Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Abnormal TRP metabolites correlate with HE severity and may represent potential biomarkers. This study employed targeted metabolomics to characterize serum TRP metabolic profiles in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) at different stages. Furthermore, a diagnostic model integrating clinical indicators was developed to facilitate the early detection of hepatic encephalopathy in LC patients. Ninety LC patients (25 without HE, 30 with covert HE, and 35 with overt HE) and 50 healthy controls were enrolled from January 2023 to December 2024. Serum TRP metabolites were quantified using targeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). A diagnostic model was developed using logistic regression by integrating differential metabolites with clinical indicators. Diagnostic accuracy and utility were evaluated through the area under the curve (AUC), bootstrap validation, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Compared with healthy controls, cirrhotic patients exhibited significant alterations in TRP metabolites. TRP and serotonin (SER) were consistently reduced (P < 0.001), whereas quinolinic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, indole-3-acetic acid, and indole-3-carboxaldehyde were markedly elevated (P < 0.01). Between Non-HE LC and HE patients, only SER differed significantly, with lower levels in the HE group (P < 0.001). No significant metabolic differences were observed between the CHE and OHE groups. The diagnostic model integrating blood ammonia and SER achieved strong discriminatory performance, with an AUC of 0.902, sensitivity of 76.9

Background Cereal grains and their processed products constitute fundamental components of the global food supply, yet they remain perpetually susceptible to contamination by pathogens and their toxins, presenting ongoing and significant threats to food safety and public health. The evolution of cereal-based foods-from traditional staples to a diverse range of ready-to-eat (RTE), instant, and fermented products-has further diversified and complicated the landscape of associated foodborne hazards. Scope and approach This review comprehensively synthesizes and critically evaluates technological advances (2015-2025) for detecting major pathogens (e.g., Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter spp.) and toxins (e.g., mycotoxins, bongkrekic acid, cereulide) in diverse cereal products. Moving beyond a descriptive catalog, we provide a systematic analysis of the underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and practical applicability of various detection platforms. These encompass culture-based, immunological, nucleic acid-based, biosensor, and large-scale instrumental methods, with particular emphasis on their suitability for different product matrices. Key findings and conclusions Our analysis identifies a definitive paradigm shift from slow, laboratory-centric methods toward rapid, on-site, and integrated detection systems. Emerging technologies such as isothermal amplification coupled with CRISPR-Cas systems, nanomaterial-enhanced biosensors, and portable mass spectrometers exemplify this transition, offering unprecedented improvements in sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency. Nevertheless, persistent challenges including mitigating complex matrix interference, accurately detecting viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC), and establishing standardized protocols hinder the commercialization of these innovations. Looking forward, we emphasize that the critical convergence of intelligent, smartphone-portable devices with robust validation frameworks is critical to translate innovative detection concepts into reliable tools for monitoring the global cereal supply chain.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies. Here, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) were engineered as a nanoplatform to co-deliver nisin and quercetin (tFNQ) against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain isolated from retail pork. tFNAs enhanced bacterial association and enabled nuclease-responsive release, significantly improving antibacterial activity at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) compared with the free combination. tFNQ induced membrane disruption and depolarization, accompanied by reduced hemolytic activity. Transcriptomic profiling and RT-qPCR validation revealed coordinated transcriptional changes in genes associated with virulence regulation and stress response. In particular, agrA was significantly downregulated, whereas the virulence repressor rot was upregulated. These changes were accompanied by reduced expression of hemolysin related genes and genes involved in antimicrobial peptide tolerance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the advantages of tFNAs as an effective co-delivery platform for enhancing the antibacterial activity of nisin and quercetin against foodborne MRSA. The observed physiological and transcriptomic responses provide molecular evidence associated with the improved antibacterial performance of tFNQ and support the potential application of tFNAs-based co-delivery strategies for antimicrobial intervention.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) represent significant hazards to food safety, necessitating the development of sophisticated multiplex detection systems. This study introduces a dual-toxin biosensor utilizing logic gating and regenerative aptamer field-effect transistor (FET). The technology combines Y-DNA with carbonnanotubes field-effect transistor (CNT-FET), wherein the Y-DNA scaffold accommodates two aptamers that specifically identify AFM1 and OTA. Mg2+ activates the OTA-aptamer, facilitating a distinct distinction between the two toxins. The sensor has a linear dynamic range of 10 fmol/L (fM) to 100 pmol/L (pM), ultralow detection limits of 8.45 fM for AFM1 and 4.18 fM for OTA, and a dual-aptamer system that boosts signal output by 30%- 60% over single-aptamer systems. The biosensor retains over 90% signal fidelity after five regeneration cycles and shows excellent stability across nine unprocessed food matrices. This work presents a logic-guided, regenerable aptamer-FET interface for dynamic multi-toxin sensing and real-time food safety monitoring in complex matrices. By leveraging Mg2+-activated OTA aptamer recognition as a molecular switch, the platform provides a novel strategy for food safety analysis that reduces cross-reactivity and signal crosstalk in dual-and multiplex-toxin detection.

