探讨汤河流域植物生存域特征,可为地境再造技术在流域生态修复中的应用提供科学依据.该研究以多年生植物为研究对象,将土壤水分、盐分、有机质、氮磷钾等生态因子作为限制性因子研究了优势种的生存域,明晰了流域优势种适生的因子空间.结果表明:(1)杨树生存域范围包含构树,构树包含楝树.杨树作为优势度最高的优势种在研究区分布极为广泛,而构树、楝树则相对受限,有更高的集群度.黄荆与酸枣的生存域范围呈现出相交关系,黄荆易于受到水分胁迫,此即为黄荆多集中分布于土壤较为贫瘠的生境而酸枣分布更为广泛的主要原因;(2)杨树、构树、楝树共生的生存域适宜范围为含水率0.53％～13.73％,含盐量0.24～0.85 g/kg,有机质含量1.63～5.94 g/kg,土壤氮磷钾综合指数0.38～1.25.黄荆与酸枣共生的生存域适宜范围为含水率8.64％～15.80％,含盐量0.21～0.77 g/kg,有机质含量3.83～17.08 g/kg,土壤氮磷钾综合指数0.51～2.43.综合以上研究结果,可为改造地境水肥条件,增加植物群落物种多样性提供参考.

【Objective】In this study, the structure of plant root groups and soil fertility in different layers of plant habitat in the hilly and mountainous areas of south Taihang were investigated to explore the different characteristics of plant habitat structure under different geomorphic forms, so as to provide a theoretical basis for ecological restoration in the south Taihang region.【Method】Plant quadrat survey and plant habitat survey were used to record the plant indexes and the distribution of plant root groups in different geomorphological profiles. The content of indicative factors of soil fertility in each soil layer of the environmental profile was tested,including organic matter, hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and water content.【Result】In the hilly area, the 0-30 cm soil layer was the herb root group circle, the 30-60 cm layer was the shrub root group circle, and the 60-100 cm layer was the arbor root group circle. In the mountainous area, the 0-20 cm layer was the herb root group circle, the 20-40 cm layer was the shrub root group circle, and the 40-70 cm layer was the arbor root group circle. The number of plant roots and soil fertility decreased with the increase in soil depth. The spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility in the mountainous area belonged to medium variation, the spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility in different soil layers in the hilly area was different, belonging to medium variation or strong variation, and the spatial heterogeneity of plant roots belonged to medium variation. The spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility in different soil layers was different in the hilly area, which belonged to moderate variation or strong variation. The spatial heterogeneity of plant roots was in moderate variation. There was an inflection point in the spatial heterogeneity of plant roots of the layers of 30 and 60 cm in the hilly area, and the layers of 20 and 40 cm in the mountainous area.【Conclusion】The roots of trees, shrubs and grasses occupy different geographical spaces, and there is a good correlation between the plant root group circle and the corresponding layer of soil fertility. In the vertical direction of the landscape profile, the inflection point of the spatial heterogeneity of plant roots is related to the position of the plant root circle. The heterogeneity of soil resources in different geomorphic forms has a significant impact on the roots of annual herbs. In addition, the content of available phosphorus in soil is extremely scarce. During ecological restoration, attention should be paid to supplementing the content of soil phosphorus fertilizers, and plants should be reasonably selected according to dominant species and sub-dominant species. This study can provide a theoretical basis for ecological restoration in the south Taihang areas.

Suitable high and steep rock slopes were selected as test grounds for reconstructing plant habitats in the form of plant-growing holes in northern Anhui and along the Yangtze River, respectively. By analyzing the meteorology, hydrology,geological structure and vegetation conditions of the study areas, proper species were planted. Under different habitat conditions, the plant survival rate and plant growth were studied, and the relationship between the greening effect and the influencing factors was analyzed. The results showed that the habitat conditions were better in areas with high precipitation,high temperature and more developed cracks, which were suitable for plant growth, and the greening effect was better.Habitat conditions such as rainfall and temperature along the Yangtze River are more conducive to growing plants. Shrubs,vines and herbs are superior to trees for greening. Vines and shrubs are preferred in high and steep rock slopes, and local trees can be an option.

植被覆盖度能较好反映一个地区的生态状况.本文以汤河流域为例,选择四期遥感数据,运用ENVI软件提取汤河流域不同时期的归一化植被指数,将植被覆盖率分为五个:极低植被覆盖度(0

高陡岩质边坡覆绿成功与否的关键在于植被的立地条件能否满足植物的存活需求.通过野外数据监测和室内实验分析的方式研究萧县采石场土壤肥力、岩体体裂隙率和温湿度因素对于覆绿植物立地的影响.研究结果表明研究区植物立地条件为:地境深度为0.6 m;裂隙土壤肥分基本上达到Ⅰ级土壤标准;体裂隙率为0.70％～4.49％;岩体内部温度在2℃～25℃之间;相对湿度在83％～104％之间,绝对湿度在4～23 g·m-3之间.研究结果能为高陡岩质边坡覆绿和地境再造提供理论依据.

