This study examined the effects of climate change on wheat production in Pakistan, documenting yearly changes in the atmosphere such as floods, rainfall, and increasing temperatures. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the objective is to analyze how various factors, including water availability, the area of wheat cultivation, carbon dioxide levels, precipitation, and temperature, impact the wheat output in Pakistan. A comprehensive review of existing literature provides context, while the VAR modeling technique is utilized for quantitative data analysis, incorporating data from the Economic Survey of Pakistan and the Meteorological Department. The VAR model indicates a significant negative impact on Pakistan’s wheat production as a result of climate change. The study highlights the urgent need to implement adaptation strategies to mitigate these effects. The projected decline in wheat production has significant implications for food security and livelihoods, necessitating policy interventions and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The societal impact of these findings calls for collaborative efforts among stakeholders, policymakers, and the general public to collectively address the challenges posed by climate change in Pakistan’s agricultural sector.

The floristic survey of selected sites of Namal valley, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan began in 2016 until 2019 for documenting of wild species in the valley, which continues from the Salt Range. The research explored the unobserved vegetation of Namal valley, which has a unique biodiversity extended along its six ecological sites. Indigenous species totaled 188, distributed across discovered 152 genera and 54 families during the reporting period. The significant primary family based on species demonstration was Poaceae, having 25 genera and 39 species. Poaceae family has Asteraceae following it, having 17 genera and 18 species, and then by Fabaceae (10 genera, 15 species). The most dominating vegetation was of herbaceous type (79%). The study reported a total of 28 species of shrubs, with only 12 species of trees identified during this research from selected sites. Experimental results of five nominated plants (Grewia tenax, Pentatropis spiralis, Pulicaria edmondsonii, Ruellia nudiflora, and Tephrosia purpurea) showed that these plants differed considerably in terms of phytochemical concentration. Saponin concentration was minimal in all plants, except Ruellia nudiflora (1.7%). Tannins concentration was higher in Tephrosia purpurea (3.75%) and Pulicaria edmondsonii (3.11%) than in the other three plants. Quantitative results of free amino acids reflected that 11 amino acids were present in Grewia tenax. It was noticeable that proline was the highest amino acid (1.004 mg/ml) of the separated free amino acids, whereas isoleucine was the lowest (0.008 mg/ml) in the amino acid concentration. This checklist consists of updated systematic families and plant names that will provide a handy starting point for further ecological and bio-prospective research of the area under study.

Lingkungan merupakan sebuah aspek yang paling penting dalam upaya pelestariannya untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya bencana. Namun yang paling terpenting adalah dapat menambah nilai ekonomis bagi masyarakat dalam wujud kesejahteraan.Maka Gampong Meunasah Mesjid di kecamatan Muara Dua Kota Lhokseumawe memiliki potensi tersebut. Pengambangan destinasi pariwisata lingkungan di Gampong Meunasah Mesjid perlu dilakukan dengan melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pelestarian kawasan hutan manggrove. Tentu seluruh unsur perangkat gampong Meunasah Mesjid juga ikut terlibat dalam kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat ini. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini diharapkan dapat memberdayakan masyarakat dalam melakukan pengembangan kawasan pariwisata hutan manggrove dalam upaya pelestarian lingkungan. Hal ini juga mampu mengembangkan potensi destinasi pariwisata baru di kota Lhokseumawe. Sehingga pembinaan yang dilakukan oleh tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat mempu memberi peluang bagi masyarakat daalam upaya melestarikan lingkungan sekaligus sebagai destinasi pariwisata baru yang ada di Gampong Meunasah Mesjid. Metode yang digunakan lebih ke aspek pemberdayaan pada masyarakat. Luaran yang direncanakan seperti Publikasi Ilmiah pada jurnal pengabdian berbasis OJS status accepted, Publikasi kegiatan pada media cetak atau online Published, selanjutnya adanya MoA antara Tim Pegabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Malikussaleh dengan pemerintah Gampong Meunasah Mesjid di kecamatan Muara Dua Kota Lhokseumawe. Luaran Tambahan nantinya akan terdaftar pad HKI sebagai Hak Cipta Kekayaan Intelektual. diharapkan nantinya akan menjadi model pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam mengembangkan kawasan pariwisata hutan manggrove di Kota Lhokseumawe. Hasil Kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa Potensi pengembangan parwisata hutan manggrove sangat besar peluangnya dikembangkan di Gampong Meunasah Mesjid dan ini menjadi sebuah gampong percontohan destinasi pariwisata lingkungan yang ada di Kota Lhokseeumawe. Jika ini mampu dikembangkan maka akan terus dilakukan pembinaan dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dan Gampong Meunasah Mesjid menjadi desa binaan dalam model pengembangan kawasan pariwisata lingkungan dalam pembudidayaan manggrove. Selain itu juga dapat terwujud konsep wisata Halal dan menuju aspek ekowisata bahari.

