The fastidious basidiomycete Rhizoctonia ( Ceratobasidium ) theobromae is a biotrophic pathogen that causes Vascular-Streak Dieback (VSD) of Theobroma cacao (cocoa). The fungus has also been identified as the cause of an emergent disease known as Cassava Witches Broom Disease (CWBD) raising concerns that the pathogen is spreading to alternative hosts and to new regions. Interestingly, while VSD of cocoa and CWBD are reported as co-present in several countries, there is currently no evidence for cross-infection between species. The fungus is difficult to culture in vitro due its slow growth and Koch's postulates have not been definitive on either host. The complete fungus life cycle therefore remains enigmatic, though studies have progressed knowledge on pathology within the both the cocoa and cassava hosts. We have conducted limited field trials and sequenced mating (MAT) and ITS loci of isolates from various infected hosts and regions. We hypothesize that (i) genetic variation at MAT loci correlates with region or host (ii) long amplicon ITS sequences between isolates are more definitive for polymorphisms (iii) life-cycle traits of R. theobromae may be inferred from MAT loci (iv) cassava grown under VSD infected cocoa will be infected and develop symptoms of CWBD. We did not find any cross-infection in field trials, and we show that the pathogen is highly homozygous, despite undergoing meiosis, indicating a predominantly homothallic life cycle. Our data indicate that the pathogen is likely host specific and regionally divergent and suggests that host specificity on cocoa and cassava evolved by selection from a common ancestor rather than a host jump. ### Competing Interest Statement This work was partially funded by Joint Cocoa Research fund (JRF), organized under the umbrella of Chocolates, Biscuits and Confectionery of Europe (CAOBISCO) and the European Cocoa Association (ECA) and Cassava Witches Broom Disease research was supported by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Joint Cocoa Research fund (JRF), organized under the umbrella of Chocolates, Biscuits and Confectionery of Europe (CAOBISCO) and the European Cocoa Association (ECA) Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR

Phytophthora cinnamomi stands out as one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, rapidly expanding its range and impacting a wide range of host species. In this study, we investigated the virome of P. cinnamomi across 222 isolates from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas using stranded total RNA sequencing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction screening, and Sanger sequencing of selected isolates. Our analysis revealed that virus infections were prevalent across all sampled populations, including RNA viruses associated with the orders Ghabrivirales, Martellivirales, and Tolivirales, and the classes Amabiliviricetes, Bunyaviricetes, and the recently proposed Orpoviricetes. Viruses were mainly found in East and Southeast Asian populations, within the geographic origin of P. cinnamomi but have also spread to new regions where the pathogen has emerged as a clonal destructive pathogen. Among the identified viruses, eight species, including two bunya-like viruses, one narna-like virus, and five ormycoviruses, exhibit a global distribution with some genetic divergence between continents. The interaction between P. cinnamomi and its virome indicates a dynamic coevolution across diverse geographic regions. Indonesia is indicated to be the viral epicentre of P. cinnamomi, with the highest intra- and interspecies diversity of viruses. Viral diversity is significantly enhanced in regions where sexual recombination of P. cinnamomi occurs, while regions with predominantly asexual reproduction harbour fewer viral species. Interestingly, only the partially self-fertile mating type (MAT) A2, associated with the global pandemic, facilitates the spread of viruses across different biogeographic regions, whereas viruses are absent in the self-sterile MAT A1 in its areas of introduction like Australia and South Africa. Intriguingly, the presence of a plant tombusvirus suggests a potential cross-kingdom infection among Chilean isolates and a plant host. This study sheds further light on the geographical origin of P. cinnamomi from a novel virome perspective.