The pervasive threat of microbial contamination and the escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance necessitate the development of novel, sustainable food preservation strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), especially those sourced from food-grade microbes, are emerging as feasible substitutes for conventional chemical preservatives. They provide substantial benefits, including biodegradability, excellent biocompatibility, and a beneficial foundation for later safety evaluations and risk management. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on AMPs sourced from edible fungi, fermented fungi, and probiotics. It systematically reviews AMP biosynthetic pathways and sources, with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships to link structural features to antimicrobial activity and safety. It further analyzes mechanisms of action across two major modes, membrane targeting and intracellular targeting, and surveys AI-assisted de novo design strategies. Advanced preparation and screening workflows are summarized. Finally, it discusses progress and limitations in food systems and emerging applications in active and intelligent packaging. Key insights reveal that food-grade microbial AMPs are predominantly cationic and amphipathic, with their activity fine-tuned by molecular weight, amino acid composition, and secondary structure. Incorporating these peptides into nanofiber membranes, nanoparticle delivery systems, and biosensors can mitigate the constraints associated with their direct application as antimicrobial agents in food. This method efficiently prolongs food shelf life and facilitates real-time quality assessment. However, challenges such as batch-to-batch variability leading to inconsistent activity, cost-effective production, and the need for standardized safety assessment remain. Thus, future research should focus on the synergistic role of multiomics, AI-assisted design, and precision fermentation in propelling the field toward sustainable and intelligent food packaging solutions.

