To improve the mechanical behaviors and explosion performance of the Al/PTFE reactive materials, short-cut titanium fibers were added to Al/PTFE annular reactive materials, and subsequently assembled with RDX explosive column to form a composite charge. The effects of different titanium fiber contents on the mechanical behaviors of the annular reactive materials were investigated using a universal material testing machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The influence of short-cut titanium fiber contents on the quasi-static pressure, shock wave parameters and thermal damage effects of the composite charge was studied in depth by the free-field explosion test system and spherical explosion container test system combined with the colorimetric temperature measurement technology. The temperature field of explosion flame was reconstructed by the colorimetric temperature measurement method with a high-speed camera, which was based on the gray-body radiation theory. A tungsten lamp calibrated the measurement accuracy of the temperature mapping system, and the fitting relationship between the temperatures and the gray values of the high-speed images was derived to obtain the conversion coefficient. The test results of mechanical properties showed that with the increase of titanium fiber content, the elastic modulus, yield strength and compressive strength of Al/PTFE annular reactive materials under quasi-static compression, as well as the yield strength and compressive strength under high-speed impact, all exhibited an initial increase, which were followed by a decrease, reaching the maximum values at 3% content. The experimental results of explosion performance showed that short-cut titanium fibers could significantly enhance the explosion performance of Al/PTFE-RDX composite charges. When the content of short-cut titanium fibers was 3%, the peak overpressure of the explosion shock wave, its positive phase duration and positive impulse were 37.68 kPa, 695.34 µs and 12.34 Pa·s, respectively. With 5% content of short-cut titanium fibers, the afterburning effect was the most significant. The maximum values of the explosion quasi-static pressure, average fireball temperature and fireball duration reached 70.50 kPa, 2782 K and 1668.90 µs, respectively. Analysis of solid explosion products indicated that short-cut titanium fibers could enhance the mechanical strength of the Al/PTFE matrix, delay the fragmentation time of the Al/PTFE annular reactive materials, promote the interfacial reactions, and participate in high-temperature chemical reactions, generating a synergistic effect and positive feedback to improve the mechanical toughness and energy release efficiency of the reactive materials.

To enhance the intrinsic safety and reduce the energy consumption of industrial explosive production, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), a water-soluble compound, has replaced the traditionally used insoluble fuel oil in ammonium nitrate-based (AN-based) explosives. The oxidizer (AN) and the fuel (HMTA) were combined in water to create an intermolecular explosive, termed “ammonium amine explosive”. The influence of pH levels ranging from 4.0 to 5.8 on the density, cross-linking time, microbubble formation, detonation velocity, and water resistance was investigated using density measurements, a digital viscometer, an optical microscope, a detonation velocity tests, and a conductivity meter. The results indicate that ammonium amine explosives prepared at varying pH levels generate numerous chemically sensitized microbubbles, which have a decreasing mean diameter as the pH decreases. Lower pH values are associated with faster foaming rates and shorter cross-linking and foaming times. The detonation velocity of ammonium amine explosives ranges from 3500 and 4200 m/s, which is slightly lower than that of conventional emulsion explosives. Furthermore, the water resistance of ammonium amine explosives was compared for cross-linking times of 1 and 24 h, yielding contrasting results. A pH value of approximately 5.2 delineates the boundary between in situ mixing and packaged explosives for ammonium amine explosives, with packaged explosives exhibiting greater advantages at pH values above 5.2, and in situ mixing being more advantageous at lower pH values. These findings provide theoretical support for enhancing the performance of this novel water-resistant nitro explosive and facilitate its potential industrial application.

