青藏高原社区畜牧业实施以来,牧民生产生活始终坚持生态优先,改造传统放牧模式与草地管理办法.2012-2014年,羊八井社区由全年大尺度放牧向冷暖两季划区轮牧、休牧转变;草地管理方面,羊八井社区大力发展窝圈种草、青贮草加工等,有效解决了草畜矛盾突出,尤其是冬季补饲饲草供给能力薄弱等问题.牧民放牧模式的改变对天然草地植被长势有直接影响,归一化植被指数(NDVI)测算表明,2012-2014年羊八井社区草地长势变化明显,社区东部和南部地区草地植被生长受人类活动影响较小长势最好,草地生物量和盖度较高,但北部草地长势略有下降.为促进青藏高原牧民草地管理与放牧模式进一步优化提出增加牧民在草场管理中的参与度、合理安排草场承包制度、提高牧民的受教育程度等对策.

针对目前技术投入对畜牧业生产存在的问题以及两者之间的互动关系,根据畜牧业与现代产业资本投入、劳动投入以及技术水平与畜牧业产出之间的关系,构建技术投入与畜牧业生产模型.通过模型系数估计,得出畜牧业技术进步和投入与畜牧业产出之间成正相关关系.研究表明,技术投入水平越高,畜牧生产总值就会相应增加;固定资本投入,不能直接获得产出回报;劳动力增加,反而会导致畜牧总产出的减少;无论草地面积还是畜牧总产出,各自的变动都不会对另一方带来显著影响.最后,针对性地提出了提升畜牧生产过程中技术投入水平的相关对策,如鼓励科技创新与创业及加强政策引导,推进产学研一体化融合,完善技术创新推广服务体系,孵化畜牧产业创新联盟等.

A data processing and analysis system used for millimetric scanning entomological radar,and a universal radar database were developed with C#and MySQL,which achieved the unified management,transformation,query and statistical analysis of radar data,and also provided a platform to approach into overall space of migration.Using this system,a series of parameters exhibited by the over flying insect population,such as quantity,density,speed and collective orientation of the insects,were estimated.This system facilitated data management and analysis for millimetric scanning entomological radar by providing generalized data analysis function.Development of this system laid the foundation for establishment of entomological radar monitoring network,and would provide important technical support for launching real-time forecasting,early warning and effective management for migrant insects.

The reflectance of the canopies damaged by Colorado potato beetle was measured by using ASD field handheld spectroradiometers manufactured by American ASD company.The reflectance data were transformed by the method of one first derivative,correlation and regression.The results showed that the values at 750-975 nm and at red edge slopes for different samples obviously decreased after being damaged,compared with the healthy potatoes.Sensitive wave bands for potatoes damaged by the beetles were found at 736-920 nm.

In order to filfull the request of developing modern agriculture,and establish a technology platform for preventing and con-trolling alien pest,a prediction system of pest distribution is developed.It is based on GIS,combines ADO database access technology with GIS space management technology,and realizes automatic sampling and processing of space data.The system predicts the potential distribution of pest in China with GARP and MaxEnt niche model,and uses ROC curve to evaluate the models.The results show that all the evaluate indexs of models are above 0.85,so the system has a better prediction ability on analysis of the pest suitability.

The maize downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora maydis,P.sacchari,P.philippinensis,P.sorghi or Sclerophthora rayssiae var.zeae was important quarantine disease in maize.The potential risks of these pathogens in China were analyzed by using the software MAXENT.The results indicated that P.sorghi had the largest suitable areas among the 5 kinds of pathogens in China.Areas of moderate and high risk covered the North China Plain,middle and lower plain of Yangtze River,central northeastern regions of China,Guangxi Province and Guangdong Province,Fujian Province as well as western Yunnan Province.There are large areas of maize planted in these regions,which could provide available host for maize downy mildew colonization.It is therefore necessary to quarantine and monitor maize downy mildews for maize production in China.

为探讨麦田遗传多样性对麦长管蚜的生态效应,系统调查了麦长管蚜及其天敌的种群时序变化,并分析了对麦长管蚜空间分布的影响。结果表明,所有间作处理麦田中高峰期麦长管蚜无翅蚜的百株蚜量均显著低于单作麦田,其顺序为:小麦单作北京837（7 422.0头）＞与KOK间作（5796.7头）＞与红芒红间作（5406.7头）＞与郑州831间作（5 291.7头）＞与JP2间作（4 493.4头）＞与中四无芒间作（4155.0头）,且麦蚜由聚集分布趋于均匀分布;蚜茧蜂发生的高峰期,各间作处理麦田中蚜茧蜂的平均数量高于小麦单作田,且差异达极显著水平（P＜0.01）;各间作处理麦田小麦理论产量增加,与小麦单作处理差异显著（P＜0.05）。表明大田小麦品种间作抗蚜品种对麦长管蚜有显著的调控作用。

The datacollected by thescanning entomologicalradarare analyzed and transferred to images by self-designed analysis system. To achieve the accurate prediction of insect activities, some key biological parameters ofinsects, such as the position, height, distance, density of theecho pointwithin the designated space, are investigated by setting statistical parameters. The analysisplatform are developed through the combination of R statistical platform and biological assisted methods. The system realized functions include radar-metadata accessing, signal transformation, echo-dataStatistics, and so on. Simultaneously, the key technique ofreconstructing spatial movement model of migrant insects are carried out. It will supply a gap of no data analysis in former systems.

