The aim of this study was to characterise the lignocellulosic fractions of pruning waste from tree species showing potential for furniture production in Acara & uacute;, Cear & aacute;. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised, split-plot design, with the plots corresponding to two water regimes (irrigated for one year and irrigated for three years) and the sub-plots to eight tree species, with three replications. The chemical attributes were determined after seven years. Except for the insoluble lignin content, there was a significant effect from the different species in terms of the chemical properties of the wood. The results for the lignocellulosic fractions show the possibility of developing technological ways of adding value to these waste products, especially considering their lignin content. The different species also showed potential for use in producing cellulose pulp, with the exception of Handroanthus impetiginosus due to its high ash content. The results of this study offer new perspectives for future research into the use of forestry waste.

The aim of this study was to evaluate development in the following tree species: Acacia mangium Willd, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschu, Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J. R. Forst. & G. Forst, Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. Ex DC.) Mattos, and Colubrina glandulosa subsp. reitzii (M.C.Johnst.) Borhidi under two water regimes in the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acara & uacute;, in the state of Cear & aacute;. The experiment was conducted over seven years, with the factors represented by water regimes, species and periods in an arrangement of split-split plots in a completely randomised design repeated over time with four replications of two plants each. The response variables were total height, diameter at breast height, volume, absolute growth rate in height and diameter, and current and average annual increase in volume. After seven years, the species Acacia mangium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Anadenanthera colubrina and Colubrina glandulosa presented the following respective mean volumes: 0.62, 0.47, 0.45, 0.31 and 0.29 m3 irrespective of the water regime. Despite a reduction in the growth rates of the species during each period, they remained positive, and growth did not stop. The mean values for volume confirm that the species showed similar growth for the water regimes under study. An irrigated regime of up to one year is therefore suggested for cultivating these species in the Irrigated Perimeter of Baixo Acara & uacute;, Cear & aacute;.

This paper aims to analyze the technical and financial feasibility of a stand-alone photovoltaic powered irrigation system applied to a familiar production unit.The agricultural unit was installed in the Center for Teaching and Research in Urban Agriculture (NEPAU), which operates in partnership with the Alternative Energy Laboratory (LEA), both located at the PICI campus of the Federal University of Ceará.The unit occupies a floor area of 134 m 2 , with a water reservoir that simulates a pond, lake or well with capacity of 3534 liters, a 12 VDC pump motor and a photovoltaic module of 135 Wp.The efficiencies of photovoltaic module, pump and global set were 8.4%, 42% and 3.5%, respectively.The assumed service life is 25 years and the capital returns after 9,3 years.

Microglia plays an important role in the neuroinflammatory response, identified as one of the major factors in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Amburana cearensis and its bioactive compounds, including coumarin (CM), vanillic acid (VA), and amburoside A (AMB), exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities, on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in rat mesencephalic cells determined by our group. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the dry extract from A. cearensis (DEAC), CM, AMB, and VA on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated microglial cells and elucidated the possible molecular mechanism of action. The DEAC was characterized by HPLC-PDA (chemical markers: CM, AMB, and VA). The BV-2 microglial cell line was pretreated with increasing concentrations of DEAC, CM, AMB, or VA in the presence or absence of LPS to evaluate the toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity of DEAC, CM, AMB, or VA on BV-2 cells was evaluated by the MTT test, the free radical scavenging activity of test drugs was investigated, and the nitric oxide (NO) production was determined using the Griess reagent, while cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), MAPK members (JNK and ERK1/2), and iNOS were determined through Western blot analysis. DEAC, CM, AMB, or VA (5-100 μg/mL) did not induce any detectable cytotoxicity in BV-2 cells. All test drugs (100 μg/mL) showed free radical scavenging activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals); however, only DEAC, CM, and AMB (5-100 μg/mL) significantly reduced NO production. DEAC (100 μg/mL), as well as CM (50 and 100 μg/mL) and AMB (25 μg/mL), reduced at least 50% of NO produced and markedly decrease the production of TNF-α and IL-6 but they did not significantly affect IL-10 levels. Only DEAC (100 μg/mL) and AMB (25 μg/mL) reduced the expression of iNOS, and they did not affect arginase activity. DEAC (100 μg/mL) suppressed the activation of the MAPKs JNK and ERK1/2 in LPS-activated BV-2 cells but it did not suppress the expression of TLR-4 nor the phosphorylation of NF-κB. In conclusion, DEAC, CM, and AMB exerted anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-activated microglial cells as observed by the reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators and the expression of iNOS. We identified the MAPK signaling pathway as a probable mechanism of action to the anti-inflammatory effects observed.

Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) is the scientific designation of “aroeira-do-sertão”, a tree well dispersed at the northeastern Brazil. The medicinal use of this plant is widespread throughout the rural population and the inner trunk bark decoction is used to treat cutaneous affections, urinary and respiratory diseases, and gynecological problems. “Aroeira-do-sertão” has been included in the list of native species under extinction threat. In order to find a sustainable source of the plant, seedlings have been cultivated. The purpose of this work was to investigate the chemical composition of the decoction from leaves of cultivated plants (aqueous extract from Myracrodruon urundeuva (AEMU)) and its anti-inflammatory activity on human neutrophils. The addition of AEMU on cells suspension inhibited significantly its activation/degranulation induced by phorbol myristate acetate. AEMU since at 50 µg mL-1 showed better pattern of inhibitions when related to indomethacin, non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor used as reference anti-inflammatory. The decoction fractionation was performed by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a phenyl column as the stationary phase, allowing the isolation of 24 compounds. These results showed how the AEMU is rich in bioactive metabolites, which probably contribute for the anti-inflammatory effects of this plant extract, modulating the degranulation of human neutrophils, one of the pro-inflammatory mechanism of these cells.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of forest species under conditions of salinity and water deficit. The experimental design was completely randomized in a triple factorial scheme with four forest species (Neem - Azadirachta indica A. Juss, ‘Aroeira’ - Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr Allemão, ‘Ipê’ - Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex. DC.) Standl and ‘Sabiá’ - Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth), two salinity levels (1.2 and 8.6 dS m-1) and two water regimes (with and without water restriction). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and total dry matter were measured. For all the studied variables, there was statistical significance for the factors species (A) and salinity (B), individually. However, water deficit (Factor C) and the interaction among factors (A x B x C) did not cause any statistical effect. The 50% reduction in water replacement for the four species studied was not enough to cause significant damage to plant growth, with a mean reduction in dry matter production lower than 10%. It was observed that the tolerance index found varied according to the imposition of the stresses, being caused mainly by salinity. Based on shoot dry matter production, the species Neem behaved as moderately tolerant, while the other species were moderately sensitive to salinity. The applied water deficit was not enough to intensify the effects of the salt stress under the conditions of the present study.

