Introduction:Postmenopausal bone loss is a multifactorial condition influenced by hormonal changes, metabolic dysregulation, and gut microbiota alterations. Emerging evidence indicates the potential significance of the gut microbiota-bone link in maintaining bone homeostasis. The present study investigated the composition of the gut microbiota and serum metabolite signatures of postmenopausal women afflicted with bone loss, as well as the interrelationships between these factors, to explore the potential associations of the gut microbiota-bone link. Method:In total, 105 postmenopausal women from Beijing were classified by DXA into a bone loss group (L1-L4 T-score <-1.0; n = 58) and a normal bone mass group (L1-L4 T-score ≥-1.0; n = 47). Gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing and serum metabolites by UHPLC-MS/MS. Differential abundance and Spearman correlation analyses were performed in relation to BMD/T-scores and serum biochemical indicators. Results:Compared with controls, the bone-loss cohort showed lower BMD and T-scores at L1-L4 and at the femoral neck, and a longer period since menopause. Additionally, the bone-loss cohort exhibited modestly higher, yet still subnormal, circulating 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 concentrations, which were inversely associated with L1-L4 T-scores. The bone loss group was characterized by a diminished abundance of protective genera Prevotella and Dorea and increased levels of Limosilactobacillus and Olsenella. Prevotella and Dorea showed positive trends with L1-L4 T-scores but did not reach statistical significance. Metabolomic analysis identified 33 differential metabolites, with higher levels of flavonoids (taxifolin), L-arginine, and spermidine in the normal bone group and reduced lysophosphatidylcholine levels. N-acetylanthranilic acid (NAA) was positively correlated with L1-L4 T-scores and the relative abundances of Prevotella and Dorea. Discussion:Postmenopausal bone loss is associated with gut microbiota alterations and altered serum metabolic profiles. Although circulating 25(OH)D levels were relatively higher (yet still subnormal) in the bone-loss group, this cross-sectional observation should be interpreted as an association rather than evidence of a compensatory mechanism. Our findings indicate that NAA and its associated taxa are correlationally associated with bone-related phenotypes, supporting a testable microbiota-metabolite hypothesis that warrants validation in longitudinal or interventional studies.

Soil multifunctionality is a key indicator of ecosystem stability in degraded karst areas with intensive soil erosion. Vegetation restoration in these areas involves succession stages linked to changes in plants and soil microbial communities, yet their interactions and impacts on soil multifunctionality across succession remain understudied. A “space-for-time” approach was employed, representing four restoration treatments: artificial disturbance forest (early), natural closed forest (mid), deciduous broad-leaved forest (late), and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest (climax). We analyzed soil microbial communities (16S and ITS rRNA sequencing), plant diversity, fine root traits, and soil multifunctionality. Vegetation succession significantly enhanced soil multifunctionality, particularly in later stages. Plant-microbial interactions were strengthened during succession as revealed by interdomain network analysis, which was closely associated with increases in specific root surface area (27

Effective crop residue management is crucial for phosphorus (P) cycling in agricultural ecosystems, yet the underlying mechanisms of various residue return strategies remain inadequately understood. This study presents the initial three-year results from a long-term field experiment in northeast China comparing four maize residue management practices: conventional ridge tillage without residue return (DT), no-tillage with surface residue retention (NT), three-year rotational tillage with depth-variable (15/20/35 cm) residue incorporation (VT), and annual deep tillage (0–35 cm) with residue incorporation (AT). Results demonstrated distinct depth-stratified impacts on soil phosphatase activities and P fractions. NT significantly enhanced the sum of phosphodiesterase (PDase), alkaline phosphomonoesterase (AlPase), and acid phosphomonoesterase (AcPase) activities by 26.0

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) comprise a recently identified class of endogenous lipid molecules that are closely linked to diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer. They exhibit a range of biological activities, including metabolic regulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. FAHFAs have attracted considerable scientific interest since their initial discovery. Advances in analytical technologies have enabled the identification of numerous FAHFA family members and isomers in various food sources. In parallel, their biological activities and physiological roles have been elucidated. This review comprehensively summarizes the current research progress on FAHFAs, covering their structural characteristics, endogenous synthesis and metabolism, detection and identification techniques, dietary occurrence, and physiological functions. It aims to establish a theoretical foundation and systematic research framework to promote further investigation into FAHFAs, clarify their mechanisms of action in health and disease, and offer insights into the development of targeted functional foods.

