Aim of the study : To evaluate the therapeutic mechanism of Honey-fried licorice on arrhythmia, to explore the distribution of main components of Honey-fried licorice in vivo before and after processing, and to elucidate the active ingredient of Honey-fried licorice on arrhythmia. Materials and methods : UPLC-Q-TOF/MS were used to analyze the common and different components of raw and honey-fried licorice before and after processing. Yin deficiency syndrome was established by continuous irritability and water platform sleep deprivation, and then ventricular arrhythmia model was established by injection of calcium chloride into the tail vein. Applying the electrocardiograph changes in heart rate in rats. Subsequently, ELISA and histopathological examinations were conducted to assess the therapeutic effects of honey-fried licorice on arrhythmia. Metabonomics analysis was employed to predict key regulatory pathways involved in the treatment response. Finally, RT-PCR and enzyme activity assays were utilized to verify the expression and function of key genes and proteins, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms. Results : The heart rate of rats increased after injection of Cacl2 solution into the tail vein. Honey-fried licorice has a certain improvement effect on heart injury and tachycardia, and its mechanism may be through the obvious correction effect on SOD, MDA, LDH, Na+-K+-ATPase, CaM and CAMK2 in the arrhythmia model. Under pathological conditions, Metabonomics revealed that the heart was highly exposed to glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide, isoformononetin, araboglycyrrhizin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, licoflavonol and isoliquiritigenin are known to have anti-arrhythmic effects through immune regulation and oxidation. Notably, both PCR and ELISA analyses indicated that honey-fried licorice may effectively treat arrhythmia, potentially through the modulation of the arachidonic acid pathway. Conclusion : These results suggested that honey-fried licorice could protect against arrhythmia and alleviate oxidative stress and tissue damage caused by arrhythmia. Through correlation analysis and metabolomics, it was found that glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide, isoformononetin, araboglycyrrhizin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, licoflavonol and isoliquiritigenin can be used as the active ingredient of honey-fried licorice in the treatment of arrhythmia. Moreover, our results suggested that the therapeutic effect of honey-fried licorice on arrhythmia may be linked to the regulation of the arachidonic acid pathway. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which honey-fried licorice treats arrhythmia from a metabolic perspective, highlighting its role in "tonifying the spleen and stomach, supplementing qi, and replenishing the pulse." These findings provide a foundation for the further application of honey-fried licorice and the development of related products.

Abstract In the natural environment, Aspergillus flavus often causes contamination of food, crop and Chinese medicinal materials, threatening the quality and safety of food, crop and medicinal materials and causing huge economic losses. In this study, we isolated, identified and screened the strains of A. flavus invading polygalae radix, and determined the changes of growth indexes, virulence, antioxidant system and cell membrane integrity of A. flavus under the treatment of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MA-EO). Combined with the results of proteomics, the mechanism of action was clarified. In addition, this study also measured the change of active components in polygalae radix under the action of MA-EO. The results showed that MA-EO could damage cell membrane integrity, increase ROS accumulation, disrupt antioxidant system and inhibit the growth and toxicity of A. flavus. At the same time, MA-EO can significantly reduce the mildew of polygalae radix and curb the loss of active components after mildew.

