. The cities studied show diverging changes in UGS use. Generally, decreases occurred where COVID-19 policies were stricter and the gross domestic product per capita was lower, including in most of the few studied areas of the Global South. All studies on private gardens and 60% on forests and other natural areas showed increases, while 77% of studies conducted on public parks indicated decreased use. The global disparity in UGS use was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating the need to enhance green infrastructure for healthy cities and to extend it beyond public parks.

Can Building-Integrated Nature-based Solutions (BI-NbS) reach their full potential in the Global South? In the Egyptian context, BI-NbS are relatively new with an identified gap between the high potential in theory and low implementation rates in practice. To bridge this gap, the study conducts an in-depth investigation of BI-NbS market conditions to reveal the current trends in the residential buildings market in Egypt. It also identifies the gaps and overlaps in the perceptions of the suppliers and consumers of BI-NbS. Results reveal that the residential sector sales mainly target high-income groups yet very limited and dominated by rooftop systems. Suppliers advocate for high-tech systems over low-tech systems, whereas consumers prefer the latter. The perceptions of suppliers and consumers mostly align regarding the basic aspects such as the production and operation preferences as well as the anxieties and concerns about the relatively new BI-NbS in this regional context. However, they diverge in key aspects affecting market penetration such as implementation conditions, aims, and barriers. Accordingly, the study identified the gap between suppliers and consumers, and outlined recommendations, directed to suppliers and policymakers, for improved market development and local implementation of BI-NbS in emerging markets of the Global South, such as Egypt.

Urban foraging, i.e., the gathering of wild edible plants, plays a key role in nature connection within cities. Its integration in planning could contribute to the conservation of urban biodiversity. However, we have little understanding of the interactions between the motivations for and barriers to foraging, and the role of legislation, especially in biodiversity hotspots. Through an online questionnaire and policy review, we explored the practice of urban foraging in Recife, Brazil, across social, spatial and regulatory dimensions. We found that most non-foragers would forage if pollution risks were addressed and knowledge was improved. Foragers collected up to 31 species, none of which are threatened. By integrating the social, spatial and regulatory dimensions of the practice, we highlighted the importance of the local context for targeting foraging incentives. In all, regulation had little impact on where the practice is carried out, and foraging seemed to have little negative impact on biodiversity, as no threatened species were collected and foragers were conscious of their impact. This knowledge can contribute to better integrate the practice of foraging within legislation and develop forager-led greenspace planning and management. In biodiversity hotspots threatened by urban expansion, foraging can contribute to slowing down the biodiversity crisis and improve urban residents' contact with biodiversity.

This paper presents the climate-regulating and biodiversity-supporting potential and synergies of an innovative green facade system for humans, flora and fauna. The developed system opens up vertical habitats, especially for native plants, birds and insects, and creates climatic compensation functions for buildings and people. An interdisciplinary research methodology brings together the fields of (urban) building physics and ecology. The test results from the summer months of 2022 prove the contribution of the green surface to reducing heat input into the facade as well as into the surrounding area in comparison to a reference concrete wall. At the same time, the biodiversity (e.g. different insects) was significantly increased on the vertical by creating heterogeneous habitats and plant populations. Thus, the developed green system represents an innovative element for coping with complex requirements due to climate change, urbanization and species loss in the built environment and shows solutions for inclusive urban surfaces for humans, flora and fauna.

In light of global climate change and the biodiversity crisis, making cities more resilient through an adjusted design of urban green and blue spaces is crucial. Nature-based solutions help address these challenges while providing opportunities for nature experiences, and providing cultural ecosystem services that support public health. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated stressors highlighted the interrelated socio-ecological services provided by nature-based solutions like urban green and blue spaces. This pan-European study therefore aimed to enhance the socio-ecological understanding of green and blue spaces to support their design and management. Using an online survey, green and blue space preferences, usage, and pandemic-related changes in greenspace visit and outdoor recreation frequencies were examined. Greenspace visit and outdoor recreation frequencies were associated with respondents' (N = 584 from 15 countries) geographical location, dominant type of neighbourhood greenspace and greenspace availability during the pandemic, but not greenspace perceptions or sociodemographic background. Greenspace visit and outdoor recreation frequencies were generally high; however, Southern Europeans reported lower greenspace visit and outdoor recreation frequencies both before and during the pandemic than Northern Europeans. Many Southern Europeans also reported having few neighbourhood greenspaces and low greenspace availability during the pandemic. The most common outdoor recreational activity among respondents before the pandemic was walking or running with the most frequently stated purpose of time spent outdoors being restorative in nature (i.e. relaxing or calming down). Most Europeans had positive perceptions of green and blue spaces with preferences for structurally diverse and natural or unmanaged green elements. This highlights the importance of accessible green and blue spaces both in everyday life and during times of crisis. Stakeholders, their preferences, and regional and cultural differences should be included in the co-design of urban green and blue spaces to maximize their potential for both people and nature. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

In diesem Beitrag werden die klimaregulierenden und biodiversitätsfördernden Wirkpotenziale und Synergien eines innovativen Grünfassadensystems für Mensch, Flora und Fauna vorgestellt. Mit dem eigens entwickelten System werden vertikale Lebensräume insbesondere für gebietsheimische Pflanzen, Vögel und Insekten erschlossen sowie klimatische Ausgleichsfunktionen für Gebäude und Menschen geschaffen. Eine interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Untersuchungsmethodik führt die Bereiche (Stadt‐)Bauphysik und Ökologie zusammen. Die daraus resultierenden Untersuchungsergebnisse aus den Sommermonaten 2022 belegen den Beitrag der begrünten Oberfläche zur Verringerung von Hitzeeinträgen in die dahinterliegende Fassade sowie in die gebäudenahe Umgebung im Vergleich zu einer Referenzbetonwand. Gleichzeitig wurde die Artenvielfalt (bspw. unterschiedliche Insekten) auf der Vertikalen, durch die Schaffung von heterogenen Lebensräumen und Pflanzenbeständen signifikant erhöht. Dadurch stellt das entwickelte Grünsystem einen innovativen Baustein zur Bewältigung von komplexen Anforderungen durch Klimawandel, Urbanisierung und Artenschwund in der gebauten Umwelt dar und zeigt Lösungen für inklusive urbane Oberflächen für Mensch, Flora und Fauna auf.