As a key raw material in the paper industry, Eucalyptus has been widely cultivated in commercial plantations; however, the ecological impacts of these plantations require systematic evaluation. Soil multifunctionality is vital in maintaining ecosystem services, enhancing sustainability, and regulating nutrient balance. Long-term Eucalyptus cultivation can disrupt soil nutrient balance; however, its effects on soil multifunctionality remain unclear. This study compared single-generation (SG) and multiple-generation (MG) Eucalyptus plantations with an evergreen broadleaf forest (CK) to assess how prolonged Eucalyptus cultivation alters soil nutrient stoichiometry, subsequently affects keystone taxa diversity, and ultimately reduces soil multifunctionality. The MG plantations exhibited pronounced nutrient stoichiometric imbalances, with soil C/N, C/P, C/K, N/P, N/K, and P/ K ratios reduced by 60.17-83.27 % relative to CK, accompanied by a 19.9 % decrease in the Chao1 richness and a 6.1 % decrease in the Shannon index of keystone taxa. Long-term Eucalyptus planation reduced soil multi-functionality from 0.187 to-0.355, largely via nutrient stoichiometry driven erosion of keystone-taxa diversity. Keystone taxa, especially Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Chloroflexi, played critical roles in regulating nutrient cycling. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) and threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) revealed that nutrient stoichiometry and enzymatic activity influenced soil multifunctionality directly and indirectly by modulating keystone taxa diversity and community structure. These findings underscore the essential role of keystone taxa diversity in maintaining soil functions and offer new insights into microbial-nutrient interactions regulating ecosystem services. This study provides valuable guidance for Eucalyptus plantation management, emphasizing the need to consider microbial and nutrient interactions in balancing industrial productivity with ecological sustainability.

Background: The first 1000 days of a child’s life, from a woman’s pregnancy to her child’s second birthday, represent a critical window during which nutritional and environmental exposures shape long-term health. Gut microbiota play an important role in metabolic and overall health. Although pet exposure during pregnancy affects neonatal microbiota, immunity, and development, its effects on maternal health remain unclear. This study investigated the associations of pet exposure with gestational health, maternal and infant microbiota, and breast milk composition in overweight/obese pregnant women. Methods: Fecal samples and breast milk samples were collected from pet-exposed participants (n = 22) and non-exposed controls (n = 32) for 16S rRNA sequencing. Breast milk lipids and proteins were also quantified. Results: Pet exposure before conception, during pregnancy, and postpartum was not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus or gestational weight gain. In the maternal gut, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Sutterellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Parabacteroides were higher, whereas that of Ruminococcus was lower, in the pet-exposed group. In breast milk, the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and the concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 36:2, phosphatidylethanolamine 38:3, lysine, and β-casein were higher, whereas the abundance of Rothia was lower, in the pet-exposed group. The relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was also lower in the infant gut of the pet-exposed group. Conclusions: In overweight/obese pregnant women, pet exposure was associated with differences in maternal gut and breast milk microbiota, higher concentrations of selected breast milk phospholipids and β-casein, and lower Escherichia-Shigella abundance in the infant gut.