Conventional 3-cm radars have been successfully used to observe the migratory flight of the larger insect species for many years,but the range within which these radars can detect individual small insects is limited to a few hundred meters.This paper outlines the primary application of an 8.0-mm wavelength scanning entomological radar to the study on the flight of insects in Guangxi in southern China.Using radars,searchlight traps,ground light-traps and visual observations determined the nocturnal changes in aerial and ground density and composition of arthropods in flight over the sites under study.The results indicated that the insect density was relatively high from June to September,while the number of insects decreased.There is a high consistency between the density of target echoes and the quantities of insects trapped.In summer,there is a significant peak period of target echo density from 19:00 to 22:00 and from 05:30 to 07:00,respectively.In fall,however,there is a clear echo density peak only from 20:00 to 21:00.The flying altitude of insects mainly concentrated below the 2 000 m,with the majority concentrated in the 500-1 200 m.Light-trap catches indicated that the migrating insects in this season were mainly planthopper(Homoptera: Delphacidae) and rice leaf roller.At the same time,the weather conditions had a strong effect on insect density.This article mainly discussed about the capability of this system and described its primary application in the studies of insect migration in southern China.

The meadow moth,Loxostege sticticalis L.,is an important farming migratory pest in North China,and the understanding of the exact overwintering area and migratory path for the pest is essential for establishing a population forecasting system.In this study,we developed a long-term monitoring observation of the pest using a vertical-looking radar(VLR),checked up the ovarian development and collected the number of meadow moths in light trap at different points during the peak migration period of meadow moth.We also analyzed the weather background during the major immigration period,especially,low altitude airflow and large-scale atomspheric circulation.Finally,we did numerical simulation on migration dynamics of meadow moth with Hysplit_-4(HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory).The results showed that meadow moths during June 7-9 showed a typical physiological characteristic of migrating insects and the moths usually took advantage of strong winds to fly and formed main migrating layers at 300-500 m above ground level(agl),mainly at 400 m(agl),and lasted 9 h in one night.Part of the meadow moth population in the northeast of China immigrated from Wumeng,Inner Mongolia,and part from the middle-east part of Mongolia and the border areas of China and Russia.It is so inferred that population intercourse of the meadow moth may exist between China and neighboring countries.

Objective Vertical-looking radar (VLR) has been used for long-term automatic monitoring of the altitudinal and temporal dynamics of high-flying insect populations. VLR and auxiliary equipments can thereof be applied to investigate whether ground beetles migrate nocturnally and to observe the behaviour of the migrating nocturnal insects,such as the orientation and mode of high-altitude navigation.MethodSetting radar at appropriate place,utilizing the data from the VLR and auxiliary equipments combined with weather dates,determining wind speed,wind direction and atmosphere dynamic based on weather information,analyzing insect flight parameter in relation to airflow at low altitude and circumfluence of large-scale were applied to the study. The proofs on migration of Coleoptera was discussed. ResultThe carabids density is relative higher from late July to late August. The numbers in light trap catches increase suddenly and follow sharp drops obviously. From view of the radarscope,dots of the carabids usually last from 20: 00 to 22: 00 and sometimes till 04: 00. Flying height of the insect is mainly below 600 m above ground level (AGL),and most of them fly at the height of 450 m AGL. There is a positive correlation between number of the carabids observed in vertical-pointing searchlight and ecko intensity of the VLR. ConclusionThus,the conclusion of nocturnal migration of several carabids species can provide useful suggestions for further study on the migration of Coleoptera insects.

青枯菌2号小种引起的香蕉细菌性枯萎病(moko disease)是香蕉生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一.为指导香蕉细菌性枯萎病的预防控制和制定相关的检疫政策,该研究根据EPPO公布的香蕉细菌性枯萎病在全球范围内的分布资料,分别采用GARP和MAXENT两种预测模型对其在中国的潜在适生区域进行分析预测.结果显示,GARP和MAXENT的预测结果基本一致,均表明香蕉细菌性枯萎病菌在中国的潜在适生区域集中分布于东南部的云南、广西、广东、海南、福建、台湾、江西、湖南、贵州、四川、重庆、浙江、湖北等13个省(市、自治区),其中高风险适生区域包括广东、广西、台湾、海南、福建和云南省.