以甘肃省平凉市纸坊沟流域为例,选取1987,2001和2016年3期遥感影像,结合RS和GIS技术,采用基于最大似然法的监督分类与目视解译相结合的方法提取土地利用信息,运用多种土地利用变化指数模型分析讨论了土地利用类型的时空变化特征及成因.研究结果表明:1987—2016年,纸坊沟流域的主要土地利用类型为林地/草地和耕地,耕地和未利用地面积持续减少,林地/草地和建设用地面积持续增加.水土保持工作、经济社会发展和"退耕还林还草"工程等是纸坊沟流域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素.研究为提升流域土地管理水平、保护和改善流域生态环境提供了科学依据.

以安庆市集贤关一处高陡岩质边坡为研究对象,结合裂隙岩体内春夏秋冬四季4m深度范围内的温度与相对湿度监测数据,通过研究裂隙岩体内的水热运移和相对湿度过饱和频率的变化特征,对凝结水形成区域进行划分.结果 表明:裂隙岩体内水汽过饱和频率沿水汽运移方向逐渐增加;夏季裂隙岩体内由浅到深依次为水汽欠饱和带、近饱和带、过饱和带,凝结水主要形成于深部,秋冬两季依次为水汽欠饱和带、过饱和带、近饱和带和欠饱和带,凝结水主要形成于浅部,春季依次为水汽欠饱和带、近饱和带和过饱和带,凝结水形成区域的分布范围较大.

针对矿山覆绿工程中,高陡岩质边坡上植物不易存活、生长较为缓慢的情况,研究该环境下植物根系的形态特征及影响因子.结果表明:(1)植物根毛垂向上呈指数分布,根长累计垂向分布呈对数分布特征.植物根系形态较土壤环境根系形态发生一定的变化,如根系扁平、主根侧根发育不完全.(2)水肥条件影响根毛分布,通过影响因子分析得到,有效磷与根毛分布相关性最大.水肥条件养分分布、养分含量高低、水分分布等情况都会影响根毛分布.水肥条件对根长分布影响不明显.

As an important parameter to characterize the fracture characteristics of rock mass,we characterize the fracture rate from the linear,surface and volumetric perspective. However,the available linear measurement method and statistical window method,which obtain the linear and surface fracture rate from 1-D or 2-D perspective,have the disadvantages of randomness of measurement results and limited application conditions. And the existing method of volumetric fracture rate also has some problems such as poor practical application and high cost. There is still a lack of easy-to-operate method to measure the rate of fissures in the field. Therefore,a new sphere method is proposed to measure volumetric fracture rate of rock mass in the field. Due to the unique tectonic and statistical regularity of the structure and diagenetic fissures,the sphere method observes each group of fracture occurrences from different directions. The development of the rock mass can be statistically inferred by measuring the developmental characteristics of each group of cracks on the limited exposed surface of rock mass. And its value can better reflect the development degree of the internal crack of the local rock mass. In addition,the spherical method can obtain the true value of the gap width and the gap spacing data along the normal direction of the fracture surface by using the patented instrument at the field. And the flatness of the exposed surface of the rock mass affect the measurement result hardly. Taking Dalongshan quarry in Anqing as the study area,field measurements of spheroid method show that the average volumetric fracture rate is 2.286% and the overall difference is concentrated in 1% ~4%. The method can realize rapid measurement on the basis of more convenient operation in the field. Combining the actual situation of the study area and the results of error analysis,the sphere method can reflect the degree of fracture development at each measurement point in the study area.

在岩质边坡覆绿研究中,多以覆绿方法的研究为主,对影响边坡覆绿植物成活的生态因子分析较少.以安庆市集贤关废弃采石场高陡岩质边坡覆绿工程为例,结合生态地质学理论探索了高陡岩质边坡条件下影响覆绿植物成活的生态因子,并对研究区内高陡岩质边坡覆绿植物成活的生态因子进行了野外调查.结果 表明:高陡岩质边坡条件下影响覆绿植物成活的生态因子主要为覆绿边坡岩体裂隙因子、岩体内的温度因子和岩体内的绝对湿度因子;覆绿边坡岩体裂隙连通性良好,岩体裂隙率为1.77％～4.58％,岩体内体积含水率大于1％,岩体内温度在5℃～28℃之间,能够满足覆绿植物成活的要求.该研究结果可为高陡岩质边坡覆绿工作的开展提供一定的理论依据.