Monoculture of Eucalyptus leads to a depletion of directly available phosphorus (P) in the rhizosphere, reducing soil productivity. Mobilization of occluded soil P toward labile fractions co-varies with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) assemblages under P limitation. However, the linear associations between dominant AMF taxa, rhizosphere P translocation pathways and low-P stress status across three soil types remain poorly characterized in Eucalyptus plantations. Three forest farms with three soil types were sampled, covering 9, 7 and 5 Eucalyptus stand age groups plus native forest controls; three 50 m × 50 m independent plots per age class generated 63 rhizosphere samples, with inorganic and Hedley P fractions analyzed. High-throughput sequencing to determine AMF community structure and analysis the interaction between Hedley and inorganic P fractions in Eucalyptus rhizosphere soils of different soil types. Results revealed that Glomeraceae was significantly correlated with dilute hydrochloric acid–extracted organic P (lateritic red soil), whereas Acaulosporaceae was significantly correlated with sodium bicarbonate–and sodium hydroxide–extracted organic P (purplish soil, p < 0.05). The purplish soil had the highest network (edge) complexity, and the AMF network indicated that the first five years of robustness were superior to larger stand ages. The co-occurrence network revealed that AMF (e.g., Glomeraceae) was not only the most prominent family in Eucalyptus rhizosphere soils, but it was also strongly related with various P fractions. AMF richness positively correlates with fungal diversity and individual taxon distribution in Eucalyptus stands of varying soil types. These results indicate that the co-occurring network derived from AMF families was significantly associated with soil P component transfer and P absorption rates. Our results documented consistent AMF–P covariation across soils and stand ages, clarifying mycorrhizal P partitioning patterns in Eucalyptus plantations.

Human milk (HM) not only provides nutrients for infants but also produces volatile odors that can be perceived by newborns, influencing their dietary behavior, flavor learning, and food preferences. Meanwhile, the design of infant formula is gradually getting closer to HM in terms of nutrient composition rather than sensory performance. Volatile compounds in HM are produced upon lipid, protein, and carbohydrate degradation and via Maillard reactions. They primarily consist of fatty acids, terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, furans, and pyrans. Moreover, the factors influencing HM flavors are critically involved in dietary intake, HM macronutrients, storage temperature, storage time, and sterilization conditions. This review aimed to summarize the formation, composition characteristics, influencing factors, and analytical techniques of HM odor by summarizing existing studies. Relevant conclusions can provide a theoretical basis for future research on the identification, evaluation, and simulation of HM flavor profiles. (c) 2026 The authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Phosphatase-mediated mineralization of soil organic phosphorus (P) critically governs P bioavailability in agricultural systems, yet microbial regulation of phosphatase dynamics under P-activator amendments remains poorly resolved. We investigated six P-activator treatments-phytase (S1), phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM, S2), and their combinations with yeast-derived peptides (S13, S23, S123)-in soils with contrasting microbial activity (soil(high) vs. soil(low)) over 35 days. Analyses focused on phosphatase (including acid phosphomonoesterases [AcP], alkaline phosphomonoesterases [AlP], and phosphodiesterases [PD]) activities, dehydrogenases (DHA) as a proxy for metabolic activity, and available P. The results revealed P-activators universally enhanced soil AcP and AlP activities and available P release, with synergistic effects in combined treatments (S123 > S13/S23 > S1/S2 > control). Temporal dynamics differed between soils, PD activity in soil(high) increased consistently post-day 3 (excluding day 14), while soil(low) exhibited a pronounced increase in AcP or AlP activity during days 1-28 but limited PD or DHA responses. Microbial activity modulated activator efficacy by stimulating phosphatase activities, evidenced by sustained DHA elevation (days 1-21) and its significantly correlation with the variation in APases activities. Except for S2, the stimulation of AcP activity by the activators was significantly greater in soil(high) compared to soil(low). In contrast, S1, S13, and S2 enhanced PD activity more strongly in soil(low). Additionally, S1 and S2 led to a more pronounced increase in available P content in soil(low) than in soil(high). Crucially, microbial-driven DHA activity strongly correlated with the functional role of phosphatases in releasing available P, highlighting microbial-phosphatase coordination as a central mechanism in P-activator efficacy. These findings demonstrate that tailored P-activator combinations can optimize soil-specific P mobilization, providing a technical strategy to improve P use efficiency and reduce fertilizer dependency in sustainable agriculture.