The clover cutworm,Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg is a partially outbreaking pest in farming and stockbreeding areas of northern China.In recent years the pest present uptrend harm to crops.In this paper we reported a long-term monitoring observation of the pest using a vertical-looking radar(VLR)incorporate ancillary equipment and the data analysis by GIS.The results showed that the average soil temperature at 20 cm beneath in the middle ten days of May was lower than the developmental threshold temperature(10.6℃)for eclosion of the hibernated chrysalis.Airflow analysis of the late ten days of May in 2005 showed that south and southwest winds were preponderant in these days,which provided favorable airflow for insect migration.Simultaneous radar observations indicated that the nocturnally migrating clover cutworm generally flew at altitudes of up to 1 000 m above ground level(agl),with high density concentrations at about 300-500 m(agl).They could flight throughout the night at 500 m(agl).The ovarian development of the migrating moths showed typical characteristics of migratory insects.Based on these findings,the factors related to outbreak of this pest in Baicheng of Jilin province were discussed.

This article reviews a lot of studies on red imported fire ants(RIFA) impacting the native wildlife.The results show that there are 3 main mechanisms which RIFA impact the native wildlife,such as(a) RIFA attack and predate the hatchlings of egg-laying species and the insect adults and larvae;(b) RIFA have the absolutely dominant competition with other wildlife for the limited food resource;(c) RIFA can reduce the survival rate of other species by changing their behavior and habitat.This article also gives the preliminary analysis on the potential threat caused by RIFA to the wildlife in South China.The results shows that among the National List of Wildlife Protection,22 species bird,1 specie amphibian and 18 species reptiles have the potential risk to reduce the population and even extinction because of RIFAs invading.

Finding the major determinants limiting geographical distribution of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is an important goal to provide presupposition of implementation a control or even eradication program in China. We predicted the range of S.invicta within China by applying two models: climate model (Climex model) and dynamic model of fire ant colony growth (Colony dynamic model CDM). We also explored the distribution factors of soil temperature and precipitation in China. The risk of all territory of five provinces or regions (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and Taiwan), south parts of 4 provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi) would be very high. From this high risk area, probability and suitability for S.invicta survival for northern China turned down to 0 gradually, both de- clared in Climex model and in colony dynamic model. The north limit line of S.invicta in China should lie on the north and west edge of Sichuan, south of Gansu, middle of Shannxi, north of Henan and then the south edge of Shandong. Basing on our investigation, it is also clear that S.invicta just finished first invasion step. The results of prediction and investigation suggest that there exists an opportunity to implement urgent control program, and the range expansion of S.invicta into neighboring provinces would occur without severe control.

利用Agent模型对昆虫及其寄主、环境之间的关系进行计算机模拟,比传统种群模型更为直观的体现三者之间的信息交互过程.本文建立了麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、天敌组合、环境4种类型Agent对象,观察了多种组合下的对象行为.以北京地区的历史日值均温、湿度、降雨量数据为主要环境数据,进行了区域模拟验证,与北京地区实际调查数据进行了对比研究.在GIS平台上,以小麦生长季节的气象数据对宁夏、陇东、陕西3个地区进行了模拟,以环境数据进行驱动的4类Agent对象运行,得到了初步模拟结果.

This article reviews a lot of studies on red imported fire ants(RIFA) impacting the native wildlife.The results show that there are 3 main mechanisms which RIFA impact the native wildlife,such as(a) RIFA attack and predate the hatchlings of egg-laying species and the insect adults and larvae;(b) RIFA have the absolutely dominant competition with other wildlife for the limited food resource;(c) RIFA can reduce the survival rate of other species by changing their behavior and habitat.This article also gives the preliminary analysis on the potential threat caused by RIFA to the wildlife in South China.The results shows that among the National List of Wildlife Protection,22 species bird,1 specie amphibian and 18 species reptiles have the potential risk to reduce the population and even extinction because of RIFAs invading.

The spectrum features on wheat canopy were studied by measuring and analyzing the reflectance and differential spectrums at 5 infested levels by wheat aphid. With the increase of infestation by wheat aphid, the percent reflectance on wheat canopy decreased at green, red and near infrared bands, while at near infrared band the decrease was evident. The result of differential spectrum showed that the first derivative has great change at near infrared band. The correlation and regression between Normalized Difference Vegetable Index (NDVI) and aphid numbers on 100 trunks of wheat were cal- culated. And the choice of sensitive band for monitoring wheat aphids was discussed. This study provides an experimental reference for forecasting of early infestation and infestation degree by wheat aphid with remote sensing.