地表形态是泥石流物源启动和运动的力学基础,流域内的地形地貌特征对泥石流的发生具有重要意义.该文基于ArcGIS的水文分析法,采用2009年和2015年分辨率30×30 m的纸坊沟ASTER GDEM数据,结合野外勘察,从沟道形态变化的方向研究沟道形态变迁对泥石流形成的影响.从2009年至2015年,纸坊沟流域泥石流流域面积减小0.1 km2,高差减小26 m,而平均坡度增大1.43°,平均纵坡比从38.2‰增大至39.2‰.结果表明,泥石流的爆发和远程运移受到流域形态、沟道形态和坡面形态的共同作用和影响.目前,纸坊沟处于较为稳定的发育时期,大型泥石流的暴发概率较低.

Moisture content of the fractured rock mass in the unsaturated zone cannot be measured or calculated up till now, but liquid water in it is very important for ecological regreening and preservation of cultural relics (frescoes). Determination of the ratio of liquid water mass to gaseous water mass (α) is the key to solve this problem. In the open system, which consists of rock mass, gaseous water and liquid water, two-phase water moves and transforms each other continuously, it is in a non-equilibrium state. When the humidity of the system reaches 100%, it is in a local equilibrium state. According to thermodynamic balance principle, density and mass of liquid water and gaseous water are the same in this system, so the ratio of mass of liquid water to gaseous water α is constant. In this paper, the main aim is to find a way to get the value of α. Experiment is designed to record large numbers of data, and to get an empirical formula to get the value of α. The results show that the relationship between α and temperature can be expressed as an exponential function, and the mass of liquid water is much greater than the mass of gaseous water when gaseous water is saturated. The results are very useful to quantify moisture content of rock mass, and helpful in discussion of the transformation law of gaseous water into liquid water each other.

裂隙岩体水汽场湿度指标是裂隙岩体水汽场性质的一个重要组成部分.通过在河南省宜阳市锦屏山四个季度(2015～2016年)的野外监测,得到春、夏、秋、冬四个季节裂隙岩体水汽场温湿度监测数据,研究了裂隙岩体水汽场湿度季节变化规律.结果 表明,横向上,在裂隙岩体浅部区域(孔深小于50 cm),湿度季节变化规律为春季到夏季增大,夏季到冬季持续减小,冬季到春季增大;在裂隙岩体深部区域(孔深大于80 cm),湿度季节变化规律为春季到秋季持续增大,秋季到冬季减小,冬季到春季增大.纵向上,春季、夏季、秋季裂隙岩体内水汽在水汽分压作用下由岩体上部向下部运移;冬季水汽在水汽分压作用下由岩体下部向上部运移.

以生态恢复工程中的覆绿植物黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)为研究对象,通过对岩壁所种植物的成活率、地上生长量以及根系形态结构的调查,探究高陡岩质边坡生态恢复物种的环境适应特征.结果表明:黄栌的成活率达到了100％,其树高、基径、冠幅的年均生长量分别为6.64,0.37,6.10 cm/a,虽然不同植物的生长指标增量明显不同,但黄栌各生长指标增长速度及地上生长量均最大;岩壁内黄栌平均根长、平均根茎比以及平均根密度分别为58 cm,0.66,2.7 cm/cm3,根系形态的改变表征了黄栌对胁迫环境的抵御和适应能力.黄栌在高陡岩质边坡上良性生长,在器官水平上实现了对环境胁迫的感知并形成耐受性,说明其适应在胁迫环境下的生存,可为其他覆绿技术的物种选择提供参考.

制药工业是我国经济发展的支柱产业之一,但制药废水含有诸多的污染组分,其排放可能会对地下水造成严重的污染,因此在制药厂建设前须对废水排放可能造成的地下水污染范围进行预测与评价.运用GMS软件对拟建的某制药厂废水排放过程中污水管道发生渗漏可能造成的地下水污染范围进行了数值模拟预测研究.结果 表明:①该制药厂废水排放过程中管道渗漏发生100 d后,地下水中污染物CODcr的最大运移距离为238m,渗漏发生730 d后,地下水中污染物CODCr的最大运移距离为250m,渗漏发生1 825 d后,地下水中污染物CODCr的最大运移距离为362 m;②研究区地下水中污染物CODCr的污染晕随地下水的流向而扩散,其扩散方向与地下水的流向一致,且地下水中污染物CODCr的运移距离随时间的增加而增加,但在预测区内地下水中污染物CODCr的运移距离仍处在该制药厂的建设区范围内,不会对区域地下水造成明显的污染.建议加强药厂范围内及其周边地下水的监测.