In this paper, a new type of ammonium nitrate explosive was prepared by replacing diesel with liquid coal-based fuel. The production process of this explosive was determined by studying the influence of raw coal calorific value, addition amount of liquid coal-based fuel and storage time of new types of explosives on the explosive performance such as detonation velocity, brisance and work ability of explosive. The experimental results indicate that the higher the calorific value of raw coal, the higher the detonation velocity of the new liquid coal-based fuel ammonium nitrate explosive, in which the content of liquid coal-based fuel prepared by raw coal calorific value 5500 kcal/kg is 9–12

To investigate the coupling mechanisms of detonation energy release between the TiH2/PTFE active shell and RDX explosive, an RDX-based active shell thermobaric explosive containing TiH2/PTFE powders was prepared. The effects of the TiH2/PTFE mass ratio on the shock wave parameters and afterburning effect of the thermobaric explosives were investigated. The energy release characteristics of the optimal TiH2/PTFE ratio under varying vacuum degrees were evaluated using a 0.9 m3 spherical explosive chamber and colorimetric thermometry method. The experimental results demonstrated that as the PTFE powders content in the active shell increased, the shock wave intensity, explosion fireball duration, and maximum average temperature of the thermobaric explosives initially increased and then decreased, peaking at a TiH2/PTFE mass ratio of 1:1. Compared to the TiH2-based thermobaric explosives without PTFE, the 1:1 TiH2/PTFE formulation exhibited increases of 45.9% in peak overpressure, 69.7% in fireball duration, and 7.2% in maximum average temperature. Thus, an optimal PTFE content significantly enhances the energy release efficiency of the RDX/TiH2/PTFE thermobaric explosives. Furthermore, the energy release efficiency of thermobaric explosives was influenced by the vacuum degree, with the maximum average temperature, peak overpressure, positive impulse, positive pressure action time, and fireball duration decreasing by 10.8%, 35.3%, 52.1%, 65.5%, and 46.4%, respectively, as the vacuum degree increased from 0 to 52.4%.

Rubble-pile asteroids represent the type most likely to impact Earth in future collision events. Understanding the mass and velocity distribution of ejecta generated by hypervelocity kinetic impacts on such bodies is crucial for both assessing deflection efficiency and revealing their evolutionary history. This study first investigates the influence of impact velocity on the mass and distribution of phase transitions in both the projectile and target materials, utilizing the secondary development capabilities of the AUTODYN software. Subsequently, a parametric modeling algorithm is employed to establish a three-dimensional numerical model of a rubble-pile asteroid that explicitly accounts for the random distribution of internal boulders. Macroscopic pores within the asteroid are generated by the random removal of elements from the model. Through post-processing of ejecta data formed during the impact, key parameters such as the size, quantity, and momentum of the ejecta under different impact conditions are obtained. The research elucidates the influence of laws governing the size, distribution, and macroscopic porosity of boulders within the rubble-pile asteroid on the size distribution of the resulting ejecta and the momentum transfer coefficient. Simulation results indicate: the proportion of melt and vaporization in the projectile-target system increases markedly with impact velocity. The phase states of the target material along the depth direction sequentially present as gaseous, liquid, molten, and solid, with the interfaces between each phase forming a longitudinal U-shaped distribution. When the impact velocity reaches 10 km s(-1), the mass of target material undergoing phase transition is twice the mass of the projectile. The heterogeneous distribution of internal boulders within the rubble-pile asteroid leads to an asymmetric ejecta pattern. Furthermore, the size distribution of the formed ejecta is directly correlated with the characteristic size of the internal boulders. Macroscopic porosity has a significant weakening effect on momentum transfer efficiency: at an impact velocity of 6.15 km s(-1), a 12% increase in asteroid macro-porosity can cause a 58% reduction in the total momentum of the ejecta. The primary mechanism for this is the reflection and dissipation of stress waves at pore interfaces. This study quantitatively reveals the critical controlling role of rubble-pile structure (boulder distribution and porosity) in the impact physical process, providing an important basis for accurately assessing kinetic impact deflection effectiveness and understanding the internal structure of asteroids.

