As a very valuable germplasm resource,the wheat materials showing male sterile is of significance in the study of wheat hybrid breeding and heterosis utilization.In this study,we identified a male sterility mutant 4167ms from a wheat high generation line 4167,followed by the phenotype classification,genetic analysis and molecular marker mapping.The anthers of the mutant were shriveled and not exposed.The pollens were irregular in shape and failed to be stained with 1%I 2 -KI,indicating complete sterility of the pollens.Gained from the outcome of field trials over several years,the male sterility were stable without affects due to light and temperature conditions.The F 1 plants derived from crosses between 4167ms and a number of varieties were completely fertile.The segregation ratio （fertile vs.sterile plants） in F 2 populations fitted to 3∶1.The F 1 plants （KD342//4167ms/4167）,which were derived from reciprocal cross,were fertile,and the segregation ratio （fertile vs.sterile plants） in derived F 2 population of segregation was 3∶1.These results indicated that the sterility was controlled by a single recessive nuclear male sterile gene,temporarily designated ms1t.By taking use of a 4167ms/Chinese spring F 2 mapping population,together with bulked segregant analysis （BSA） and mapping with SSR molecular markers,the ms1t was delimited with five markers （Xwmc617-Xkd661-Xkd696-ms1t-Xkd495-Xkd393） on chromosome 4BS.The genetic distance of the closest flanking markers Xkd696 and Xkd495 to ms1t were 3.9 cM and 1.9 cM,respectively.The comparative analysis based on the physical map of Chinese Spring suggested that ms1t was allocated to the same genetic interval of the former classified ms1 locus,implying ms1t in mutant 4167ms as a novel recessive allele of the MS1gene.

为了明确创麦 68 的高产潜力与应用前景,分别于 2017-2018、2018-2019、2019-2020 年度在洛阳、鹤壁、郑州等 3 地对其进行高产示范试验.结果表明,创麦 68 综合农艺性状优良,其产量构成要素分别为群体平均穗数为 587 万/hm2、平均穗粒数为 34.4 粒、平均千粒质量为 47.3g;平均产量在年际之间存在波动,但均比对照周麦 18 表现增产,3 年的平均产量为 8111.7 kg/hm2,比对照增产 3.4％;创麦 68 产量要素较协调,表现出稳定的高产潜力,在黄淮麦区具有广阔的推广应用前景.

为了探究中式烹饪菜肴在配送过程中的品质变化,本文以猪里脊肉和蒜薹为对象,结合相同成熟值取样技术,对比油炒菜肴在热链配送(保温箱,65℃,0～2 h)和冷链配送(冰箱,4℃,0～48 h)时的品质变化并进行动力学分析.结果表明:配送过程中维生素B1(猪里脊肉)、维生素C(蒜薹)、水分含量、剪切力、颜色品质水平变化遵循一级动力学模型,失重率品质水平遵循零级动力学模型,冷链配送时维生素B1(猪里脊肉)、维生素C(蒜薹)降解的半衰期(t1/2)是热链配送时的98、484倍.维生素B1、维生素C在热链配送过程中的营养品质损失(25.62％～35.42％、43.01％～59.24％)比冷链配送菜肴损失(14.00％～17.89％、14.10％～24.97％)高1倍左右.由此可见,冷链配送能更好地保持菜肴营养价值,也更适合应用于中央厨房、团餐配送等场合.

油炒是我国主要菜肴的烹饪手段,而消费者不希望摄入过多油脂,因此有必要研究影响油炒菜肴油脂含量的因素及机理.影响菜肴油脂含量的参数很多,其中烹饪火候控制是决定油脂含量的前提.为此,选择油炒猪里脊肉为研究对象,以等终点成熟值为研究基准,探索油炒温度、搅拌速度等火候控制手段对油脂含量的影响规律,进而基于传质过程原理构建油-水扩散模型,探索油脂和水分在油炒烹饪过程中的传质规律.结果表明,油炒温度、搅拌速度对猪里脊肉油脂含量都有显著影响(P<0.05).在油炒温度120℃,油炒时间29 s和搅拌速度0.23 m/s下烹饪猪里脊肉油脂含量平均为6.00 g/100 g,而继续加热,其油脂含量可达10.64 g/100 g,与刚成熟相比增加了77.33％,由此说明在最优火候控制下可获得最低的油脂含量.所构建的传质模型中油脂和水分含量模拟值与试验结果符合程度较高.结果显示油炒温度越高,猪里脊肉油脂和水分有效扩散率越大,分别在2.272×10-10～3.713×10-10 m2/s、1.277×10-10～6.343×10-10 m2/s之间,说明传质过程中油脂吸入和水分蒸发并不同步.