Phytophthora is a long-established, well-known, and globally important genus of plant pathogens. Phylogenetic evidence has shown that the biologically distinct, obligate biotrophic downy mildews evolved from Phytophthora at least twice. Because, cladistically, this renders Phytophthora "paraphyletic," it has been proposed that Phytophthora evolutionary clades be split into multiple genera (Crous et al. 2021; Runge et al. 2011; Thines 2023, 2024). In this letter, we review arguments for the retention of the generic name Phytophthora with a broad circumscription made by Brasier et al. (2022) and by many delegates at an open workshop organized by The American Phytopathological Society. We present our well-considered responses to the genus splitting proposals, both in general terms and in terms of the specific proposals for new genera, alongside new information regarding the biological properties and mode of origin of the Phytophthora clades. We consider that the proposals are mostly non-rigorous and not supported by the scientific evidence. Further, given (i) the apparent lack of any distinguishing biological characteristics (synapomorphies) between the Phytophthora clades; (ii) the fundamental monophyly of Phytophthora in the original Haeckelian sense (Haeckel 1877); (iii) the fact that paraphyly is not a justification for taxonomic splitting; and (iv) the considerable likely damage to effective scientific communication and disease management from an unnecessary breakup of the genus, we report that workshop delegates voted unanimously in favor of preserving the current generic concept and for seeking endorsement of this view by a working group of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Diversity of endophytic fungi in root tissue and rhizosphere through exudate compounds produced by roots, colonizing and forming defenses against the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The research aims to determine the colonization and distribution of endophytic microbes in chili plants in polyculture patterns. The research used a randomized block design with three treatments. the first pattern is corn-chili polyculture (CIM), the second pattern is corn-chili polyculture (CIS), and control monoculture (CIMo). Each treatment was repeated 6 times. Sampling the rhizosphere and plant root tissue. In the vegetative and generative phases of polyculture treatment, endophytes colonized 32% and 46% of the root tissue. Monoculture control, 32% and 20% in root tissue, respectively. FOC colonies are not found in the root tissue of polyculture plants in the vegetative or generative phases. In control monoculture, FOC pathogen colonies were 8% and 36%. In the rhizosphere, endophyte colonization was 45% in the polyculture treatment and 27% in the nomoculture control. Nine endophytes in roots and rhizosphere were isolated and the inhibitory power was 37% to 53%. This data shows that the percentage of endophyte colonization in the roots and rhizosphere of polyculture is higher than monoculture treatment so it can suppress FOC pathogens.

Phytophthora cinnamomi stands out as one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, rapidly expanding its range and impacting a wide range of host species. In this study, we investigated the virome of P. cinnamomi across 222 isolates from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas using stranded total RNA sequencing, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction screening, and Sanger sequencing of selected isolates. Our analysis revealed that virus infections were prevalent across all sampled populations, including RNA viruses associated with the orders Ghabrivirales, Martellivirales, and Tolivirales, and the classes Amabiliviricetes, Bunyaviricetes, and the recently proposed Orpoviricetes. Viruses were mainly found in East and Southeast Asian populations, within the geographic origin of P. cinnamomi but have also spread to new regions where the pathogen has emerged as a clonal destructive pathogen. Among the identified viruses, eight species, including two bunya-like viruses, one narna-like virus, and five ormycoviruses, exhibit a global distribution with some genetic divergence between continents. The interaction between P. cinnamomi and its virome indicates a dynamic coevolution across diverse geographic regions. Indonesia is indicated to be the viral epicentre of P. cinnamomi, with the highest intra- and interspecies diversity of viruses. Viral diversity is significantly enhanced in regions where sexual recombination of P. cinnamomi occurs, while regions with predominantly asexual reproduction harbour fewer viral species. Interestingly, only the partially self-fertile mating type (MAT) A2, associated with the global pandemic, facilitates the spread of viruses across different biogeographic regions, whereas viruses are absent in the self-sterile MAT A1 in its areas of introduction like Australia and South Africa. Intriguingly, the presence of a plant tombusvirus suggests a potential cross-kingdom infection among Chilean isolates and a plant host. This study sheds further light on the geographical origin of P. cinnamomi from a novel virome perspective.

Power quality has become a matter of growing concern in recent years owing to a daily rise in use of non-linear loads at domestic level. In addition, fast growing technologies like distributed generation and electric vehicles are emerging as part of modern distribution systems. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze the power quality issues due to various non-linear home appliances to give a clear picture of the current scenario. So that future technologies can be accommodated in the distribution systems while coping with existing power quality issues. The experimentally developed harmonic models, of various commonly deployed domestic appliances, are used for the simulation of a practical distribution system in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). Experimental results combined with simulation results show an alarmingly high level of harmonic distortion, breaching the recommended standard practices, in both current and voltage at not only point of common coupling (PCC) but also at the consumer’s end. In addition to increase in losses, this also degrades power factor giving rise to distortion power. While discussing other impacts of harmonic distortion, true power factor (PF true) and distortion power (D) has also been evaluated at PCC.