This study designed an energetic composite system of Al/CuO/B/Viton to investigate the correlation between formulation parameters and underwater energy output. A series of formulations were constructed by adjusting the fuel-to-oxidizer equivalence ratio (Φ) from 1.5 to 3.0. The thermal decomposition behavior and reaction behavior were systematically characterized using TG-DSC, TG-FTIR, and XPS. The Al/B-based composite was configured as the central charge with an annular RDX shell, and its energy output characteristics were evaluated through underwater explosion tests. Based on multi-scale characterization and kinetic analysis, a thermochemical reaction pathway involving fluorination-initiated surface activation, thermite reaction, and boron oxidation is proposed for the boron-containing thermite. The B1 formulation (6 wt% B, 10 wt% Al) exhibited distinctive bimodal combustion with a total duration of approximately 100 ms and achieved a bubble energy of 1.80 MJ/kg. Among the tested equivalence ratios, Φ = 2.5 gave the highest bubble energy, with both A3 and B3 achieving comparable values of approximately 2.03 MJ/kg. To decouple the contribution of aluminum from density-related effects, LiF was used as an inert substitute for Al in control samples, which exhibited substantially lower bubble energy of approximately 1.26 MJ/kg, indicating that the energy output is closely related to the reactive Al/CuO/B system. These findings demonstrate that formulation design can systematically influence the partition of shock wave and bubble energy.

In this work, compound 8 bearing ortho-amino-nitro groups in the ring bridge exhibits an ultra-high onset decomposition temperature, high detonation velocity and acceptable sensitivity, thereby outperforming the classic heat-resistant explosive PYX.

This paper integrated experimental and two-step numerical simulation methods (S-ALE and SPH) to systematically investigate the interfacial microstructural characteristics of explosive-welded N4/Q235 steel clad plates, and the thermomechanical behavior at the interface, along with the formation mechanisms of defects and grain structures, were further elucidated. Subsequently, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was performed on the clad plate over a temperature range of 923 K to 1223 K, and its effects on the interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the interfacial waveform exhibited good agreement with the numerical simulation results. Obvious grain refinement occurred near the interface, and fine columnar grains formed in the vortex zone. Significant element mixing and diffusion phenomena existed in the vortex molten zone (VMZ) and the interfacial molten zone (IMZ). As the PWHT temperature increased, the intermetallic compounds in the interfacial diffusion layer gradually melted, and a solid solution structure dominated by γ - ( Fe,Ni) formed at the interface. The grains on the steel side began to recrystallize and continued to grow, and at 1223 K they all exhibited abnormally coarse characteristics. The diffusion layer thickness increased with PWHT temperature. Mechanical property tests indicated that the microhardness near the Q235 steel side first decreased and then increased as the PWHT temperature rose. The clad plate possessed both high ductility (48.8

To develop efficient forest fire extinguishing agents, this study optimized the preparation process of core-shell structured dry water (DW) using high-speed dispersion. Flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was introduced to modify the DW. The physical properties of the resulting materials, including bulk density, fluidity, particle size, moisture retention, and thermal stability, were characterized. The extinguishing efficiency and flame retardancy were evaluated by analyzing temperature data collected along the central axis of a wood crib using a thermocouple monitoring system. The results indicated that the optimal preparation parameters-a solidto-liquid ratio (mSiO2:msol) of 1:10, a dispersion speed of 6000 rpm, and a dispersion time of 90 s yielded uniform DW particles without agglomeration. Compared to pure water-based dry water (Pure-DW), the ammonium polyphosphate-modified dry water (APP-DW) exhibited a slightly higher bulk density, smaller and more concentrated particle size, superior fluidity, improved moisture retention, and a multi-stage mass loss profile in the TG curve. Regarding the wood crib surface temperature, the APP-DW demonstrated a 9.76% increase in the instantaneous cooling rate and a 61.43% increase in the average cooling rate within 10 s compared to Pure-DW. Furthermore, upon deliberate reignition attempts, the modified DW made ignition more difficult, reduced the intense combustion duration by 40%, and prolonged the smoldering time by 30%. The enhanced performance is attributed to the mechanisms of isolation, heat absorption, interruption of chain reactions, and capture of free radicals by the APP-DW. This study provides a theoretical foundation for developing rapid-extinguishing and highly efficient flame-retardant forest firefighting agents.