ABSTRACT Salt-tolerant plants are important to cope with salinity and/or sodicity problems in semiarid regions. The dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) has emerged as a salt-tolerant crop once established. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the survival of coconut seedlings under salinity stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of saline water on morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf coconut seedlings. Treatments were composed of five levels of water salinity, expressed by its electrical conductivity (ECw), as follows: 0.9 (control); 5.2; 10.1; 15.3 and 19.3 dS m-1 in a completely randomized design with four replications. The high levels of organic solutes (carbohydrates and soluble amino-N) and Na+ in roots, that contribute to the low values of Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves, suggest that roots play an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance of coconut seedlings. The use of brackish water with ECw of 5.2 dS m-1 allows seedling production, with no loss of quality. Based on total dry matter accumulation, seedlings were classified as moderately tolerant to the salinity of 10.1 dS m-1.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 102, No. 1First Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Fruits of Carnauba Palm in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Fruits of Carnauba Palm in BrazilM. B. M. Araújo, C. S. Lima, F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho, M. A. Ootani, A. M. E. Bezerra, and J. E. CardosoM. B. M. Araújo, C. S. Lima†Corresponding author: C. S. Lima; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-5901, F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho, M. A. Ootani, A. M. E. Bezerra, and J. E. CardosoAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. B. M. Araújo C. S. Lima † F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho , Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60356-001, Brazil M. A. Ootani , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará 60511-110, Brazil A. M. E. Bezerra , Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60356-001, Brazil J. E. Cardoso , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará 60511-110, Brazil. Published Online:9 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0860-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat The carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera [Mill.] H.E.Moore) is used for the production of industrial and artisanal commodities (Gomes and Nascimento 2006). Between 1990 and 2006, the northeast region produced 66,067 t of carnauba wax (Alves and Coelho 2008). In a previous report, the etiology of anthracnose on carnauba palm fruits was attributed to C. gloeosporioides (Freire and Barguil 2009). This study aimed to characterize the etiological agents of anthracnose on carnauba fruits collected in Ceará State, Brazil. Carnauba fruits at physiological maturation stage (yellowish-green color), showing severe anthracnose symptoms, were collected in Bela Cruz, Caucaia, and Paraipaba municipalities. A representative isolate to each municipality was selected for the morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization (UFCM 0630-Caucaia; UFCM 0631-Bela Cruz; and UFCM 0632-Paraipaba). The isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar medium at 25°C and a 12-h photoperiod and the morphological characteristics were observed after 4 days of incubation. Fungal DNA of the isolates was extracted (Murray and Thompson 1980), and fragments of the ITS rDNA (ITS), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and glutamine synthetase (GS) genomic regions (Prihastuti et al. 2009) were amplified and sequenced in both directions (GenBank accession nos. MF289371–85). Multiple alignments of the combined dataset of the isolates and representative sequences obtained from GenBank were phylogenetically analyzed by neighbor-joining and bootstrap with 1,000 replicates. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on carnauba (n = 10, yellowish-green stage) and mango cv. Tommy Atkins (n = 3, yellowish-orange stage) fruits, and on susceptible cashew plantlets (clone BRS 265) (n = 3, 120 days old). Wounded fruits were inoculated with 3-mm agar plugs containing mycelium of the isolates, while control treatments had only the agar. Spore suspensions (2 × 106 conidia ml−1) were sprayed on young leaves of the cashew plantlets, while only water was sprayed on control plants. The UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates formed pale olive-gray aerial mycelium and olive-gray pigment in the back of the colonies. Conidia were cylindrical, 5.4 to 13.8 × 1.5 to 4.7 (mean = 9.0 × 2.9, n = 50) µm. Appressoria were subglobose to elliptical, 2.8 to 5.8 × 2.4 to 3.1 (mean = 4.8 × 2.8, n = 10) μm. The UFCM 0631 isolate formed dark gray aerial mycelium and dark greenish-gray pigment in the back of the colonies. Conidia were cylindrical, 13.0 to 17.5 × 2.3 to 5.5 (mean = 12.1 × 3.7, n = 50) µm. Appressoria were subglobose to clavate, 6.0 to 9.5 × 4.2 to 7.6 (mean = 7.8 × 5.9, n = 10) μm. In the phylogenetic tree, the isolates of C. prunifera grouped in two clades of the C. gloeosporioides species complex. UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates grouped in C. tropicale and UFCM 0631 grouped in C. theobromicola with 100% bootstrap support to both clades. Koch's postulates were completed on inoculated carnauba fruits to all three isolates representing C. tropicale and C. theobromicola. Only UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates were pathogenic to mango fruits and cashew plantlets. This study shows evidence that carnauba palm may serve as an alternative host of C. tropicale and inoculum source for mango and cashew anthracnose in orchards established near to natural areas of carnauba. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tropicale and C. theobromicola causing anthracnose on carnauba in Brazil.References:Alves, M. O., and Coelho, J. D. 2008. Banco Nordeste Brasil 20:214. Google ScholarFreire, F. das C. O., and Barguil, B. M. 2009. Summa Phytopathol. 35:68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052009000100013 Crossref, Google ScholarGomes, J. M. A., and Nascimento, W. L. 2006. Page 190 in: Cadeia Produtiva da Cera de Carnaúba: Diagnóstico e Cenários. EDUFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Google ScholarMurray, M. G., and Thompson, W. F. 1980. Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4321. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarPrihastuti, H., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:89. ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 102, No. 1 January 2018SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Dec 2017Published: 9 Nov 2017First Look: 13 Sep 2017Accepted: 9 Sep 2017 Page: 244 Information© 2018 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byTwo additional Colletotrichum species causing leaf spot of rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum )16 March 2023 | Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 102Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum aenigma, C. alienum, C. perseae, C. siamense and C. theobromicolaEFSA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 8Colletotrichum tropicaleCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumColletotrichum theobromicolaCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumA serious shoot and leaf disease caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola discovered on eucalypts in South Africa22 March 2022 | Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 84, No. 1Identification and characterisation of Colletotrichum fructicola, C. tropicale and C. theobromicola causing mango anthracnose in the Philippines19 August 2021 | Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 54, No. 19-20Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status29 September 2021 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 110, No. 1First Report of Colletotrichum tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Pomegranate in BrazilJ. R. A. Silva-Cabral, L. R. L. Batista, J. F. de O. Costa, M. M. de M. Ferro, S. J. C. Silva, G. S. de A. Lima, and I. P. Assunção17 January 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 3Diversity of pathogenic and endophytic Colletotrichum isolates from Licania tomentosa in Brazil30 May 2018 | Forest Pathology, Vol. 48, No. 6

Seven withanolides, including four previously unknown, were isolated from the acetone and ethanol extracts of cultivated specimens of Acnistus arborescens. These four compounds were identified as rel-(18R,22R)-5 beta,6 beta:18 beta,20-diepoxy-3 beta,18 alpha-dimethoxy-4 beta-hydroxy-1-oxowith-24-enolide, rel-(20R,22R)-5 beta,6 beta-epoxy-4 beta,16 alpha,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24dienolide, rel-(20R,22R)-16 alpha-acetoxy-6 alpha-chloro-4 beta,5 beta,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide and rel-(20R,22R)-16 alpha-acetoxy-20-hydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR), HRESIMS experiments and comparison with published data for similar compounds. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against a panel of four tumor cell lines (HL-60, HCT-116, SF-268 and PANC-1). Withanolide D was the most active, with an IC50 value in the range of 0.31.7 mu M, rel-(18R,22R)-5 beta,6 beta:18 beta,20-diepoxy-3 beta,18 alpha-dimethoxy-4 beta-hydroxy-1-oxowith-24-enolide and rel-(20R,22R)-5 beta,6 beta-epoxy-4 beta,16 alpha,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24dienolide were moderately active, while all the others were non-cytotoxic. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A arborizacao urbana apresenta diversos beneficios socioambientais, proporcionando uma melhor qualidade de vida criando um ambiente de conforto. Objetivou-se avaliar a sobrevivencia de mudas usadas na arborizacao do Centro Ciencias Agrarias Universidade Federal do Ceara (UFC). Para tanto foram plantadas em abril 360 mudas de 28 especies no Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e jusante do acude Santo Anastacio assim distribuidas: Copernicia alba (75), Inga vera (55), Handroanthus impetiginosus (50) Licania rigida (15), Myracrodruon urundeuva (26), Licania rigida (23), Poincianella pyramidalis (20), Libidibia sp. (22) e outras (77). As mudas foram produzidas no Nucleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Agricultura Urbana (NEPAU)/UFC. Por ocasiao do plantio efetuou-se a abertura das covas, coroamento, tutoramento e irrigacao. Tambem se realizou o georreferenciamento das plantas. Decorrido cinco meses procedeu-se a avaliacao da sobrevivencia das mudas. 34,2% das mudas encontrava-se com estabelecimento comprometido devido a mortalidade (18,9%); estado critico (7,8%) e suprimidas e/ou com danos na parte aerea (7,5%). A supressao foi ocasionada pela falta de cuidado durante as capinas feita pela equipe de manutencao. O estado critico das plantas deve-se a falta de irrigacao e caso persista resultara na senectude das mesmas. As especies mais resistentes aos estresses ambientais foram C. alba (55), H. impetiginosus (34), I. vera (33), L. rigida (20), P. pyramidalis (15), Libidibia sp. (17). Desta maneira essas especies sao indicadas para arborizacao urbana nas condicoes semelhantes ao do Campus do Pici professor Prisco Bezerra. Recomenda-se nas proximas acoes de arborizacao no local a utilizacao de hidrogel por ocasiao do plantio para aumentar a sobrevivencia das plantas.