Intensive management of Eucalyptus spp. plantations in southern China has led to soil degradation, threatening the sustainability of forestry. While the management of harvest residue is crucial for soil restoration, the differences in the mechanisms of various practices, especially how they regulate keystone microbial taxa to influence ecosystem functions in Eucalyptus plantations, and how to accurately assess their effects, remain significant research gaps. We performed a 12-month field experiment in a Eucalyptus plantation in which we compared four residue management practices: complete removal (CK), uniform mulching (ER), strip stacking, and burning. After 12 months, ER showed the greatest improvement among all treatments, with significant increases of 33.27-75.61 % in soil quality indices (SQIs), 101.02 % in tree height increment (THI), and 5.25 % in soil carbon storage (CS) relative to CK. ER significantly increased the relative abundance of key bacteria, including Rhizobiales, Acidobacteriales, and Ktedonobacterales, compared with the other treatments. A structural equation model indicated that ER improves SQI by enhancing the soil abiotic environment and microbial activity, which in turn promotes CS and THI by increasing the abundance of keystone bacterial taxa. A novel SQI was developed based on network analysis and nonlinear scoring (SQI-NAMDS-NL). The index displayed a much stronger predictive power for THI (R2 = 0.90) and CS (R2 = 0.36) than traditional models. Overall, uniform mulching of harvesting residues was the optimal strategy for restoring soil quality and productivity in Eucalyptus plantations. Meanwhile, SQI-NAMDS-NL serves as a sensitive and reliable tool for predicting the sustainability of intensive Eucalyptus cultivation, offering novel insights for plantation management.

Globally, the area of plantation forests is increasing while native forests face deforestation and fragmentation. Eucalyptus is commonly used in intensive plantations, and its residues are typically returned to the soil or burned on-site, potentially leading to soil degradation and biodiversity loss. Research on the impacts of these residues on soil microbial communities is limited. This study used a microcosm experiment with five treatments: crushed eucalyptus leaves (CL), crushed eucalyptus branches (CB), biochar derived from leaves (LB), biochar derived from branches (BB), and a no-addition control (CK). High-throughput sequencing (16S rRNA and phoD genes) combined with enzymatic activity assays were employed to evaluate the effects on soil bacterial communities and functions. Results indicated that direct return of eucalyptus residues induces significant soil acidification, driving deterministic assembly of the total bacterial community, reducing its diversity and network stability, primarily by suppressing acid-sensitive taxa (e.g., Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi). In contrast, ALP-producing bacteria exhibit functional resilience, maintaining diversity and activity under acidification due to broader pH tolerance and functional redundancy. Biochar application mitigates acidification, preserves microbial diversity, and enhances metabolic potential, supporting ecosystem functional stability. While direct addition of eucalyptus residue enhanced soil nutrient availability, it may also compromise microbial diversity and function. Conversely, its biochar application mitigated acidification, preserved microbial diversity, and maintained network stability. Therefore, the direct return of eucalyptus residues to forest soils should be approached with caution, given its potential adverse effects on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functioning. This study highlights the biochemical mechanisms underlying these impacts and underscores biochar application as a promising strategy for maintaining soil health and enhancing sustainability in eucalyptus plantation management.

Organic substitutions offer a sustainable approach to phosphorus (P) recycling amid diminishing mineral reserves. However, the dynamics of P pools under various organic substitutions remain unclear. This 60-day experiment explored how P pools responded when 20% of chemical fertilizers were replaced with chopped straw (SC), biochar (BC), or pig manure (MC), compared to conventional fertilization (CK) and pH-adjusted (pH 7.5, ALK) controls. While inorganic P increased over time across all treatments, the amendments exhibited distinct effects on P availability. MC treatment uniquely showed consistent and sustained increases in both available P (Olsen P) and microbial biomass carbon throughout the study. Conversely, SC treatment recorded the lowest Olsen P despite having the highest microbial biomass carbon and phosphatase activities. Phosphatase gene diversity analysis revealed that phoD (phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase) diversity fluctuated over time in CK, SC, and MC treatments, while phoC (acid phosphomonoesterase) diversity remained stable. Treatment responsiveness in phoD-harboring bacteria (nine of twelve predominant phyla) was greater than that in phoC-harboring bacteria (only three phyla changed significantly). Organic substitutions and pH adjustments also weakened interactions between P pools and microbial communities, with Bradyrhizobium emerging as a key player in phoD networks. These findings elucidate the contrasting mechanisms by which different organic amendments influence soil P dynamics: manure promotes sustained P availability; straw enhances microbial activity without increasing available P; and biochar produces intermediate effects. The research provides practical guidance for farmers seeking to mobilize legacy soil P while reducing chemical fertilizer dependence.