This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena.

New species: Phytophthora amamensis T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, Phytophthora angustata T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, Phytophthora balkanensis I. Milenković, Ž. Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora borneensis T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora calidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora catenulata T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora celeris T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, Phytophthora curvata T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora distorta T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora excentrica T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora falcata T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora fansipanensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora frigidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora furcata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora inclinata N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, Phytophthora indonesiensis T. Jung, M. Tarigan, L. Oliveira & I. Milenković, Phytophthora japonensis T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora limosa T. Corcobado, T. Majek, M. Ferreira & T. Jung, Phytophthora macroglobulosa H.-C. Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, Phytophthora montana T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multipapillata T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multiplex T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora nimia T. Jung, H. Masuya, A. Hieno & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora oblonga T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora obovoidea T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora obturata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora penetrans T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora platani T. Jung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora proliferata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocapensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocitrophthora T. Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudofrigida T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudoccultans T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pyriformis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora sumatera T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, Phytophthora transposita T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, Phytophthora vacuola T. Jung, H. Masuya, K. Kageyama & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora valdiviana T. Jung, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser, A. Durán & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora variepedicellata T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora vietnamensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×australasiatica T. Jung, N.M. Chi, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×lusitanica T. Jung, M. Horta Jung, C. Maia & I. Milenković, Phytophthora ×taiwanensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, H.-S. Fu & M. Horta Jung.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Previously the &lt;i&gt;Mirabilis jalapa&lt;/i&gt; nanoemulsion formulations was characterized through PSA analysis, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, SEM to observe the morphology of the formed nanoemulsion and FTIR analysis. But, this study aims to characterize &lt;i&gt;M. jalapa&lt;/i&gt; nanoemulsion formulations and its application on the mortality and morphology of 3rd instar &lt;i&gt;Spodoptera frugiperda&lt;/i&gt; larva. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Several &lt;i&gt;M. jalapa&lt;/i&gt; nanoemulsion formulations were applied to observe the mortality of 3rd instar &lt;i&gt;S. frugiperda&lt;/i&gt; larvae using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. The best formulation was tested from the characterization results to determine the level of larval mortality. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's &lt;i&gt;post hoc&lt;/i&gt; test. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The 3rd instar &lt;i&gt;S. frugiperda&lt;/i&gt; larvae showed a 67%±12 mortality rate 48 hrs after the 5th treatment (T5) application compared to the control group and causing the bodies of insects experiencing mortality to turn black and dehydrated. The results showed that &lt;i&gt;M. jalapa&lt;/i&gt; nanoemulsion had a significant effect (p-value 0.016<0.05). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The potential of using &lt;i&gt;M. jalapa&lt;/i&gt; in the form of nanoemulsions as an effective alternative to control the pest &lt;i&gt;S. frugiperda&lt;/i&gt;.

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a state-of-the-art facility for studying the strong force, is expected to begin commissioning its first experiments in 2028. This is an opportune time for artificial intelligence (AI) to be included from the start at this facility and in all phases that lead up to the experiments. The second annual workshop organized by the AI4EIC working group, which recently took place, centered on exploring all current and prospective application areas of AI for the EIC. This workshop is not only beneficial for the EIC, but also provides valuable insights for the newly established ePIC collaboration at EIC. This paper summarizes the different activities and R&D projects covered across the sessions of the workshop and provides an overview of the goals, approaches and strategies regarding AI/ML in the EIC community, as well as cutting-edge techniques currently studied in other experiments.

Abstract Diseases of Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) disrupt cocoa bean supply and economically impact growers. Vascular streak dieback (VSD), caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae, is a new encounter disease of cacao currently contained to southeast Asia and Melanesia. Resistance to VSD has been tested with large progeny trials in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and in Papua New Guinea with the identification of informative quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Using a VSD susceptible progeny tree (clone 26), derived from a resistant and susceptible parental cross, we assembled the genome to chromosome‐level and discriminated alleles inherited from either resistant or susceptible parents. The parentally phased genomes were annotated for all predicted genes and then specifically for resistance genes of the nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat class (NLR). On investigation, we determined the presence of NLR clusters and other potential disease response gene candidates in proximity to informative QTLs. We identified structural variants within NLRs inherited from parentals. We present the first diploid, fully scaffolded, and parentally phased genome resource for T. cacao L. and provide insights into the genetics underlying resistance and susceptibility to VSD.