穗型是构成小麦穗部的重要性状,与小麦产量和品质密切相关.本研究利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理小麦新品系河科大527(KD 527),通过多年农艺性状鉴定,从KD 527的EMS处理后代中选育出的一系列穗型突变体,对其穗型进行遗传分析及其效应评价.结果显示,1)构建出了包含15种(类)不同穗型的突变体(库),综合农艺学鉴定表明,与野生型KD 527相比,除了穗型发生异变外,各种突变体在株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重等性状均表现降低,同时伴随旗叶、穗下节、芒等器官发生异常.2)不同穗型突变体自交后代单株的穗型遗传分析表明,所有穗型突变体自交后代均出现正常穗型、扭曲穗型的分离;对不同突变体的238个自交单株的统计分析,其中:具有正常穗型的单株69株,扭曲穗型单株169株(极端扭曲穗型单株37株),经X2检验,扭曲穗型:正常穗型符合3:1分离规律,正常穗型呈单隐性基因遗传.3)突变体后代自交分离单株农艺学性状的统计结果显示,正常穗型单株的平均株高53.1 cm、平均穗长8.42 cm、平均千粒重55.9 g,扭曲穗型单株的平均株高、穗长与千粒重分别为43.1 cm、6.20 cm、35.2 g,正常穗型单株与扭曲穗型单株的株高、穗长、千粒重等性状差异均达极显著,而极端扭曲穗型单株表现不抽穗、不结实.构建的不同穗型突变体为小麦穗型遗传分析及其遗传效应解析提供了种质基础,对小麦穗部相关性状的遗传改良具有重要的应用价值.

南极磷虾是地球上宝贵的生物资源,南极磷虾油富含对人类有益的成分,具有重要的经济价值.本文分析了南极磷虾油的结构,总结了现有南极磷虾油质量评价方法.并在此基础上,以综合分析、分类量化评价为指导思想,构建了以南极磷虾油感官评定、基本指标、化学组成、特殊结构及危害因子为指标的多维量化评价体系.本多维量化评价体系可以更客观、全面、科学地评价南极磷虾油的品质,此外还可以在一定程度上鉴定南极磷虾油真伪.

种子是农业的"芯片",种子活力是种子品质的重要指标,反映了种子发芽、出苗、幼苗生长潜势、植株抗逆能力和生产潜力等.高活力种子具有显著的生长优势和生产潜力,种植高活力种子是实现粮食作物高产稳产的一种方法途径.近年来,随着现代生物技术的快速发展,种子分子生物学研究进一步加快,但高活力种子的相关分子研究进展还比较薄弱.从影响种子活力的多方面进行深入发掘,阐述了影响种子活力的遗传因素、理化因素、生理因素和基因发掘等方面的研究进展,旨在探寻提高小麦种子活力的有效方法,提供高活力种子,为现代种业质量控制提供现实参考.