目前高陡岩质边坡生态恢复方法中,地境再造法主要通过在边坡上重建植物地下生境和植物群落以实现长久覆绿,而边坡内部水量能否满足覆绿植物的需要,则是该技术是否适用的关键.在安庆集贤关选取某高陡岩质边坡作为试验场,应用地境再造法对试验场进行覆绿试种,选用改进的彭曼公式法计算植物实际需水定额,通过概化试验场种植区裂隙岩体单元,计算了试验场种植区裂隙岩体单元中植物生态需水量,并结合后期试验场种植区边坡植物生长状况的野外调查结果,分析试验场种植区植物的生态需水情况以及该技术的适用性.结果 表明:试验场种植区裂隙岩体单元中植物每年蒸散消耗的生态需水量为18.75～25.00 kg;后期试验场边坡植物的野外调查显示,灌木较乔木成活率高、长势好,乔木成活率高低与乔木的耐旱性强弱有一定的相关性;地境再造技术可适用于安庆试验场高陡岩质边坡,种植区边坡能供给绝大多数植物充足的水量以蒸腾耗散,但可能无法满足耗水量较大的乔木生长需水的要求.

At present,there are few studies on the law of water phase-change between vapor and liquid in unsaturated zone of fractured rock,but in practical work,we need to consider the influence of the vapor-liquid transformation on rock mass. Taking Jinping Mountain in Yiyang,Henan Province as an example,we studied the law of water vapor-liquid transformation in unsatu-rated zone of fractured rock mass from the view of thermodynamics by long-term observation of the vapor on rock wall in the test site using the Apresys 179-DTH temperature and humidity recorder. The results show that temperature is the key factor to deter-mine the movement of water vapor and the yield of liquid water. And the variation law of absolute humidity has a strong correla-tion with temperature. During the spring and summer,the external water vapor moves into the fractured rock mass so that the ab-solute humidity rises,while in autumn and winter,the water vapor in the fractured rock mass moves to the outside,and the abso-lute humidity decreases. There exists a relatively high content of moisture in fractured rock mass in the period from 22:00 to 6:00 in a day,and during that time liquid water yields easily. On the contrary, although the absolute humidity of water vapor is high in the monitoring hole from 14:00 to 16:00 in a day,it is difficult to reach or exceed the saturated vapor pressure under the corresponding condition of temperature,so liquid water is not easy to yield.

The exploitation of groundwater resources in the geothermal development zone of Anyang city has been extensive, but it lacks a proper evaluation process on their sustainable utilization. The ecological footprint of water resources does not differentiate between surface water and groundwater, so it is not suitable to assess the area with the water resources dominated by groundwater resources. Based on the conceptual model of water resources ec-ological footprint, in this work, we establish groundwater resources accounts to examine the sustainable development of shallow groundwater resources utilization by analyzing the situation in the geothermal development zone of Anyang city in the past few years (2011-2014) as well as in the year of 2020. It is found that the process-ing water footprint is the principal part of the ecological footprint in shallow groundwater resources, followed by the domestic water footprint, with the ecological water footprint accounted for less than 7%. To plan for the year of 2020, we show that the shallow geothermal water footprint will be the main contributor to the manufacturing water footprint. It is concluded that shallow groundwater resources in this area are overloaded. We are in deficit of ground-water resources and the situation will deteriorate in the coming years.

挂网喷播技术在中国边坡覆绿工程中有广泛应用,坡度是决定该技术成败的关键因素之一,但在众多相关研究中却没有得到足够的重视.该文以河南省宜阳锦屏山公园和焦作缝山针公园为研究对象,从坡度对挂网基质、水肥条件、植被物种多样性等方面研究坡度对挂网喷播技术的影响.研究表明:挂网喷播技术适用在45°以下的岩质边坡覆绿工程中;坡度＞50°时,该技术覆绿效果显著下降;坡度＞70°时,该技术覆绿效果不佳.

水资源既是人类生存不可或缺的自然资源,也是国家发展的战略资源,水资源安全问题使得应急水源地成为城市发展的基础配置.目前,虽然城市应急水源地建设已在多地开展,但一些重要的理论问题还存在不清晰之处,本文对此进行了探讨:界定了"应急"状态及应急水源地的内涵;提出应急水源地的水质要求不应和日常用水一致,可以适当放宽;应急水资源量的计算应注重储存资源量,提出新的计算思路;应急水源地的启用必须有明确的原则,不可以应急的之名行水资源滥采之实.