The safety of aquatic products is a significant concern due to their vulnerability to contamination by pathogenic bacteria, which cause foodborne diseases. Therefore, a protocatechuic aldehyde-grafted chitosan (PCA-CS) copolymer was developed, which can be used in practical antimicrobial applications for aquatic products to improve the safety. Analytical techniques, including FTIR analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size/zeta potential measurements, confirmed the formation of a stable PCA-CS copolymer. The FTIR spectral signatures (e.g., C=N stretching at 1550 cm-1) unequivocally demonstrated covalent grafting via a Schiff base reaction. Compared with PCA alone, the PCA-CS copolymer has exhibited superior temperature stability, antioxidant capacity, and light transmission, as well as enhanced antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus at low concentrations. Practical experimental findings have demonstrated that the PCA-CS copolymer, at a low concentration of 32.5 mu g/mL, outperformed high concentrations of PCA (300 mu g/mL) in preserving shrimp for 7 days. It effectively inhibited bacterial growth, stabilized pH, and preserved color. The present study demonstrated the PCA-CS copolymer's remarkable stability and antibacterial properties, suggesting its potential as a safe and effective preservative to improve the safety and shelf life of aquatic products.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Beyond the classically implicated organs, emerging evidence highlights the gut as a central player in T2D pathophysiology through its interactions with metabolic organs. The gut hosts trillions of microbes and enteroendocrine cells that influence inflammation, energy homeostasis, and hormone regulation. Disruptions in gut homeostasis (dysbiosis and increased permeability) have been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction, suggesting multifaceted “Gut-X axes” contribute to T2D development. We aimed to comprehensively review the evidence for gut-mediated crosstalk with the pancreas, endocrine system, liver, and kidneys in T2D. Key molecular mechanisms (incretins, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxins, etc.) were examined to construct an integrated model of how gut-derived signals modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways across organs. We also discuss clinical implications of targeting Gut-X axes and identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. A literature search (2015–2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews). Over 150 high-impact publications (original research and review articles from Nature, Cell, Gut, Diabetologia, Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, etc.) were screened. Data on gut microbiota, enteroendocrine hormones, inflammatory mediators, and organ-specific outcomes in T2D were extracted. The GRADE framework was used informally to prioritize high-quality evidence (e.g., human trials and meta-analyses) in formulating conclusions. T2D involves perturbations in multiple Gut-X axes. This review first outlines gut homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis, then dissects each axis: (1) Gut–Pancreas Axis: how incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) and microbial metabolites affect insulin/glucagon secretion and β-cell health; (2) Gut–Endocrine Axis: enteroendocrine signals (e.g., PYY and ghrelin) and neural pathways that link the gut with appetite regulation, adipose tissue, and systemic metabolism; (3) Gut–Liver Axis: the role of microbiota-modified bile acids (FXR/TGR5 pathways) and bacterial endotoxins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance; (4) Gut–Kidney Axis: how gut-derived toxins and nutrient handling intersect with diabetic kidney disease and how incretin-based and SGLT2 inhibitor therapies leverage gut–kidney communication. Shared mechanisms (microbial SCFAs improving insulin sensitivity, LPS driving inflammation via TLR4, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands modulating immunity) are synthesized into a unified model. An integrated understanding of Gut-X axes reveals new opportunities for treating and preventing T2D. Modulating the gut microbiome and its metabolites (through diet, pharmaceuticals, or microbiota therapies) can improve glycemic control and ameliorate complications by simultaneously influencing pancreatic islet function, hepatic metabolism, and systemic inflammation. However, translating these insights into clinical practice requires addressing gaps with robust human studies. This review provides a state-of-the-art synthesis for researchers and clinicians, underlining the gut as a nexus for multi-organ metabolic regulation in T2D and a fertile target for next-generation therapies.

Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) pose significant threats to human health and food safety, highlighting the urgent need for effective detection methods for prevention and traceability. In this study, we develop a field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor using high-purity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for highly sensitive and rapid detection. To improve repeatability and stability, ultra-thin yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are incorporated, along with nucleic acid recognition elements. The recognition element uses a combination of aptamers to address the challenge of balancing high sensitivity and accuracy, achieving dual-target detection by incubating different aptamer groups in separate detection channels. The dual aptamer group-functionalized CNT-FET biosensor detects E. coli O157 and L. monocytogenes in buffer with a detection limit of 1 CFU. It also shows high sensitivity (similar to 1 CFU) in aquatic product samples and reliability and rapid response (within 200 s) in pork, egg, and vegetable samples. Single-blind testing confirms 100 % accuracy in detecting positive samples from 24 aquatic products. The results confirm the device's precision (at the single-cell level), strong anti-interference, and rapid response speed. This innovation plays a crucial role in ensuring food safety and provides a valuable reference for the application of this technology in multi-target rapid detection and point-of-care testing (POCT).

Escherichia coli O157:H7 has caused many foodborne disease outbreaks and resulted in unimaginable economic losses. With the evolution of food consumption, people prefer natural preservatives. In this study, the natural agent harmane exhibited potential activity against E. coli O157:H7 (MIC = 64 μg/mL). It exhibited bacteriostatic mode at 1 X and 2 X MIC treatment, and bactericidal mode at 4 X MIC treatment. Moreover, it showed good in vitro stability in sheep plasma, low in vitro hemolysis and no in vivo acute toxicity with LD50 > 50 mg/kg. Moreover, harmane significantly decreased the colony number of E. coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut lettuce samples after 5 days of storage without affecting appearance. The mechanism study elucidated that harmane significantly decomposed the mature biofilm by reducing exopolysaccharide contents, and killed the viable bacterial cells in biofilm. The cell wall was damaged by harmane via interacting with peptidoglycan. Fluorescent staining and intracellular macromolecular leakage assays showed that irreversible destruction to membrane permeability and integrity. When entering the cell, harmane could defeat the redox balance, suppress metabolic activity and target to ribosome. These findings not only revealed the application potential of harmane as new natural preservative, but also preliminarily elucidated the multi-target mechanism, providing a new strategy for controlling E. coli O157:H7 in the food industry.