No cultivo de plantas medicinais as condições de salinidade e de luz podem exercer influência no rendimento e na qualidade final da produção de biomassa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes luminosidades e níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação sobre o crescimento e tolerância de três espécies de plantas do gênero Plectranthus. O ensaio foi conduzido em parcelas subsubdivididas com cinco repetições, sendo as parcelas referente ao fator ambiente (pleno sol e telado), as subparcelas aos níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação - CEa (0,7; 1,9; 3,1; 4,3 e 5,5 dS m-1), e as subsubparcelas às três espécies do gênero Plectranthus (P. amboinicus, P. barbatus e P. grandis). As variáveis de resposta foram: índice relativo de clorofila (IRC), área foliar (AF), razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), matéria seca das raízes (MSR), matéria seca total (MST), relação MSR/MSPA, grau de tolerância à salinidade, e teor dos íons Na+ e K+. O estresse salino reduziu o crescimento das plantas, sendo as maiores reduções observadas nas plantas expostas a pleno sol. A salinidade influenciou a partição de matéria seca, sendo as raízes mais afetadas do que a parte aérea. Com o aumento da CEa houve aumento expressivo no teor foliar de Na+, enquanto o teor de K+ e o IRC foram reduzidos. Entretanto, o acúmulo de Na+ foi menor em P. grandis. Considerando-se a MST, verificou-se que as três espécies se mostraram moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade de até 3,1 dS m-1, exceto P. grandis cultivada em telado, classificada como tolerante. Em relação ao grau de redução na produção MSPA (parte de interesse comercial), poderia se recomendar o cultivo de P. grandis quando a água de irrigação contiver CEa de até 3,1 dS m-1.

Um ensaio de campo foi conduzido nos anos agricolas de 2008, 2009 e 2010, na Fazenda Lavoura Seca, Quixada, Ceara, com o objetivo de se avaliar o consorcio mamona x girassol em diferentes configuracoes de fileiras, quanto a produtividade de graos e seus componentes. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com 7 tratamentos e 4 repeticoes. Os tratamentos consorciados constaram de fileiras de mamona (Ma) e girassol (Gi) nas configuracoes a seguir: 1Ma:1Gi; 1Ma:2Gi; 1Ma:3Gi; 2Ma:2Gi; 2Ma:3Gi acrescidos da mamona e do girassol em monocultivo. A produtividade de graos da mamona e do girassol nos consorcio foi inferior ao monocultivo. A configuracao de fileira 1Ma:2Gi foi a mais vantajosa quanto a produtividade da mamona. O girassol nao manifestou variacoes na altura de planta nem no diâmetro do capitulo nos tratamentos consorciados em relacao ao monocultivo. O sistema de consorciacao entre a mamona e o girassol e compativel na regiao semiarida do Ceara.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of treatments and unshaded greenhouse on growth and leaf number in Copaiba. For this, the seeds were subjected to a randomized experiment with two treatments (full sun and greenhouse) with 25 plots each, with nine observations taken every seven days where I made the measurement of plant height and count the number leaves. The experimental design was randomized, whose values were subjected to regression analysis to compare and evaluate which of the two treatments showed better copaiba development (height and leaf number) full sun or a greenhouse on the results observed that in general the most effective treatment was the treatment full sun, with the highest averages for both plant height Copaiba on the number of leaves is just the procedure that must be employed by producers of seedlings of the plant species.