为了探究负压条件下乳化炸药冲击波参数,在4m直径可调真空度球形爆炸容器内,开展不同负压和不同药量条件下的乳化炸药内爆实验,获得冲击波的超压时程曲线,重新拟合了乳化炸药在不同负压环境下的峰值超压公式和正压冲量公式.结果表明,乳化炸药质量每减少50g,峰值超压平均下降27％;环境压力每降低20kPa,峰值超压平均下降8.66％;乳化炸药在不同负压环境下的正压冲量约为单质炸药的81.3％;负压条件下的乳化炸药峰值超压和正压冲量实验值与传统经验公式相比误差均大于 10％,而基于常压实验值拟合的公式与不同工况下的实验值误差均小于 4％,能够精确预测不同负压环境下乳化炸药的冲击波参数.

The effects of different diminished ambient pressure, temperature and altitude from sea level on blast wave parameters（overpressure, impulse and wave front trajectory） were investigated by employing the dimensional analysis theory and the AUTODYN software. Meanwhile, the relationship equations between the blast wave parameters with the diminished pressure and temperature were established, which were verified by numerical simulations and experimental data. Results indicate that the equations can evaluate the blast wave parameters at diminished temperature and pressure effectively. It is noted that the blast wave overpressure and far-field（scaled distance Z＞0.2 m/kg/31） impulse decrease, but the propagation velocity increases, as the ambient pressure decreases. The blast wave impulse increases, and the propagation velocity decreases, but has little effect on the overpressure, as the ambient temperature decreases. It is shown that when the altitude increases by 1 000 m in the range from 0 to 9 000 m above sea level, the overpressure and far-field impulse of the blast wave decrease in average by about 3.9% and 3.2%. In addition, the blast wave propagation velocity in the near field increases, but it in the farfield decreases with the altitude increase. The influences of the diminished pressure on the blast wave overpressure and impulse are greater than those of the diminished temperature at high altitudes. The blast wave propagation velocity depends on the diminished pressure in the near field, but on the diminished temperature in the far field.

为了探究典型盐粉及盐溶液对瓦斯爆炸的抑制规律,在自行搭建的不锈钢火焰加速管道内开展了NaCl、KCl粉末及NaCl溶液抑制甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验,研究了不同粉末铺设面密度、铺设长度、铺液浓度、铺液长度对甲烷爆燃火焰传播的抑制效果及其抑爆机理.结果表明,铺设NaCl、KCl盐粉对甲烷爆燃火焰传播具有抑制作用,爆燃压力及火焰平均传播速度均低于空白对照组;当NaCl、KCl盐粉的铺设面密度为150mg/cm2时,两种盐粉的火焰平均传播速度均衰减最大;随着粉末铺设长度的增加,对火焰传播抑制和促进作用均增强,KCl粉末的抑制作用相对于NaCl粉末更明显.布设NaCl溶液,爆燃火焰压力低于空白组.随着NaCl浓度的增加,爆燃压力的变化不明显,火焰平均传播速度呈降低趋势.溶液铺设长度增加,火焰平均传播速度、爆燃峰值压力逐渐降低.

随着国民经济建设持续增长、西部大开发战略和"一带一路"倡议的相继实施,西部矿产开发逐渐提上日程,但这些地区多为高原,高海拔、低气温、低气压等恶劣的环境制约着开发进度.为了提高爆破工程的效率,保障人员健康安全,近年来,国内众多专家学者对高原环境爆破进行了研究.从高原环境爆炸基础理论、炸药爆炸特性、专用爆破器材、冻土爆破4个方面进行概述和分析,综述高原环境爆破的研究现状.