The effects of different high-altitudes on the blast parameters—including peak overpressure and specific impulse—produced by a center-initiated cylindrical charge (CC) were simulated using the AUTODYN software and analyzed through dimensional analysis theory. The relational equations of the blast parameters under reduced temperature and pressure were developed and validated through numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that the equations are effective in assessing the blast parameters generated by the center-initiated CCs under the conditions of reduced temperature, diminished pressure, and high-altitude environments effectively. The peak overpressure and impulse reduced on average by 29.6% and 40.0%, respectively, while the blast wave action range increased by 34.2% as the altitude changed from 0 to 10 000 m. When isolating the effects of diminished temperature and low pressure, it is found that low temperature reduced overpressure (impulse) by ∼0.5% (15.2%) and decreased the action range by 17.2%. In contrast, diminished pressure led to an average reduction of 30.0% and 48.4% in overpressure and impulse, respectively, while increasing the action range by 58.9%. In high-altitude settings, the blast parameters and action range of the blast wave generated by center-initiated CCs are predominantly influenced by reduced pressure, whereas the impact of low temperature is marginal comparatively.

Powdered and granulated Mg powders are used in large quantities in industry, but there are also two main sources of dangers of Mg dust and H2 during their utilization, that is, H2 explosion would easily cause secondary Mg dust explosions, which may result in massive casualties and property damage. To explore the explosibility and thermal hazards of unpremixed H2/Mg dust layer in the confined space, the effects of ignition position, shock strength, mass of dust layer, and oxygen content on the flame area and dynamic explosion pressure were studied. Experimental results showed that the flame shapes, flame temperature distribution, combustion duration, flame area ratio and dynamic explosion pressure all varied significantly with different ignition positions, attributing to the different dust lifting effect and oxygen remained for the Mg dust layer. The dust lifting effect was positive related with the shock intensity, and a stronger shock intensity would make a higher secondary dynamic explosion pressure and a larger flame area of Mg dust layer. Furthermore, the relationship between flame propagation area and magnesium particle accumulation exhibited a nonlinear correlation as the mass of Mg dust layer increased, which was attributed to the joint actions of shock intensity, dust concentration and oxygen content in the chamber. However, the dynamic explosion pressure continuously decreased with the raising mass of Mg dust layer, but increased once oxygen content was abundant. The experimental results provide theoretical guidance for the secondary explosion protection of magnesium dust.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) serves as a pivotal target for breast cancer treatment and a vital prognostic marker. Anti-HER-2 therapies, which are integral to the management of HER-2-positive breast cancer, including monoclonal antibodies (e.g., trastuzumab and pertuzumab), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., lapatinib and pyrotinib), and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) such as trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). ADCs consist of a monoclonal antibody, a linker, and a cytotoxic payload, engineered to deliver chemotherapy selectively to tumor cells, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity associated with traditional chemotherapy. T-DM1, a HER-2-targeting ADC, combines the humanized anti-HER-2 IgG1 trastuzumab with DM1, a cytotoxic agent that inhibits microtubule formation. T-DM1 has significantly enhanced the prognosis of HER-2-positive breast cancer patients who fail to achieve a pathological complete response or develop distant metastases after neoadjuvant trastuzumab and pertuzumab therapy. While the combination therapy of T-DM1 with radiotherapy demonstrates an acceptable safety profile overall, clinicians should remain vigilant regarding potential severe treatment-related toxicities that have been observed in specific clinical scenarios. Nevertheless, limited research exists regarding the adverse effects and mechanisms of T-DM1 in combination with radiotherapy. This review investigates preclinical studies on the interactions between T-DM1 and radiotherapy, investigates associated adverse effects and their underlying mechanisms, identifies predictive factors and prognostic implications, and explores potential therapeutic strategies involving the concurrent T-DM1 with radiotherapy.