Gas vesicles used as contrast agents for noninvasive ultrasound imaging must be formulated to be stable, and their mechanical properties must be assessed. We report here the formation of perfluoro-n-butane microbubbles coated with surface-active proteins that are produced by filamentous fungi (hydrophobin HFBI from Trichoderma reesei). Using pendant drop and pipette aspiration techniques, we show that these giant gas vesicles behave like glassy polymersomes, and we discover novel gas extraction regimes. We develop a model to analyze the micropipette aspiration of these compressible gas vesicles and compare them to incompressible liquid-filled vesicles. We introduce a sealing parameter to characterize the leakage of gas under aspiration through the pores of the protein coating. Utilizing this model, we can determine the elastic dilatation modulus, surface viscosity, and porosity of the membrane. These results demonstrate the engineering potential of protein-coated bubbles for echogenic and therapeutic applications and extend the use of the pipette aspiration technique to compressible and porous systems.

Abstract. Suriani, Patandjengi B, Muis A, Junaid M, Mirsam H, Azrai M, Efendi R, Sebayang A. 2023. New corn resistant lines to stalk rot disease (Dickeya zeae) in Indonesia. Biodiveritas 24: 3190-3200. Stalk rot disease caused by Dickeya zeae is one of the important diseases of corn in Indonesia. Host resistance cultivars are an effective and sustainable control measure of the disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the resistance of 15 S1 hybrid maize lines to stalk rot disease. The research was conducted in two seasons (DS and WS) using a randomized block design with 3 replications. The D. zeae suspension with 108cfu/mL concentration was inoculated into the plant test 45 Days After Planting (DAP). Disease incidence and severity were observed during the two seasons. The results showed that all tested lines were infected with stalk rot disease but had various resistance reactions. Disease incidence and severity in the dry season were higher than in the rainy season. In the rainy season all test lines followed the 3 models of disease development, but in the dry season, all lines followed the monomolecular model. Further analysis showed that 3 lines of hybrid maize had the lowest AUDPC value with a protection index of more than 50% in two growing seasons. Stalk lignin content had negative correlation with a disease incidence of -0.60877, so it can be used as a parameter of plant resistance to disease. Tested lines that show resistance to the disease could potentially be useful as new varieties of maize.

Fusarium and Lasiodiplodia are fungal endophytes found frequently in cacao tissues. Their presence has suggested an increase endophytic Trichoderma asperellum ’s ability to inhibit primary diseases. The research aims to evaluate the occurrence of T. asperellum in root, stem, and leaf cacao tissues after the plants were inoculated by F. decemcellulare , L. pseudotheobromae , and T. asperellum . Also, at the same time to observe their impact on inhibiting leaf anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . In plants treated with the combination of T. asperellum and F. decemcellulare at 30 days post-inoculation, colonisation of T. asperellum was four to 68 times higher than that of T. asperellum alone. Whereas when combined with L. pseudotheobromae , the colonisation was 4 to 68 times higher. T. asperellum , F. decemcellulare , and L. theobromae self-applied could decrease the incidence and severity of anthracnose disease. However, the highest decrease was observed in plants treated notably by the combination of T. asperellum and F. decemcellulare . This data demonstrated that the presence of T. asperellum in plant tissues was supported by other endophytic fungi, which increased its capability to suppress the disease of cacao.