Equol is a highly active product of soy isoflavones produced by specific bacteria in the human or animal colon. However, equol production is influenced by differences in the gut flora carried by the body. Our previous research has shown that a synbiotic preparation comprising the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and the prebiotic lactulose can enhance equol production by modulating the intestinal flora. Nevertheless, the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract limits this capability by diminishing the number of probiotics reaching the colon. Microencapsulation of probiotics is an effective strategy to enhance their viability. In this study, probiotic gel microspheres (SA-S-CS) were prepared using an extrusion method, with sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) serving as the encapsulating materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the surface morphology and the internal distribution of bacteria within the microcapsules. The structural characteristics of the microcapsules were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the thermal stability, storage stability, probiotic viability post-simulated gastrointestinal fluid treatment, and colon release rate were examined. Finally, the impact of probiotic microencapsulation on promoting equol production by the synbiotic preparation was assessed. The results indicated that the microcapsules exhibited a spherical structure with bacteria evenly distributed on the inner surface. Studies on thermal and storage stability showed that the number of viable cells in the probiotic microcapsule group significantly increased compared to the free probiotic group. Gastrointestinal tolerance studies revealed that after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the amount of viable cells in the microcapsules was 7 log(10) CFU g(-1), demonstrating good gastrointestinal tolerance. Moreover, after incubation in simulated colonic fluid for 150 min, the release rate of probiotics reached 93.13%. This suggests that chitosan-coated sodium alginate microcapsules can shield Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 from the gastrointestinal environment, offering a novel model for synbiotic preparation to enhance equol production.

In food safety analysis, the detection and control of foodborne pathogens and their toxins are of great importance. Monitoring of virus transmission is equally important, especially in light of recent findings that coronaviruses have been detected in frozen foods and packages during the current global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted considerable scholarly attention for pathogenic microorganisms and toxins detection and sensing due to their rapid response time, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, high specificity, label-free detection, portability, and cost-effectiveness. FET-based biosensors can be modified with specific recognition elements, thus providing real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, with advances in nanotechnology and device design, various high-performance nanomaterials are gradually applied in the detection of FET-based biosensors. In this article, we review specific detection in different biological recognition elements are immobilized on FET biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, and we also discuss nonspecific detection by FET biosensors. In addition, there are still unresolved challenges in the development and application of FET biosensors for achieving efficient, multiplexed, in situ detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Therefore, directions for future FET biosensor research and applications are discussed.

Studies have confirmed that yogurt has the activity of regulating blood pressure because it is rich in probiotic-fermented food-derived active peptides. There are also studies on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) peptide milk, but the bioactive molecules in it are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we developed a peanut yogurt with ACEI activity, analyzed 1877 differential peptides and their antihypertensive pathways before and after fermentation using peptidomics, and identified three peptides (FLPYPY, QPPPSPPPFL and APFPEVFGK) with potential antihypertensive activity using molecular docking and chemical synthesis techniques. These results first elucidated the relationship between peanut yogurt peptides and antihypertensive function, demonstrated the benefits of peanut yogurt, and provided a theoretical basis for the application of probiotic fermented plant yogurt in health care.

Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors based on nanomaterials are promising in the areas of food safety and early disease diagnosis due to their ultrahigh sensitivity and rapid response. However, most academically developed FET biosensors lack real-world reproducibility and comprehensive methodological validation to meet the standards of regulatory bodies. Here, highly uniform and well-packaged semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) FET biosensor chips were developed and assessed for the plug-and-play sensing for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in real food samples to meet international standards. In order to meet the requirements for reproducibility and stability, a scalable residual-free passivation and packaging process was developed for CNT FET biosensors. Portable detection systems were then constructed for on-site detection. The resulting packaged chips were functionalized with nucleic aptamers to enable highly selective detection of AFB1 in food samples with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.55 fg/mL (standard) for AFB1 and cross-reactivity coefficients to interferences as low as 1.8 × 10-7 in simulated solutions. Utilizing the portable detection system, on-site real food detection was achieved with a rapid response time less than 60 s, and LOD of 0.25 pg/kg (standard) in complex corn sample matrices. Single-blind tests demonstrated the ability of the chips to detect AFB1-positive food with 100% accuracy, using a set of 30 peanut samples. Validation experiments confirmed that the detection range, stability, and repeatability met international standards. This study showcased the accuracy, reliability, and potential practical applications of CNT FET biosensor chips in areas such as food safety and rapid biomedical testing.

Foodborne diseases caused by Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) significantly impact public health, underscoring the imperative for highly sensitive, rapid, and accurate detection technologies to ensure food safety and prevent human diseases. Nanomaterials hold great promise in the development of high-sensitivity transistor biosensors. In this work, field-effect transistor (FET) comprising high-purity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated and modified with corresponding nucleic acid aptamers for the high-affinity and selective capture of S. enterica and S. aureus. The aptamer-functionalized CNT-FET biosensor demonstrated ultra-sensitive and rapid detection of these foodborne pathogens. Experimental results indicated that the biosensor could detect S. enterica at a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 CFU in PBS buffer, and S. aureus at an LOD of 1.2 CFUs, achieving single-cell level detection accuracy with exceptional specificity. The biosensor exhibited a rapid response time, completing single detections within 200 s. Even in the presence of interference from six complex food matrices, the biosensor maintained its ultra-sensitive (3.1 CFUs) and rapid response (within 200 s) characteristics for both pathogens. The developed aptamer-functionalized CNT-FET biosensor demonstrates a capability for low-cost, ultra-sensitive, label-free, and rapid detection of low-abundance S. enterica and S. aureus in both buffer solutions and complex environments. This innovation holds significant potential for applying this detection technology to on-site rapid testing scenarios, offering a promising solution to the pressing need for efficient and reliable pathogen monitoring in various settings.

The ability to efficiently and accurately detect pathogenic microorganisms in food is a critical tool for ensuring food safety. However, traditional culture and PCR techniques, regarded as the gold standard, constantly face shortcomings. To overcome these limitations, we developed a technique utilizing multiplex asymmetric PCR (MAPCR) with a chromogenic DNA microarray to detect 13 pathogenic microorganisms. Primers and probes were designed based on 13 specific genes, and single strands were enriched through asymmetric PCR. These single strands then hybridized with the corresponding probes on the chip, which were finally colored using a biotin-streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase indicator system. Our results showed that for individual tests, the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be: Y. enterocolitica, P. putida, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus, S. flexneri, C. sakazakii, E. coli O157: H7, S. pyogenes, V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes, and V. vulnificus are all 10 pg/mu L; S. enterica and V. cholerae are 100 pg/mu L. Additionally, the multiplex assay exhibited excellent sensitivity at 10 pg/mu L along with good specificity. This technique also obtained LOD values between 104-105 CFU/25 g in tests of food sample testing. Finally, this assay has good stability and preservation capability. In summary, this study presents an efficient method that can accurately identify multiple pathogens simultaneously, making it an attractive option for use in food safety testing.

Ochratoxin A (OTA), widely recognized as a mycotoxin contaminant across various food products, poses significant health risks attributed to its nephrohepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Consequently, detecting OTA is crucial for ensuring food safety and preventing mycotoxicosis. In our study, we employed a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT FET) functionalized with DNA aptamers for targeted OTA detection. The sensor achieved a remarkably low detection threshold of 0.2 femtomolars (fM) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), enabling real-time detection of OTA over a broad concentration spectrum spanning from 8 fM to 80 pM. This research confirmed the sensor’s superior selectivity by effectively distinguishing OTA from non-target fungal toxins and showcased its rapid analysis capabilities across diverse complex matrices. Utilizing homogenized liquids from ten representative food samples for analysis, the sensor delivered real-time responses within 100seconds, accurately identifying varying OTA concentrations down to 80 fM. In conclusion, this biosensor provides a label-free, highly sensitive, and rapid detection method for OTA, introducing novel solutions for effective mycotoxin surveillance in food safety. This biosensor also paves the way for the creation of a multiplex platform for concurrent monitoring of multiple fungal toxins.