This study systematically investigated the elemental diffusion behavior, crystallographic evolution, and bonding mechanism at the interface of Nb/SS304 steel joints fabricated by explosive welding, through an integrated methodology combining molecular dynamics simulation and experimental characterization. The simulation results indicated that atomic diffusion continued throughout all welding stages, with the unload stage showing the most significant diffusion due to pressure release and lowered energy barrier for atomic displacement; Under the high-temperature condition generated by impact, the crystal structure of Nb transitioned from its ambient body-centered cubic (BCC) structure to face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure, while Fe changed from BCC to FCC. Severe plastic deformation caused by the impact induced a high density of 1/6 < 112 > partial dislocations within the system. During cooling, coarse equiaxed grains initially formed in the Nb region. Subsequently, fine grains precipitated near the interface. This grain refinement process was beneficial for improving the strength of the Nb/Fe bonding zone while maintaining the ductility of the material. Experimental analysis confirmed elemental intermixing and diffusion in both the Vortex Melted Zone (VMZ) and the Interfacial Melted Zone (IMZ). In particular, Nb fragments in the IMZ exhibited more complete reactions with the molten liquid, attributed to its slower cooling rate compared to the VMZ. The grain refinement zone, spatially correlated with high-angle grain boundaries (>15 degrees) and high-strain region, was predominantly concentrated at the welding interface. This study elucidated the dominant mechanism of interfacial atomic diffusion and the dynamic evolution law of crystal structure. It provided valuable insight for multiscale simulation to investigate interfacial bonding mechanism in explosive welding.

Conventional explosive welding is performed in the atmosphere. In addition to causing many hazardous effects (air shock wave, vibration, and noise), air medium also affects the welding quality. To study the influence of the vacuum environment on the above problems, this study conducted CP-Ti/Q235 explosive welding in the vacuum (0.1 atm), and set another experiment in the atmospheric environment as a reference. The results showed that the vacuum environment significantly reduced the hazardous effects. Compared with the atmospheric environment, the low density of the gas medium attenuated the shock wave (69.27%) during the explosive welding, resulting in reduced levels of vibration (74.46%) and noise (45.31%). Microstructure analysis found that in both environments, the wavelength and amplitude of the waveform interface were remarkably different at the end portion, and the overall waveform obtained in the vacuum was more uniform than that in the atmosphere. Through the two-step simulation, the pressures of the interstitial gas shock wave were respectively 15.4 and 1.66 MPa under the atmospheric and vacuum environments. Therefore, the interstitial gas shock wave affected the movement of the flyer plate, causing welding instability, especially in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the participation of the gas during the wave formation led to the appearance of the pores and microcracks. In contrast, the vacuum environment effectively decreased the micro-defects of the bonding interface, improving the welding quality. This study revealed the detailed advantages of the vacuum environment and provided a reference for explosive welding in urban areas.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway may play an important role in the regulation of osteoclasts, but there are still conflicting studies on this aspect, and the specific mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted this study to find a drug to treat osteoporosis that targets AhR. We found that StemRegenin 1 inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Through further experiments, we found that SR1 can inhibit nuclear transcription of AhR and inhibit c-src phosphorylation, and ultimately regulates the activation of the NF-KB K B and p- ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Therefore, for the first time, we discovered the way in which the AhR-c-src-NF-KB/p-ERK c- src-NF- K B/p-ERK MAPK-NFATc1 signaling pathway regulates the expression of osteoclast differentiation-associated proteins. Finally, SR1 was shown to successfully reverse bone loss in OVX mice. These studies provide us with ideas for finding new way to treat osteoporosis.