Phenolic compounds regulate soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization through inhibiting hydrolase activities, yet their effectiveness across varying soil pH and moisture conditions remains unclear. This study examined enzyme activity responses to catechol (0–100 mg·kg−1) across a natural pH gradient (5.8–8.3) under contrasting moisture regimes. Our multi-enzyme approach revealed distinct pH thresholds governing phenolic compound effects: at pH > 7, catechol significantly inhibited hydrolase activities by 5.45–13.14

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of varying nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) levels on soil phosphorus (P) compositions, abiotic factors (pH and moisture content), and biotic factors (dehydrogenase (DHA) and phosphatases). A field experiment was conducted at the Inner Mongolia prairie, where different levels of N (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and C (0, 250, 500 kg C ha−1 yr−1) were applied to study their effects on soil P transformations. High N levels significantly decreased soil pH, concentrations of diesters, activities of DHA and acid phosphomonoesterase (AcP), phosphodiesterase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase (IPP); whereas, increased concentrations of phosphonate, polyphosphate, and myo-IHP; which could potentially affect nutrient availability, microbial processes and soil fertility. Additionally, C supplementation significantly increased concentrations of diesters and myo-IHP, and activities of DHA and IPP, suggesting C supplementation may improve P stability in contexts of excessive natural and anthropogenic N enrichment. SEM revealed two discrepant nutrition-driven modes in P transformation: i) the N-driven mode, where N addition directly affected phosphonate concentrations and indirectly affected P transformation through both abiotic (pH and moisture content) and biotic (AcP and IPP) factors; ii) the C-driven mode, where C addition directly affected concentrations of monoesters and indirectly affected pyrophosphate concentrations through a biotic (IPP) factor. Our findings reveal how biotic and abiotic factors regulate P transformation through C management under N enrichment, enhancing our understanding of environmental influences on P cycling via phosphatase and benefiting sustainable grassland practices.

Probiotics have a positive effect on improving the balance of gut microbes, enhancing immune function, and reducing the symptoms of chronic diseases. However, the survival and stability of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract is limited. Many methods have been developed to solve this problem; micro-nanoparticle delivery is an effective new approach. Polysaccharide-based delivery systems have received much attention and research in drug delivery. However, the application in the delivery of probiotics is substantially less than that in the delivery of drugs. The aim of this study was to highlight the important application and potential of polysaccharides in micro-nano delivery systems. By investigating the application in drug delivery, the potential for application in probiotic delivery was discussed. The application prospects of polysaccharides in anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation were demonstrated. The advantages of combining probiotics with polysaccharide microparticles were summarized, and future research directions are proposed, including the optimization of particle encapsulation technology, clinical trial validation, and the exploration of further applications in the food and biomedical industries.

BackgroundPostmenopausal calcium loss increases osteoporosis risk in middle-aged and older women. While dairy products are a known calcium source that supports bone health, limited research addresses their specific effects on osteoporosis prevention in this population.MethodsA one-year randomized controlled trial recruited 97 postmenopausal women, randomly assigned to a high-calcium milk group (HCM, 51), consuming 400 mL nutrient-enriched fresh milk daily, or a control milk group (CM, 46), consuming 400 mL of regular fresh milk.ResultsA one-year randomized controlled trial showed that the high-calcium milk group significantly increased lumbar spine bone mineral density (L1-4 BMD), slowed bone loss in the left hip and femoral neck, elevated serum phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and modulated the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide compared with the regular milk group at 6 months. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing showed that high-calcium milk significantly altered the β-diversity of the intestinal flora, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Oscillibacter, and Subdoligranulum, while decreasing the abundance of Firmicutes and Weissella at 12 months. Metabolomics analysis revealed that high-calcium milk improved bone quality by modulating steroid hormone biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolic pathways, and that L1–4 BMD was positively correlated with Faecalibacterium spp. and adenine nucleotide.ConclusionsOur study suggests that high-calcium milk can effectively delay postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating intestinal flora and metabolic pathways, providing a new target for osteoporosis intervention.Clinical trial registry numberChiCTR2200064825 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/home).