The development of multifunctional and low-cost hydrogel dressings with good mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and nontoxicity is of great relevance in healthcare. This study aimed to prepare a series of hydrogels consisting of maltodextrin (MD), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and tannic acid (TA) through a freeze-thaw cycling technique. Micro-acid hydrogels with different mass ratios (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt%) were obtained by adjusting the TA content. Among all hydrogels, TA-MP2 hydrogels (with a TA content of 0.5 wt%) showed good physicochemical and mechanical properties. In addition, the biocompatibility of TA-MP2 hydrogels was confirmed by the high cell survival rate of NIH3T3 cells, which was over 90% after 24 h and 48 h of incubation. Additionally, TA-MP2 hydrogels showed multifunctional properties, including antibacterial and antioxidative effects. In vivo experiments showed that TA-MP2 hydrogel dressings significantly accelerated wound healing in a full-layer skin wound model. These findings indicated the potential of TA-MP2 hydrogel dressings in promoting wound healing.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is an enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause intestinal diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a sensitive detection method for SEC to ensure food safety and prevent foodborne diseases in humans. A field-effect transistor (FET) based on high-purity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was used as a transducer, and a nucleic acid aptamer with high affinity was used for recognition to capture the target. The results indicated that the biosensor achieved an ultra-low theoretical detection limit of 1.25 fg/mL in PBS, and its good specificity was verified by detecting target analogs. Three typical food homogenates were used as the solution to be measured to verify that the biosensor had a swift response time (within 5 min after sample addition). An additional study with a more significant basa fish sample response also showed excellent sensitivity (theoretical detection limit of 8.15 fg/mL) and a stable detection ratio. In summary, this CNT-FET biosensor enabled the label-free, ultra-sensitive, and fast detection of SEC in complex samples. The FET biosensors could be further used as a universal biosensor platform for the ultrasensitive detection of multiple biological toxic pollutants, thus considerably stopping the spread of harmful substances.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D1 (B. amyloliquefaciens D1) on growth performance, serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal microbiota composition and diversity in bearded chickens. To investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciensa and fermented soy milk, 7-day-old broilers were orally fed different doses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk for 35 days, with the unfermented soy milk group as the Placebo group. This study found that B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk improved the intestinal microbiota of broilers, significantly increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria in the gut. B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk also significantly reduced the serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content. The body weight and daily weight gain of broilers were increased. In conclusion, the results of this study are promising and indicate that supplementing the diets of bearded chickens with B. amyloliquefaciens D1 fermented soy milk has many beneficial effects in terms of maintaining intestinal microbiota balance and reducing inflammation in chickens.

To prolong the preservation time of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and improve the cell survival rate, the cryoprotec-tants formulation was optimized by response surface experiments with the survival rate as the index. The optimal combination of cryoprotectants is 11.1% trehalose, 9.1% glycerin, 3.5% sodium glutamate, and 15.7% skimmed milk powder. The freeze-dried powder could be stored stably at-20 degrees C for 60 days and the survival rate was enhanced to 97.8% compared to the 22% survival rate of the control group. Further study of the freeze-dried powder revealed that the cell membrane was intact and could be maintained for at least 60 days, and the cell surface morphology was smooth and fully covered by the cryoprotectants, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity was only decreased by 4.7%. These results demonstrated a mechanism whereby the composite cryoprotectants could reduce the damage to cells by ice crystal formation through enhanced protection of cell membranes, thus obtaining the effect of extended preservation time and improved survival rate, which provided a theoretical basis for the freeze-drying of Lactobacillus rhamnosus.