Burkholderia glumae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are the primary causes of bacterial disease in rice, capable of reducing production and posing a threat to food availability. This research aims to assess the efficacy of a consortium of five bacteria contained in Mikrobat as bioactivators. The goal is to enhance rice yields, mitigate the severity, and suppress grain rot disease and bacterial leaf blight in rice. The research employed a split-plot design encompassing 12 treatment combinations replicated three times. The experimental setup involved two factors: the main plot consisted of rice varieties-Ciherang, Inpari 4, and Trisakti-while the subplots represented types of bioactivators-Mikrobat, EM4, Trichoderma asperellum, and a control. Results demonstrated Mikrobat’s positive impact compared to the control, with an average of 17.37 productive tillers and higher yields than other bioactivator treatments. Notably, Mikrobat exhibited 50.04% spikelets per panicle and a 1000-grain weight of 19.77 g. The severity of disease with Mikrobat treatment was notably lower than with EM4 and T. asperellum, featuring 4.20% for grain rot disease and 4.41% for bacterial leaf blight. This was significantly different from the control, which showed severity rates of 9.94% for grain rot disease and 7.75% for bacterial leaf blight. Among the three tested varieties, Ciherang demonstrated the best response, displaying higher resistance to both tested diseases. The varietal treatments did not significantly differ from each other. Although Mikrobat’s effects were not significantly distinct from EM4 and T. asperellum, its usage still reduced the severity and suppression of grain rot and leaf blight diseases

Abstract. Suriani, Patandjengi B, Muis A, Junaid M, Mirsam H, Azrai M. 2023. Morpho-physiological and molecular characteristics of bacteria causing stalk rot disease on corn in Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1749-1758. Stalk rot disease was observed in corn in Gorontalo with typical symptoms, such as soft rot on the stalk, leaf wilting, and plant death. This study aimed to characterize the bacteria causing stalk rot disease in corn. Samples of infected plants were collected and identified morphologically, physiologically, and molecularly. The results showed that nine bacterial isolates were isolated from infected plants. All nine isolates showed positive hypersensitive responses on tobacco leaves. In comparison, only two bacterial isolates (BGO1 and BGO4) were positive on pathogenicity tests on corn. However, the BGO4 isolate caused the highest disease incidence with a faster incubation period. The BGO4 isolate was gram-negative with white-gray colored colonies. Physiological characterization of BGO4 also showed: positive catalase and indole, oxidase negative, fermentative oxidation, caused soft rot on potato, non-fluorescent, and sensitive to erythromycin. In addition, it can grow at 37-40°C and 5% NaCl, producing protease and lecithinase enzymes. The BGO4 also isolates infected rice, corn, sorghum, foxtail millet, celery, and Aloe vera. Morpho-physiology characteristics and diagnostic amplification of DNA by PCR using the Dickeya-specific primers (ADE1/ADE2) showed that the isolate belongs to the genus Dickeya. Further molecular characterization by analysis of the 16S rDNA using universal primer 27F/1497R successfully amplified the DNA band of BGO4 isolate measuring ±1300 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was in the same group as Dickeya zeae strain MS32 from Taiwan, strain DZ15SB01 (Thailand), and strain HNJF02 (China), with the coefficient of genetic distance ranging from 0.001 to 0.002. This study is the first report of D. zeae infecting corn in Gorontalo.

Super‐liquid‐repellent surfaces feature high liquid contact angles and low sliding angles find key applications in anti‐fouling and self‐cleaning. While repellency for water is easily achieved with hydrocarbon functionalities, repellency for many low‐surface‐tension liquids (down to 30 mN m −1 ) still requires perfluoroalkyls (a persistent environmental pollutant and bioaccumulation hazard). Here, the scalable room‐temperature synthesis of stochastic nanoparticle surfaces with fluoro‐free moieties is investigated. Silicone (dimethyl and monomethyl) and hydrocarbon surface chemistries are benchmarked against perfluoroalkyls, assessed using model low‐surface‐tension liquids (ethanol–water mixtures). It is discovered that both hydrocarbon‐ and dimethyl‐silicone‐based functionalization can achieve super‐liquid‐repellency down to 40–41 mN m −1 and 32–33 mN m −1 , respectively (vs 27–32 mN m −1 for perfluoroalkyls). The dimethyl silicone variant demonstrates superior fluoro‐free liquid repellency likely due to its denser dimethyl molecular configuration. It is shown that perfluoroalkyls are not necessary for many real‐world scenarios requiring super‐liquid‐repellency. Effective super‐repellency of different surface chemistries against different liquids can be adequately predicted using empirically verified phase diagrams. These findings encourage a liquid‐centric design, i.e., tailoring surfaces for target liquid properties. Herein, key guidelines are provided for achieving functional yet sustainably designed super‐liquid‐repellency.