Cymbopogon martinii (C. martini) essential oil can inhibit the growth and toxin synthesis of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). In this study, C. martinii essential oil effectively inhibited radial growth, spore production, mycelium formation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis of A. flavus. It also significantly changed the morphology and ultrastructure of mycelium. C. martini essential oil significantly changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation level in mycelium, and ROS level increased significantly. According to proteomic analysis, 1604 membrane proteins of A. flavus have been identified. C. martinii essential oil treatment seriously damaged the integrity of the A. flavus cell membrane, and C. martinii essential oil treatment has destroyed 58 cell membrane proteins and released 157 membrane proteins. This study provided a new explanation for the inhibition mechanism of C. martinii essential oil on A. flavus, and also provided technical support for the application of C. martinii essential oil in mildew prevention.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Bupleurum chinense DC has a history of using herb in China for more than 2000 years, which can be traced back to the Classic of Shennong Materia Medica in the Han Dynasty. Although Saikosaponin, the main active ingredient of Bupleurum, has the effects of anti-tumor, yet we still do not know the mechanism by total Bupleurum saponin extracts (TBSE) produces this effect on colon cancer. Aim of the study: It is predicted by network pharmacology that TBSE may play an anti-colon cancer role by regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TBSE inhibits proliferation and promote apoptosis of colon cancer cells by regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Materials and methods: The effect of saikosaponins on the proliferation of SW480 and SW620 cells was detected by CCK-8, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, morphological changes of cells were observed by microscope, nuclear morphological changes were observed after immunofluorescence staining, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl2, Caspase3, Caspase9, Cleaved Caspase3 and Cleaved Caspase9 were detected by Western Blot, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bax, Bcl2, Caspase3 and Caspase9 were detected by RT-PCR. According to the theory of network pharmacology, the potential targets of saikosaponins and colon cancer were predicted by database Pharmmapper and Genecards database respectively. The intersection of saikosaponins and colon cancer was enriched and analyzed on the Metascape platform. Then, the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway related protein PI3K, Akt, Mtor, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR were detected by Western Blot, and the corresponding amount of RNA expressions in the pathway was confirmed by RT-PCR. Results: The results of CCK-8 demonstrated that the survival rate of SW480 and SW620 cells decreased significantly when the concentration of TBSE was in the range of 25-200 mu g/ml. The morphological observation showed that the cells lost normal cell morphology, cytoplasmic condensation, and partial loss of adhesion after treatment with TBSE. Flow cytometry indicated that the apoptosis rates of SW480 cells and SW620 cells treated with TBSE (50 mu g/ml) were 48.47% +/- 1.20% and 36.13% +/- 1.76%, respectively. Western Blot firstly confirmed that TBSE significantly up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase3, Caspase9, Cleaved Caspase3 and Cleaved Caspase9, and down-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. And RT-PCR results implied that TBSE significantly up-regulated the gene expression of apoptotic factors Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9, and significantly decreased the gene expression of Bcl2. It was predicted that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may be the main regulatory object of the antitumor effect of TBSE by network pharmacology. Subsequent WB experiment also revealed that TBSE could significantly down-regulate (P < 0.01) the expressions of PI3K, Akt, mTOR and phosphorylated proteins P-PI3K, P-Akt, P-MTOR. Meanwhile, RT-PCR results also indicated that TBSE could significantly down-regulate (P < 0.01) the gene expression levels of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. Conclusions: TBSE activated Bax/Bcl2 and caspase-9/caspase-3 cascade to induced apoptosis of human colon cancer SW480 and SW60 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was obviously related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive progression, is the main type of dementia. Currently, there is no specific cure for the disease. At the same time, a series of drug developments based on the classic theory, the Aβ cascade hypothesis, have not completed phase III clinical trials, challenging the hypothesis. Polysaccharides obtained from natural products can be used in the treatment of AD, which has attracted academic attention due to its advantages of multi-target, multi-channel, no or modest side effects. The TCM syndrome type of AD is mainly "qi and blood deficiency, kidney essence deficiency", and the medicine is mainly used to replenish qi and blood, kidney and bone marrow. Thus, there has been extensive and in-depth research on polysaccharides obtained from tonic Chinese herbal medicine in China. Based on this background, this paper evaluated the effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides on AD by combing and screening English and related literature in recent 5 years and summarized the extraction process and structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Tussilago farfara L. (commonly called coltsfoot), known as a vital folk medicine, have long been used to treat various respiratory disorders and consumed as a vegetable in many parts of the world since ancient times.AIM OF THE REVIEW:This review aims to provide a critical evaluation of the current knowledge on the ethnobotanical value, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of coltsfoot, thus provide a basis for further investigations.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A detailed literature search was obtained using various online search engines (e.g. Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Baidu Scholar, PubMed and CNKI). Additional information was sourced from ethnobotanical literature focusing on Chinese and European flora. The plant synonyms were validated by the database 'The Plant List' (www.theplantlist.org).RESULTS:Coltsfoot has diverse uses in local and traditional medicine, but similarities have been noticed, specifically for relieving inflammatory conditions, respiratory and infectious diseases in humans. Regarding its pharmacological activities, many traditional uses of coltsfoot are supported by modern in vitro or in vivo pharmacological studies such as anti-inflammatory activities, neuro-protective activity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant activity. Quantitative analysis (e.g. GC-MS, UHPLC-MRMHR) indicated the presence of a rich (>150) pool of chemicals, including sesquiterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, chromones, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and others from its leaves and buds. In addition, adverse events have resulted from a collection of the wrong plant which contains PAs that became the subject of public concern attributed to their highly toxic.CONCLUSIONS:So far, remarkable progress has been witnessed in phytochemistry and pharmacology of coltsfoot. Thus, some traditional uses have been well supported and clarified by modern pharmacological studies. Discovery of therapeutic natural products and novel structures in plants for future clinical and experimental studies are still a growing interest. Furthermore, well-designed studies in vitro particularly in vivo are required to establish links between the traditional uses and bioactivities, as well as ensure safety before clinical use. In addition, the good botanical identification of coltsfoot and content of morphologically close species is a precondition for quality supervision and control. Moreover, strict quality control measures are required in the studies investigating any aspect of the pharmacology and chemistry of coltsfoot.