To increase the efficiency of deep-hole blasting driving in mine rock tunnels, an innovative pattern of wedge cutting blasting with hole-inner delay was proposed. First, the blasting mechanisms of conventional and innovative wedge cutting patterns were theoretically investigated. The results showed that the resistance from large upper rock blocks and the clamping action from the surrounding rock were the major challenges of conventional cutting methods. For the innovative cutting pattern, under the conversion of the spatial distribution and release sequence of blasting energy, the first blasting of the upper charge can strengthen the breaking of the upper rock mass and create a new free surface, which provides favorable conditions for the delayed blasting of the bottom charge. Second, finite element models of two cutting patterns were established and solved, and the simulation results visually revealed the propagation of a stress wave. Critically, the stress strength in the upper cavity increased by 66-83% under the action of the upper charge, which was conducive to the breaking of the upper rock mass and the generation of a new free surface. Therefore, the rock mass in the bottom cavity can be readily broken and discharged. Ultimately, field applications were executed in a rock tunnel. Compared with a conventional cutting pattern, the proposed innovative cutting pattern can prominently increase the cycle advance and hole utilization and greatly reduce the unit consumption of explosives and detonators. This research confirms the usability of the innovative wedge cutting pattern with hole-inner delay in deep-hole blasting driving of rock tunnels.

Gels from crosslinked polymer chains are promising soft matters which are attracting enormous research interests in applications such as biomedical, sensing, antibiofouling, intelligence and advanced manufacturing. In this work, gels composed of polymer network are used for components stabilization in a novel water-resistant explosive, termed as ammonium amine explosive. The ammonium amine explosive is endowed with water resistance taking advantages of the swelling property of polymer network. Moreover, this ammonium amine explosive is featured by its facile, mild, intrinsically safe and energy saving fabrication method compared to universal explosives’ manufacturing technique which generally includes high temperature or high-speed shearing process. The density and microstructure of the explosive gel substrates is found to be pH dependent. This phenomenon is chemically explained by the crosslinking and foaming reactions of the explosive gel substrates, and further confirmed by water resistance experiments performed on the ammonium amine explosive and the mechanical tests performed on the gel substrates. This work presents a unique application of polymer gel network in a novel engineering explosive, gives a chemical viewpoint into the explosive characterization, and provides a prospective perspective to investigate the other performances and structure of this water-resistant explosives in the future.

To explore the optimal method for simulating impact welding, we compared detailedly the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and structured arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (S-ALE) methods in predicting bonding interface. Based on the experimental results of Cu-Q235 steel atmospheric explosive welding, an in-depth analysis was presented. The results show that the SPH and S-ALE methods converged at element sizes of 2.5 and 2 mu m, respectively. When the element size was further reduced to 0.5 % of the wavelength, the errors of both methods were less than 5 %. Benefiting from the gradient mesh, the efficiency of the S-ALE method was 2-4 times that of the SPH method at the same element size. With the addition of the gas medium, the S-ALE method derived the formation mechanism of the gap gas shockwave and indicated that the pressure distribution is not uniform. Furthermore, the local high pressure of the gas shockwave prevents the vortex closure during the wave formation, generating the pore. The calculated pressure and velocity of the wavefront were 20 MPa and 3500 m s- 1, respectively. In conclusion, the SPH is suitable for fast previewing waveform interfaces, while the S-ALE method has the advantage of capturing fine waveform structures under various environmental conditions.

The effects of different diminished pressures on moving charge blast wave parameters were investigated by employing the AUTODYN software. Meanwhile, a theoretical calculation model was established to predict the peak overpressure of the moving charge under diminished pressure conditions and was verified by experimental data and numerical simulations. Results indicate that the model can evaluate the blast wave peak overpressure of moving charge at diminished pressure effectively. As the velocity of the moving charge increases, the peak overpressure of the blast wave from the moving charge increases when the azimuth angle is less than 90°, but it decreases when the azimuth angle is greater than 90°. The blast wave peak overpressure of moving charge decreases but the blast wave action range increases as the ambient pressure decreases.