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源籽粒脂肪氧化酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)活性相关基因TaLox-Bl的差异和分布,利用小麦4B染色体上的功能标记LOX16和LOX18对7个麦区的436份种质资源进行分子检测.结果表明:在供试材料中共检测到3种TaLox-B1基因等位变异类型,分别为TaLox-B1a(与高LOX活性相关)、TaLox-B1b(与低LOX活性相关)和杂合型,其频率分别为19.0％、70.4％和10.6％.小麦LOX活性基因不同变异类型在各生态区的分布存在明显差异:基因型TaLox-B1a在黄淮冬麦区、北部冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,其比例分别为21.1％、19.8％和17.6％;基因型TaLox-B1b在西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区分布较多,比例分别为87.9％、72.5％;杂合型仅存在于北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区与长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为14.2％、12.4％和9.8％.利用标记LOX16和LOX18对53个自选高代品系进行分子检测,发现自选品系仅有TaLox-B1b与杂合型两种基因型,其中基因型TaLox-B1ab有32个,比例为60.4％.采用分子标记辅助选择,有利于快速鉴定小麦籽粒LOX活性,加速LOX的遗传改良和新品种选育.

为了丰富高产稳产小麦新品种资源,促进河南小麦生产,2011年,河南科技大学利用系统育种法在洛阳种植的淮麦18群体中选育出科大111,并于2021年通过河南省主要农作物品种审定委员会审定.该品种属于半冬性小麦,冬季抗寒性较强,株型松散适度,茎秆弹性好,抗倒性好,对条锈病抗性表现稳定.2017—2018年和2018—2019年度参加河南省区域试验平均产量为6498.0～8518.5 kg/hm2,比对照品种周麦18增产2.9％～5.1％,增产试验点比例为63.6％～81.8％.2019—2020年度生产试验平均产量为8128.5 kg/hm2,比对照增产4.0％,增产试验点比例为100％.介绍了科大111的选育过程、主要生物学特性、抗性鉴定与品质检测结果以及主要栽培措施.

为了解中国不同麦区小麦种质资源抗穗发芽基因的等位变异与分布特征,利用小麦抗穗发芽相关的Vp1B3和Dorm-1标记对7个不同麦区的446份小麦种质资源的等位变异和分布差异进行了检测.结果表明:(1)利用标记Vp1B3检测出Vp1的等位基因共有3种类型,分别为Vp 1Bc(与抗穗发芽相关)、Vp 1Ba(与感穗发芽相关)、Vp1Bb(与抗穗发芽相关),其频率分别为62.8％、32.9％和4.3％.(2)标记Dorm-1在供试材料中共检测出2种特异性条带,分别为468 bp(DormB1a,与感穗发芽相关)和606 bp(DormB1b,与抗穗发芽相关),所占比例分别为98.6％和1.4％.(3)具有DormB1b基因型的种质主要分布在黄淮冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区,比例分别为5.1％和1.9％;具有(Vp 1Bc+ Vp1Bb)基因型(组合)的种质在长江中下游冬麦区和西南冬麦区分布最多,比例分别为75.0％和74.1％.(4)通过标记Vp1B3和Dorm-1的综合鉴定,共筛选出同时携带Vp1与Dorm-B1位点种质6份,分别是‘陕麦611’、‘郑农19’、‘豫49-198'、‘信阳0913'、‘咸阳大穗’与‘徐州8066',可以作为抗穗发芽育种的参考亲本.

为了研究不同灌溉条件下北部冬麦区小麦新品种的节水生理特性和选择节水品种,以北部冬麦区有代表性的30个小麦品种(系)为研究对象,在节水处理和正常灌溉处理下,对主要生理和农艺性状进行了分析.研究结果表明:不同小麦品种(系)间的植被归一化指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)在拔节期以后的不同生育时期存在着显著差异,抽穗期的NDVI出现拐点,此时期保证水分供给,有利于延长叶片功能期.在不同灌溉处理条件下,NDVI、叶面积指数和光截获的变异系数存在差异,和其他性状相比广义遗传力较低,分别为48.61％、58.51％和72.84％,受环境影响较大.由灰色关联度分析可知:NDVI、冠层温度和光截获与产量的关联性较高,位于前列;在正常灌溉条件下,最好的品种(系)为:CA0391-1、中麦998、农大211、中麦175、CA0958、中优206、农大5181、航麦247、CA1146、中麦818和京冬17;在节水处理下,最好的品种(系)为:中麦175、中麦818、CA0391-1、CA1091、中优206、轮选1690.因此,可根据NDVI值判断小麦受干旱胁迫的影响,将NDVI、冠层温度和光截获作为评价品种(系)抗旱性主要性状指标,在进行抗旱小麦选育时,可将CA0391-1、中麦175、中优206和中麦818作为抗旱选育亲本加以利用.