Soil multifunctionality plays a crucial role in ecosystems, not only supporting nutrient cycling and plant productivity but also preserving biodiversity, thus ensuring the health and stability of the ecosystem. Forest soils harbor highly diverse microbial communities which fundamentally regulate the global elemental cycle and ecosystem multifunctionality. Keystone taxa act as "goalkeeper" in microbial community, which deeply portray community composition and functions. However, the mechanisms through which keystone taxa of soil microbes influence the dynamics of soil multifunctionality remain insufficiently elucidated within forest ecosystems. Our study analyzed the soil microbial community structures, soil properties and multifunctionalities of three typic forest stands in subtropic areas in south China, and identified the keystone taxa of bacteria and fungi by constructing co-occurrence networks, respectively. Further, partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was conducted to explore the impact of different microbial taxa on soil multifunctionality. Our findings revealed considerable changes in soil multifunctionality across various forest types, with broad-leaved forest being the highest, then the mixed forest, and then followed by the coniferous forest. Compared with bacterial communities, soil fungal microbial networks in forest ecosystems had higher network nodes and higher module aggregation. Comparative analyses revealed that fungi exhibited greater type heterogeneity relative to bacteria inter-forest, with fungal keystone taxa demonstrating a pronounced influence on the multifaceted functional capacities of soil ecosystems. PLS-PM analysis further confirmed that soil properties (SOC, TN, and MBC) and fungal keystone taxa diversity (r = 0.319, p < 0.05) exert significant direct effects on soil multifunctionality. Furthermore, the total effects analysis highlighted fungal keystone taxa diversity and soil properties were critical determinants of soil multifunctionality. Additionally, this study emphasizes the significance of keystone fungal species in controlling soil multifunctionality in forest ecosystems. Promoting the diversity and abundance of fungal keystone taxa is essential for maintaining and enhancing soil multifunctionality, thereby supporting forest ecosystem health and productivity.

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27) is a critical enzyme for green herbicide discovery. This study aimed to develop new HPPD inhibitors for the efficient control of Echinochloa crus-galli in rice fields. A series of 41 triketone derivatives were designed and synthesized using structure-based and proherbicide strategies. The herbicidal activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated against common weeds in rice fields, including E. crus-galli and Leptochloa chinensis. Among them, 2-(2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-3-((2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl)benzoyl)-3-((5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, compound IIy, showing high efficiency against E. crus-galli and L. chinensis, including the resistant biotypes at dosages as low as 19.62-33.26 g of ai/ha, which were significantly more active than that of bicyclopyrone. The density functional theory calculations and metabolism studies revealed the action mechanisms of IIy. The field trials showed that IIy could effectively control the weeds in rice fields at 90-150 g of ai/ha by postemergence application. Our findings suggested the great potential of IIy to be developed as a highly effective herbicide for weed management in paddy fields.

Consuming yogurt is beneficial for healthy people, but few studies have evaluated the interactions among yogurt intake, gut microbiota, and the metabolism of healthy hosts. We aimed to compare the effects of probiotic yogurt (Yi Jun Duo; YJD) and brown yogurt (Shao Suan Nai; SSN) on urinary metabolite concentrations and gut microbial composition and function in healthy adults. The SSN was produced by Streptococcus thermophilus S4.02 and low-fat (1.2%) milk, which was hydrolyzed using galactosidase and browned, and the YJD was whole milk fermented by a mixture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis. Forty-six healthy adults (n = 23/group) consumed the yogurts for 28 days. NMR metabolomics was then used to study the differences in the concentrations of urinary metabolites, and the composition of the intestinal microbiota was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. SSN consumption significantly increased the urinary concentrations of methylamine, O-phosphocholine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, and reduced the abundances of the Pasteurellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Dorea, Megamonas, Haemophilus, and Shuttleworthia. YJD consumption reduced the concentrations of O-phosphocholine, fumarate, and tryptophan, reduced the abundance of Collinsella, and increased the urea concentration and the abundances of the Porphyromonadaceae and Parabacteroides. Twelve metabolites differed significantly in concentration between the two groups. SSN and YJD also had differing effects on carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis) and the amino acid metabolism pathway (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, and metabolism of histidine and tyrosine), principally by regulating the TMAO and amino acid metabolism of the intestinal bacteria.