Objectives Dictamnus dasycarpus is a plant of the Rutaceae family, and its root bark is the main part used as a medicine, named 'Bai-Xian-Pi'. It is used to clear away heat, remove dampness, and dispel wind and also used for detoxification.The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic review about the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this plant. Key findings More than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from the plant, including alkaloids and their glycosides, terpenoids and their derivatives and phenylpropanoids. Extensive pharmacological activities of the extracts or compounds of D. dasycarpus in vivo and in vitro were mainly confirmed, including anti-inflammatory activity, protecting cardiovascular activity, improving liver injury and anti-cancer activity. Summary In this paper, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of D. dasycarpus were reviewed. In the future, D. dasycarpus needs further study, such as paying more attention to quality control and the utilization on agriculture. In addition, discussing the medicinal components of decoction as well as the toxicity will also contribute to the progress of clinical trial studies.

Licorice is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for a long time in China and still in great use today. The effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi has been proved for thousands of years, but the material basis of its effect is not clear. In this paper, we established the fingerprints of 21 batches of licorice collected from different origins in China with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to identify the common peaks. Its effect of tonifying spleen and invigorating qi was confirmed through a series of praxiology experiments. The spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and its effect of tonifying spleen and invigorating qi of licorice was examined by gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. Results showed that the effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi resulted from various compounds and peaks. X2–X6 is presumed to be the main pharmacological substance base. This research successfully identified the spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and the effect of licorice on tonifying spleen and invigorating qi. The research method based on the spectrum-effect relationship helps provide new research ideas and strategies for the study of the basis of the medicinal materials and quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

Licorice is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine and natural sweetening agent, rich in numerous bioactive compounds. Moreover, it is one of the oldest and most frequently employed folk medicines in both eastern and western countries. It is prescribed for the treatment of asthma, fever, and cough. However, with the increasing demand of licorice, its quality and safety become the important issue. The content in licorice varies significantly in materials from different geographical origins. In this study, a reasonable and feasible evaluation method for the quality assessment of licorice was developed based on the analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint, combined with the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS) method. Glycyrrhizic acid was selected as the internal reference substance, and ten components were simultaneously determined based on relative correction factors. The contents of eleven components in 21 batches of licorice were determined by the QAMS and the ESM (external standard method); there was no significant difference by comparison of the quantitative results between the QAMS and the ESM method; the cosine value (Cir > 0.9999) confirmed the consistency of the two methods. According to the outcomes of 21 batches of licorice samples, the contents of the eleven components were used for further chemometric analysis. All of the samples of licorice from various geographical origins were divided into five categories based on hierarchical cluster analysis, which indicated the crucial influence of geographical origins on licorice. This study showed that QAMS combined with HPLC fingerprint and chemometrics methods could effectively control the quality of licorice. Hence, QAMS is a feasible and promising method for promoting the quality control standardization process of herbal medicines.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. ex H. Hara (C. paniculatum), is a broadly used traditional medicinal plant by East Asians. The roots and rhizomes of this herb were named 'Xu-Chang-Qing' since the Qin or Han Dynasty (B.C.221-220) in China. It is pungent and warm in nature and associated with the liver and stomach meridians. Moreover, the efficacy of this herb are dispelling wind, resolving dampness, relieving pain and itching. It is used for treating the onset of rheumatic arthralgia, stomachache, toothache, lumbago, soft tissue injury, rubella and eczema. Aim of the study: The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review about the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. paniculatum on the strength of the studies in the past two decades. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search on previous literature was conducted on databases such as Web of Science, Pubmed, Sciencedirect, American Chemical Society (ACS), Google scholar and China national knowledge internet (CNKI). The search was based on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. paniculatum. The key search words were 'Cynanchum paniculatum' and 'Radix Cynanchi Paniculati'. In addition, some published books were searched for more information on the herb. Results: Over 150 compounds have been isolated and identified from C. paniculatum, including C-21 steroids, volatile oils, carbohydrates and phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids. Extensive pharmacological activities of the extracts or compounds of C. paniculatum in vivo and in vitro were confirmed including anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, sedative antiviral, antitumor, neuroprotective, treating snake bites, immunomodulatory, anti-radiation, vasodilatory, acaricidal potentials and anti-adipogenic activities. Conclusions: In this paper, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. paniculatum were reviewed. This herb has long been used as traditional medicine. It was reported with numerous chemical ingredients and various pharmacological activities with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, neuroprotection, etc. In the future, C. paniculatum still needs further study, such as identifying the active compounds, clarifying the pharmacological mechanisms, discussing quality and safety.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is used in large quantities in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, with flavonoids being the main active ingredients. In this study, flavonoids were isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. grown in 21 areas in China by water extraction, alcohol precipitation, polyamide resin separation, and other methods. Fingerprints were established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were 15 common peaks in the fingerprints by similarity evaluations of the chromatographic fingerprints. The spectrum-effect relationships between the HPLC fingerprints and pharmacological activities of flavonoids in G. uralensis Fisch., including the heat clearing, detoxifying effects, cough relief, and phlegm elimination effects, were assessed by gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression. After HPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and standard comparison, these five identified compounds (liquiritin apioside, neoisoliquiritin, licochalcone A, licochalcone B, and licochalcone C) could be used to evaluate licorice quality with regard to its efficacy. This research provides a scientific basis for improving licorice quality and also establishes a model for modernization of traditional Chinese medicines.