党的十九大报告提出实施乡村振兴战略,而生态农村建设正是实现乡村振兴的重要路径之一."绿水青山就是金山银山",生态文明建设是我国乡村振兴的题中之义,"生态优先,绿色发展"为新时代乡村振兴战略的实施,提供了思想指南和行动遵循.消除农村的环境污染,是实现生态宜居新农村的重要前提.在生态农村的建设过程中,要充分发挥党、农民、村集体等多元主体的协同作用.通过采取发展生态循环农业,为乡村振兴奠定物质基础;通过财政政策的扶持,为农民提供社会保障,为农村治污提供环保资金支持等措施,把绿色发展理念融入到乡村振兴的整个过程,最终实现农业强、农村美、农民富的目标.

In order to understand the genetic variation and diversity in different ecological areas,44 CIMMYT spring wheat and 45 domestic main wheat germplasms were analyzed by the 20 SSR primers.The results showed that the coefficient of variation in grain weight per plant,plant height and kernel number per spike were 36.7％,16.4％ and 15.6％,respectively.By 20 pairs of specific primers from 89 wheat germplasms,162 alleles were detected,and allele number each primer ranged from 6 to 9 with the average of 8.1,in whcih the primer with the most abundant was Xgwm314;and polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.0223 to 0.8177,with the average value of 0.5109.The range of the average effective number of alleles loci ranged from 0.2984 to 8.7818,and the most abundant polymorphism was Xgwm165 with the average value of 1.2215.Shannon's information index ranged from 0.1114 to 0.3162,the average value was 0.2307.The results of cluster analysis showed that 89 wheat germplasms could be divided into two groups,the first category accounted for 25,and the plant height was lower;the second category accounted for 64,and most of the foreign materials were concentrated in this category.According to the main traits of wheat varieties (lines),it was urgent to broaden and create new wheat germplasm resources to provide excellent parent materials for breeding new wheat varieties.

Study on distribution of PPO gene activity in different wheat ecological region cultivars would benefit screening elite germplasms for improving wheat quality.A total of 379 wheat cultivars were genotyped by the functional markers PPO16,PPO29 and PPO18.The results indicated that:(1) There were two types of PPO genes on 2AL chromosomes:Ppo-A1a (high PPO) and Ppo-A1b (low PPO),and their frequency were 51.5％ and 48.5％,respectively.(2) there were three types of PPO genes on 2DL chromosomes:Ppo-D1a (low PPO),Ppo-D1b (high PPO) and Ppo-D1ab (intermediate type),and their frequency were 57.8％,32.5％ and 9.8％,respectively.(3)There were six different gene combinations on the chromosome of 2AL and 2DL:Ppo-A 1a/D1a (intermediate type),Ppo-A 1a/D1b (high PPO),Ppo-A 1a/Ppo-D1ab (intermediate type),Ppo-A1b/D1a (low PPO),Ppo-A1b/D1b (intermediate type) and Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1ab (intermediate type).The frequency of Ppo-A1b/D1a (low PPO) was 25.6％.(4) The distribution frequency about different variation types of wheat PPO gene in various ecological regions existed obvious differences:the proportion of the genotype of Ppo-A 1b was larger in northern winter wheat region and south western winter wheat region,and,the proportion of the genotype Ppo-D1a was larger in Yellow and Huai facultative winter wheat area and northern winter wheat region.The proportion of genotype combination Ppo-A1b/D1a was larger in northern winter wheat region.Therefore,molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) method could be considered for genetic improvement of appearance quality of wheat grain,and through introducing fine germplasm from the northern winter wheat region.

小麦籽粒加工品质是一个综合性状,并与高、低分子质量亚基、多酚氧化酶活性、脂肪氧化酶活性、黄色素含量、籽粒硬度、淀粉特性和1 BL/1 RS易位等多个性状密切相关.本研究主要就这些小麦品质相关性状基因的功能标记开发及其在分子育种应用的研究进展进行了综述,并对其当前存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了讨论.

