The Super -FRS at the FAIR accelerator complex will adopt Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond detectors as radiation -hard particle rate counters. Their role will be to monitor the beam transmission for beams with ions rates up to 10(7) ions/spill and to calibrate the other beam diagnostics devices that are in duty at higher beam intensities. The target vacuum chamber of the Super -FRS hosts a 7 x 7mm(2) single crystal diamond and a 25 x 25 mm(2 )polycrystalline diamond: they are required to detect crossing particles with high efficiency ( > 98%) in the case of heavy ion species (Ar to U), and to stand for several years in an environment in which they can potentially accumulate a dose of a few MGy per year. Laboratory measurements and beam test campaigns were arranged in the past years for the validation of the proposed sensors, in particular for the case of the polycrystalline technology. Here we report the outcome of the irradiation of a sensor based on a 20 x 20 mm(2) polycrystalline diamond produced by Element Six, with high intensity 1 GeV/nucleon Pb and U beams at GSI (Darmstadt). The detector signal shape characteristics and the ion counting efficiency have been monitored by interleaving periods of low ions rates, to evaluate possible damages or performance degradation during and after a total bombardment of about 6 x 10(11) heavy ions.

As nuclear and particle physics facilities move to higher intensities, the detectors used there must be more radiation tolerant. Diamond is in use at many facilities due to its inherent radiation tolerance and ease of use. In this article we present our radiation tolerance measurements of the highest quality polycrystalline Chemical Vapor Deposition (pCVD) diamond material for irradiations from a range of proton energies, pions and neutrons up to a fluence of 2 x 10(16) particles/cm(2). We have measured the damage constant as a function of energy and particle species and compared it with theoretical models. We also present measurements of the rate dependence of pulse height for non-irradiated and irradiated pCVD diamond pad and pixel detectors, including detectors tested over a range of particle fluxes up to 20 MHz/cm(2) with both pad and pixel readout electronics. Our test beam results indicate a 2% upper limit to the pulse height dependence of unirradiated and neutron irradiated pCVD diamond detectors leading to the conclusion that the pulse height in pCVD diamond detectors is, at most, minimally dependent on the particle flux.

Low Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) technology has been used to design and construct prototype and full-size beam detector systems for applications requiring simultaneous time and spatial precision. For these purposes, a dedicated LGAD strip sensor production has been conducted at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) with different strip geometries and sizes. This contribution will review a wide variety of LGAD applications ranging from the reaction time (T0) detector for experiments utilizing proton and pion beams with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany, to beam structure monitoring at the Superconducting DArmstadt LINear ACcelerator (S-DALINAC) at the Technische Universität Darmstadt operated in energy recovery mode and medical applications at the MedAustron facility in Wiener Neustadt, Austria. We will also give a prospect of further upgrade projects at GSI and FAIR facilities.

Diamond is used as detector material in high energy physics experiments due to its inherent radiation tolerance. The RD42 collaboration has measured the radiation tolerance of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond against proton, pion, and neutron irradiation. Results of this study are summarized in this article. The radiation tolerance of diamond detectors can be further enhanced by using a 3D electrode geometry. We present preliminary results of a poly-crystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond detector with a 3D electrode geometry after irradiation and compare to planar devices of roughly the same thickness.

Large area triple GEM chambers will be employed in the first two stations of the MuCh system of the CBM experiment at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR in Darmstadt/Germany. The GEM detectors have been designed to take data at an unprecedented interaction rate (up to 10 MHz) in nucleus-nucleus collisions in CBM at FAIR. Real-size trapezoidal modules have been installed in the mCBM experiment and tested in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SIS18 beamline of GSI as a part of the FAIR Phase-0 program. In this report, we discuss the design, installation, commissioning, and response of these GEM modules in detail. The response has been studied using the self-triggered readout electronics. In free-streaming data, the first attempt on an event building based on the timestamps of hits has been carried out, resulting in the observation of clear spatial correlations between the GEM modules in the mCBM setup for the first time. Accordingly, a time resolution of ∼15 ns have been obtained for the GEM detectors. Gain uniformity & cluster characteristics have also been studied.

Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology has been used to design and construct prototypes of time-zero detector for experiments utilizing proton and pion beams with High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI Darmstadt, Germany. LGAD properties have been studied with proton beams at the COoler SYnchrotron facility in Jülich, Germany. We have demonstrated that systems based on a prototype LGAD operated at room temperature and equipped with leading-edge discriminators reach a time precision below 50 ps. The application in the HADES, experimental conditions, as well as the test results obtained with proton beams are presented.

It is well known that synthetic diamond exhibits unique properties which make it an attractive material for a broad range of applications in the particle-detection field. In particular, thanks to its radiation hardness and availability in larger sizes, the polycrystalline (pc) diamond sample, grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), is especially suitable for online beam-monitoring applications, provided it demonstrates excellent counting performances. The present work reports the counting efficiency of a large 20.0 x 20.0 x 0.3 mm(3) pcCVD diamond detector irradiated by 62 MeV/nucl. carbon beams. The parameter under study was estimated at different particle rates by employing a combination of different detector counters in a sandwich configuration. Results show a counting efficiency of similar to 95% up to 0.7 MHz particle rate. The pcCVD diamond detector under study was selected among other prepared devices by studying their leakage current and photocurrent characteristics under X-ray irradiation.

Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond is being considered as a material for particle detectors in a harsh radiation environment. This article presents beam test results of 3D pixel detectors fabricated with poly-crystalline CVD diamonds. The cells of the devices had a size of 50 mu m x 50 mu m with columns 2.6 mu m in diameter. The cells were ganged in a 3 x 2 and 5 x 1 pattern to match the layouts of the pixel read-out electronics currently used in the CMS and ATLAS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider, respectively. In beam tests, using tracks reconstructed with a high precision tracking telescope, a tracking efficiency of 99.3% was achieved. The efficiency of both devices plateaus at a bias voltage of 30V. Also irradiated poly-crystalline CVD diamond pad detectors were investigated. In high rate beam tests with particle fluxes up to 20 MHz/cm(2) and irradiations up to 8 . 10(15) n/cm(2) it was shown that the pulse height of irradiated poly-crystalline CVD diamonds does not depend on flux to the O(2%).

Diamond is a material in use at many nuclear and high energy facilities due to its inherent radiation tolerance and ease of use. We have characterized detectors based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond before and after proton irradiation. We present preliminary results of the spatial resolution of unirradiated and irradiated CVD diamond strip sensors. In addition, we measured the pulse height versus particle rate of unirradiated and irradiated polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond pad detectors up to a particle flux of $20\,\mathrm{MHz/cm^2}$ and a fluence up to $4 \times 10^{15}\,n/\mathrm{cm^2}$.

We have measured the radiation tolerance of poly-crystalline and single-crystalline diamonds grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process by measuring the charge collected before and after irradiation in a 50 mu m pitch strip detector fabricated on each diamond sample. We irradiated one group of sensors with 800 MeV protons, and a second group of sensors with 24 GeV protons, in steps, to (1.34 +/- 0.08 x 10(16)) protons cm(-2) and (1.80 +/- 0.18 x 10(16)) protons cm(-2) respectively. We observe the sum of mean drift paths for electrons and holes for both poly-crystalline CVD diamond and single-crystalline CVD diamond decreases with irradiation fluence from its initial value according to a simple damage curve characterized by a damage constant for each irradiation energy and the irradiation fluence. We find for each irradiation energy the damage constant, for poly-crystalline CVD diamond to be the same within statistical errors as the damage constant for single-crystalline CVD diamond. We find the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 24 GeV protons to be 0.62( -0.01)(+0.01) (stat) (+0.06)(-0.06) (syst) x 10(-18) cm(2) (p mu m)(-1) and the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 800 MeV protons to be 1.04 (+0.02)(-0.02) (stat) (-0.04)(-0.05) (syst) x 10(-18) cm(2) (p mu m)(-1) Moreover, we observe the FWHM/MP pulse height decreases with fluence for poly-crystalline CVD material and within statistical errors does not change with fluence for single-crystalline CVD material for both 24 GeV proton irradiation and 800 MeV proton irradiation. Finally, we have measured the uniformity of each sample as a function of fluence and observed that for poly-crystalline CVD diamond the samples become more uniform with fluence while for single-crystalline CVD diamond the uniformity does not change with fluence.