目的:应用中医传承辅助平台(TCMISS)对《中医方剂大辞典》中含黄芪方剂进行挖掘分析,探索黄芪在中药方剂中的应用规律.方法:通过查阅文献,确定黄芪方剂,应用中医传承辅助平台(TC-MISS)构建黄芪方剂数据库,通过对含黄芪方剂中涉及药物进行频次统计,得到黄芪方剂中使用频次较高的药物;通过对含黄芪方剂主治疾病进行频次统计,得到主治疾病中使用黄芪方剂频次较高的疾病.基于apriori算法分析组方规律,对含黄芪方剂应用关联规则挖掘方法,得到黄芪方剂中出现频次较高的药对和核心组合,进而得出黄芪在中药方剂中的应用规律.结果:从《中医方剂大辞典》中共收集方剂2 268首,设支持度10％,置信度90％,得到含黄芪方剂中出现频次较高的药物组合60对,核心组合用药比较集中,组方法度清晰,主治疾病279种.结论:黄芪常与活血补气、托毒生肌之品联用,主治各种虚证、痈疽证.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is used in large quantities in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, with flavonoids being the main active ingredients. In this study, flavonoids were isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. grown in 21 areas in China by water extraction, alcohol precipitation, polyamide resin separation, and other methods. Fingerprints were established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)..ere were 15 common peaks in the fingerprints by similarity evaluations of the chromatographic fingerprints. .e spectrum-effect relationships between the HPLC fingerprints and pharmacological activities of flavonoids in G. uralensis Fisch., including the heat clearing, detoxifying effects, cough relief, and phlegm elimination effects, were assessed by gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression. After HPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and standard comparison, these five identified compounds (liquiritin apioside, neoisoliquiritin, licochalcone A, licochalcone B, and licochalcone C) could be used to evaluate licorice quality with regard to its efficacy. .is research provides a scientific basis for improving licorice quality and also establishes a model for modernization of traditional Chinese medicines.

Long pepper (Piper longum L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) plants are commonly used as spices around the world and have also been postulated to have medicinal effects. Piperine, as the major alkaloid of P. nigrum and P. longum, has gained wide attention of the medical community and culinary enthusiasts. This study seeks to determine the effects of piperine on neuronal apoptosis in peri-infarcted cerebral cortices of rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) injury. Evaluation of the different behavioral components was conducted after pMCAO. 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to evaluate the area of cortical ischemia. Gross histopathological changes, as well as microscopic neuronal changes, were observed in brain tissue samples. The protein expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and Cytochrome C (Cyt-c) was analyzed using western blotting. The findings reveal that rats that received piperine treatment show markedly decreased neurological deficit, less ischemia-induced cellular damage, as well as smaller areas of cerebral infarction, with less severe macro and microcellular cerebral structural changes. Western blotting analysis reveals that piperine administration inhibits Bax, while enhancing Bcl-2 expression. The protein expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Cyt-c was also found to be significantly inhibited. We conclude that piperine may provide several beneficial neuroprotective effects that warrant further investigation.