为筛选抗麦长管蚜优异的小麦种质资源,以36份不同抗蚜水平的小麦种质资源为材料,调查记录不同时期供试材料.的蚜虫数量,并利用3对位于7D染色体的特异性简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSR)标记检测材料,采用蚜量比值、Shannon's信息指数及聚类分析的方法进行分析,在分子水平上探讨小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源的遗传多样性.分子检测结果表明,引物Xgwm44、Xwmc182和Xwmc121扩增条带数平均为6.7条,其中多态性条带数分别为5条、5条和2条;平均位点的有效等位基因数范围为0.119 5～1.080 0,Shannon's信息指数范围0.000 0～1.329 7.聚类分析结果表明,36份小麦种质资源按照阚值λ=2.06可分为4大类群,其中发现抗性品种矮抗58与其它品种具有较远的亲缘关系,可作为最新的抗蚜材料.

07(131)A是从普通小麦高代优良品系07(131)中发现的自然突变雄性不育材料.为了解其在生产上的应用潜力,对其雄性败育特点、不育类型和恢保关系进行了研究.结果表明,07(131)A开花期花药干瘪、不外露、不开裂,花粉粒I2-KI染色表现为染败,带有少量可育花粉.育性正常的07(131)与07(131)A原始不育株杂交,F1表现为不育,再以07(131)单株成对回交,后代还可保持高度不育,表明07(131)A属细胞质雄性不育突变体.对07(131)A与52份不同来源普通小麦品种(系)配制的测交F1组合进行育性调查,筛选出保持高不育的材料4份;保持半不育的材料15份;具有恢复能力的材料33份,其中,高恢复材料30份,完全恢复材料3份.说明在普通小麦品种(系)中存在着07(131)A的保持系和广泛的恢复源.07(131)A在小麦“三系法”杂交育种上具有一定的应用前景.

It was investigated in this paper that the effects of non-phosphate macro-molecular water-retention agents on the water-retention ability, sensory quality and oxidation resistance of fish meat, shrimp meat and pork. The results showed that sodium alginate can improve obviously the water-retention ability, sensory quality and oxidation resistance of fish meat, shrimp meat and pork. While pectin, xanthan gum, water soluble chitosan can increase obviously the water-retention ability and oxidation resistance of fish meat, shrimp meat and pork. Glucan can improve obviously the water-retention ability and sensory quality of fish meat, shrimp meat and pork.

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), is a destructive pest in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and it appears in wheat production regions of China and other areas worldwide. Breeding resistant varieties are considered the most effective, economical and environmentally friendly approach to control S. avenae. The synthetic hexaploid wheat line XN98-10-35 showed resistant to S. avenae at all growth stages. To study the genetic control of the aphid resistance, XN98-10-35 was crossed with the susceptible line XN1376. A single dominant resistance gene was detected in BC1, F-2, F-2:3 and F-3:4 genetic populations, temporarily designated as Sa2. By testing 180 F-2 plants, 71 F-2:3 lines and 16 BC1 plants, the resistance gene in XN98-10-35 was found to be closely linked to the simple sequence repeat markers Xgwm350 and Xbarc70 on wheat chromosome 7DS (deletion line 7DS-5) at genetic distances of 4.7 and 8.9 cM, respectively. It is concluded that Sa2 is a new resistance gene to S. avenae. Our study suggested that the two markers linked to Sa2 can be used in marker-assisted selection to develop new cultivars with resistance to S. avenae.

实践教学体系是由实践教学活动各个要素构成的有机联系的总体,包含基本素质、基础技能、专业技能和综合训练4个层次以及不同层次下的素质拓展、公共基础技能、农学基础技能、种子专业技能、种子专业综合能力、综合实习、科研训练、科技创新等8个模块.在不同模块下开设的实验(实践)课440学时,14学分,实践教学周数46周,46学分,加上其他实践教学,实践学分占185总学分的三分之一.