The present work reports on a long-term irradiation test performed on a 0.3-mm thick polycrystalline diamond detector prototype. The device, biased at 300 V, was continuously irradiated for about 60 h by using a C-12 beam at 62 MeV/nucl. at the LNS-INFN Cyclotron facility in Catania. An ionization chamber, calibrated using a single crystal diamond detector, was used to evaluate the total absorbed dose in the diamond detector under study. Data analysis carried out on recorded oscilloscope waveforms shows no significant variation of the signal properties in terms of amplitude, slope and charge after exposure to an integrated flux of 6.2. 10(13 )ions/cm(2). The results indicate that a polycrystalline diamond detector can be used for calibrating intensity monitors at the future superconducting fragment separator Super-FRS at FAIR (Darmstadt).

At present most experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are planning upgrades in the next 5-10 years for their innermost tracking layers as well as luminosity monitors to be able to take data as the luminosity increases and CERN moves toward the High Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC). These upgrades will most likely require more radiation tolerant technologies than exist today. As a result this is one area of intense research, and Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond is one such technology. CVD diamond has been used extensively in beam condition monitors as the innermost detectors in the highest radiation areas of all LHC experiments. This talk describes the preliminary radiation tolerance measurements of the highest quality polycrystalline CVD material for a range of proton energies and neutrons obtained with this material with the goal of elucidating the issues that should be addressed for future diamond based detectors. The talk presents the evolution of various semiconductor parameters as a function of dose.

The development of CVD grown single-crystal Diamond-on-Iridium (DOD sensors for charged-particle detection in hadrons and nuclei physics research is reviewed. A variety of samples grown at the University of Augsburg has been investigated with alpha and beta sources in the laboratory, swift ions from the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS in Darmstadt, and relativistic protons from the COoler-SYnchrotron COSY in Julich. The results obtained by means of I-E(V) studies, transient-current techniques (TCT), alpha-spectroscopy, and heavy-ion time-of-flight (ToF) measurements are compared to those of commercially available \polycrystalline and homoepitaxial single crystal CVD diamond sensors of electronic grade quality. In many aspects, the performance of DOI sensors was found quite similar to that of homoepitaxial counters, and in any case far superior to that of polycrystalline detectors. Under single-carrier drift conditions, the CCE and energy resolution (delta E/E) for holes reached levels CCEh > 95% and delta E/E-h similar to 0.3%, respectively, which correspond to values of the Schubweg w(h,e) well above the detector thickness. In contrast, the CCEe for electrons was typically lower than similar to 40%, leading to appreciable reduction of the detection efficiency in the dual-carrier drift mode (CCE similar to 60%), which characterizes the experiments with swift heavy ions and high-energy particles. We measured transport parameters comparable to those of homoepitaxial devices: mu(h)(0) similar to 3080-1756 and mu(e)(0) similar to 2276-1150 cm(2)/Vs, v(sat)(h) similar to(1.7-1.4) *10(7) and v(sat)(e) similar to(1.5-1.0)* 10(7) cm/s, as well as intrinsic time resolutions sigma(i) similar to 15 ps. It is shown, that substantial improvements have been achieved in recent years, albeit reproducibility and the understanding of the reduced electron collection remain challenging issues. Prime novelty: Comprehensive electrical characterization of intrinsic single-crystal CVD Diamond-OnIridium sensors produced at the University of Augsburg and their classification into the range of commercial electronic grade polycrystalline and homoepitaxial diamond sensors supplied by Element Six.