Ethnophamacological relevance: Angelica biserrata (R.H. Shan & C.O. Yuan) C.Q. Yuan & R.H. Shan (Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan) (A.biserrata) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine; its roots known as `Duhuo' in China. The herb is used for expelling wind, eliminating dampness, and terminating pain. Moreover, it is used for treating the onset of anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, pain of the waist and knee and headache caused by latent wind pathogenic factor or damp-cold pathogenic factor. A.biserrata is slightly warm, bitter and pungent in taste, and it is well distributed in regions such as Sichuan and Hubei Provinces. Aim of the study: This review aims to provide critical summary of the current evidence on A.biserrata. In particular, the progress of studies in the fields of botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity are discussed. Possible directions for future research are also briefly proposed. Materials and methods: Information on A.biserrata was collected from the internet database PubMed, Elsevier, China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library and Europe PMC using a combination of various relevant keywords. Other published books providing an overview of extant literature studies were considered for reference if they are related to the taxonomy, traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of the plant. Results: A substantial proportion of the isolated and identified compounds of the herb were reported to be coumarins and volatile oils. Biological effects, such as neuroprotective, anti-tumor, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and sedative, were also validated in In vitro and in vivo studies. Therapeutic effects are attributed to the bioactivities of the naturally occurring compounds in this herb. Conclusions: A.biserrata has been proven as a valuable medicinal sources from traditional herb. Some conventional uses has been evaluated by pharmacological investigation. Although the crude extracts of A.biserrata has been emerged to possess more pharmacological activities, it is now time to isolate and identify more active chemical constituents by Bioactivity-Guided and elucidate their structure-activity relationship. More designed investigations are need to focus on understanding the multi-target network pharmacology, clarity the molecular mechanism of action and efficacy as well as identifying the effective doses of A.biserrata. In addition, A.biserrata is not fully assessed regarding its safety. Further studies are essential to investigate its toxicity on human. It's useful to provide identify its underlying therapeutic remedy and economic value of developing new medicine in the future.

Background: Piper nigrum L. and Piper longum L. consist a classic formula in traditional Chinese Hui medicine and are widely used in treatment of stroke. To examine the therapeutic effect of neuron injury after apoplexy, we used a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats to investigate the effects of dichloromethane fraction (DF) of Piper nigrum L. and Piper longum L. Materials and Methods: After subjecting the rats to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, DF (100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered for 14 days. Neurological deficits and the degree of cerebral tissue injury was detected by 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Staining Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), synapsin-I (syn-I), and a.-synuclein (a.-syn) were stained by immunohistochemistry. PSD-95, Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II), phosphorylated CaMK II (p-CaMK II), CaM, N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) expression were detected by Western blot. Meanwhile, phytochemical profile of DF was determined through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Results: DF alleviated neurological deficits and markedly prevented ischemia-induced cellular damage. Immunohistochemical micrographs revealed that PSD-95 and syn-I proteins increased, and alpha-syn presented reduced expression in brain samples from the sham group. Western blot analyses revealed that the model group exhibited a noticeable reduction in PSD-95, p-CaMK II, CaM, and NR2B. The DF-treated model group exhibited increased PSD-95, p-CaMK II, CaM, and NR2B. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis revealed eight main components of DF, of which piperine accounted for the largest proportion.

Smilax glabra (SG) Roxb., a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been extensively used worldwide for its marked pharmacological activities for treating syphilitic poisoned sores, limb hypertonicity, morbid leucorrhea, eczema pruritus, strangury due to heat, carbuncle toxin, and many other human ailments. Approximately 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from SG Roxb., and the major components have been determined to be flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and steroids. Among these active compounds, the effects of astilbin, which is used as a quality control marker to determine the quality of SG Roxb., have been widely investigated. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies, the primary active components of SG Roxb. possess various pharmacological activities, such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, and cardiovascular system protective activities. However, an extensive study to determine the relationship between the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of SG Roxb. has not been conducted and is worth of our study. Improving the means of utilizing the effects of SG is crucial. The present paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of SG Roxb. and assesses its ethnopharmacological use in order to explore its therapeutic potential for future research.