Detectors based on Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond have been used extensively and successfully in beam conditions/beam loss monitors as the innermost detectors in the highest radiation areas of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments. The startup of the LHC in 2015 brought a new milestone where the first polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond pixel modules were installed in an LHC experiment and successfully began operation. The RD42 collaboration at CERN is leading the effort to develop polycrystalline CVD diamond as a material for tracking detectors operating in extreme radiation environments. The status of the RD42 project with emphasis on recent beam test results is presented.

The free streaming readout concept of the CBM experiment imposes to the Multi-Strip Multi-Gap RPCs (MSMGRPCs) developed for the CBM-TOF wall a very good matching of the characteristic impedance of the signal transmission line (corresponding to a single strip) to the input impedance of the front-end electronics in order to reduce fake signals produced by reflections. The design of the MSMGRPC prototype described here exploits in an innovative way the advantage of a strip structure for the readout and the high voltage electrodes, the impedance of the signal transmission line being adjusted independent of the detector granularly. The new design allows to built MSMGRPCs with the impedance corresponding to a single strip matched to the input impedance of the front end electronics. The prototype was tested in-beam at CERN-SPS with reaction products of a 30.A GeV Pb beam colliding onto a Pb target, in conditions rather similar in terms of energy and multiplicity with those expected at SIS100/FAIR. The obtained performance of 62 +/- 3 ps system time resolution and 97% efficiency shows that the new developed prototype meets the challenging requirements for the inner zone of the CBM-TOF wall.

We present the first determination of the energy-dependent amplitudes of N⁎ resonances extracted from their decay in KΛ pairs in p+p→pK+Λ reactions. A combined Partial Wave Analysis of seven data samples with exclusively reconstructed p+p→pK+Λ events measured by the COSY-TOF, DISTO, FOPI and HADES Collaborations in fixed target experiments at kinetic energies between 2.14 to 3.5 GeV is used to determine the amplitude of the resonant and non-resonant contributions into the associated strangeness final state. The contribution of seven N⁎ resonances with masses between 1650 MeV/c2 and 1900 MeV/c2 for an excess energy between 0 and 600 MeV has been considered. The Σ–p cusp and final state interactions for the p–Λ channel are also included as coherent contributions in the PWA. The N⁎ contribution is found to be dominant with respect to the phase space emission of the pKΛ+ final state at all energies demonstrating the important role played by both N⁎ and interference effects in hadron–hadron collisions.

Beam test results of the radiation tolerance study of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond against different particle species and energies is presented. We also present beam test results on the independence of signal size on incident particle rate in charged particle detectors based on un-irradiated and irradiated poly-crystalline CVD diamond over a range of particle fluxes from 2 kHz/cm(2) to 10 MHz/cm(2). The pulse height of the sensors was measured with readout electronics with a peaking time of 6 ns. In addition functionality of poly-crystalline CVD diamond 3D devices was demonstrated in beam tests and 3D diamond detectors are shown to be a promising technology for applications in future high luminosity experiments.

This article reports on the development of thin diamond detectors and their characterization for their application in temporal profile measurements of subnanosecond ion bunches. Two types of diamonds were used: a 20 μm thin polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond and a membrane with a thickness of (5 ± 1) μm etched out of a single crystal (sc) CVD diamond. The combination of a small detector electrode and an impedance matched signal outlet leads to excellent time response properties with a signal pulse resolution (FWHM) of τ = (113 ± 11) ps. Such a fast diamond detector is a perfect device for the time of flight measurements of MeV ions with bunch durations in the subnanosecond regime. The scCVD diamond membrane detector was successfully implemented within the framework of the laser ion generation handling and transport project, in which ion beams are accelerated via a laser-driven source and shaped with conventional accelerator technology. The detector was used to measure subnanosecond proton bunches with an intensity of 108 protons per bunch.