In recent decades, the Chinese government launched a socialized agricultural service system to help smallholders quickly modernize. This system helps farmers adopt modern-day farming operations to meet ever-increasing food and fiber requirements. The present study was conducted to analyze the impacts of this system on agricultural production efficiency. To this end, the Hubei province of China was selected, and the required data were retrieved from the Hubei Statistical Yearbook and Rural Statistical Yearbook for the years 2008 to 2019. The entropy method was applied to measure the extent of the adoption of socialized and individual agricultural services, while a data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used for measuring production efficiency. Grey correlation and regression analyses were carried out to analyze the association between production efficiency and agricultural service availability/uptake and the determinants of the former, respectively. The results illustrate that the agricultural socialized service level has increased. Specifically, the service levels of agricultural mechanization and financial insurance increased most rapidly in terms of individual services with the largest numbers of adopters. Science and technology and material services were found to exhibit the most significant relationships with the production efficiency of farmers. The results indicate a greater role of service provision in moderate-to-high-scale development, leading to land productivity and thereby improving agricultural production efficiency. The results also imply a higher demand for socialized agricultural services among farmers considering the value-added potential of such an integrated system with greater spillover options for achieving self-sufficiency in agriculture and ensuring food security.

China introduced the county medical community (CMC) reform, aimed to provide high-quality medical resources to rural citizens, in 2017. This study examines the impact of the reform on the medical service efficiency of county-level public general hospitals in Shanxi Province, China. In total, 92 county-level public general hospitals from Shanxi Province were taken as the research objective, and the super-efficiency SBM-DEA model was applied to measure medical service efficiency. Further, a two-way fixed-effect model was used to evaluate the impact of CMC reform on the medical service efficiency of county-level public general hospitals by using health statistics data from 2014 to 2018. The study reveals that the CMC reform improved the medical service efficiency of county-level public general hospitals by 15.6%. Moreover, the CMC reform had regional heterogeneity in its impact on the medical service efficiency of county-level public general hospitals. The CMC reform improved the medical service efficiency of hospitals in the southern region more than in the northern region of the province. The medical service efficiency of hospitals in the central region was also improved by CMC reform, but the causal relationship was not found significant. Further, hospital-level factors (e.g., fixed assets, hospital stay, and regional health center) and environmental factors (e.g., GDP, population, urbanization rate, and government subsidies) affected the medical service efficiency of county-level public hospitals during the process of promoting the CMC reform.

Introduction The tobacco industry has for decades been associated with environmental damage, health-related diseases, human rights violations and corruption issues. The World Health Organisation formulated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control with the aim of controlling tobacco production and consumption. Most of the countries on the continent of Africa were also the target of the framework given the high importation and use of tobacco products. The main aim of this study was to find out the current status of tobacco control policies and their effectiveness in Africa. Material and Methods This study was a systematic literature review that was conducted between the months of August and November 2020 by extracting data from the databases of PubMed, Elsevier Scopus and Web of Science. Only English articles were culled from the retrieved papers. Out of the 910 papers retrieved, only 17 papers from African countries were selected on the quality synthesis after meeting the inclusion criteria. Results The results of the study showed that three governance resources were identified of regulatory (64.70%, N=11) which had smoke-free environment, advertisement bans, and cessation programs, economics (29.41%, N=5) which were taxation measures and informative (5.886%, N=1) which were mass media campaigns. Furthermore, Western African countries especially South Africa reported many pronouncements on smoke-free environment and taxation measures. Mass media campaigns proved to be more effective policies as compared to others. Conclusion This study recommends that the future research should be done on the effectiveness of mixed policy instruments as compared to single application. Furthermore, the researcher recommends the use of more informative policies in dealing with inelastic behaviours like those related to tobacco due to the addictive nature.

The current focus is on the overall pattern of seed storage present in the fragments of the soil of piedmont and alluvial landscapes of the environment. The present study predicted the seed banks of both soils of alluvial and piedmont zones in different ecological conditions and evaluate the potential of seeds in the restoration of both environments. The composition of the seed bank of soil is mainly affected by the alluvial environment and the structure of cleared area shows that more species of germinating annual grasses and growable seeds with the higher total number. Extant vegetation structures have an important role in the diversity of soil seed reservoirs, whose composition corresponded with the openness of the site. When in situ soil seed bank is recruited, it helps to restore only some components of the plant community in an alluvial environment. In our current research, it was confirmed that seed richness was higher in number at lower elevation (alluvial) than that at high elevation (piedmont). Seed richness showed a significant negative correlation with anions, cations, while significantly positive with altitude that suggests the richness pattern of the overall seed bank of the area is influenced by various environmental factors.

Cotton leaf curl disease caused by the Cotton Leaf Curl Gemini Virus (CLCuV) is limited to Asia and Africa. This study was conducted in green house to check the role of antioxidant enzymes under diseased conditions. Four cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum) were planted with two replications to check the expression in healthy and disease infected plants. The estimations of total soluble protein contents and the activities of peroxidases (POX), catalases (CAT), proteases and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in leaves with 8 genotypes of cotton, four susceptible and four are disease infected. Disease symptoms were shown less intense in disease infected genotypes but severe in highly susceptible genotypes. The results showed that protein, POX, CAT, proteases and SOD played major role in disease resistance against CLCuV. The SOD, protein contents and CAT activities showed lower values in disease infected genotypes while they decreased significantly in susceptible genotypes. The CAT was found to be increased in both genotypes with high percentage in infected genotypes as compared to healthy. The results showed that significantly higher concentrations of total phenols and higher activities of protease the SOD, CAT and TFC in disease infected genotypes after infection with CLCuV. Statistically the ANOVA was performed to check the levels of above mentioned enzymes against plant resistance. These findings could be considered as biochemical markers for studying plant-virus compatible and incompatible interactions.

Chinese vegetable industry is rapidly progressing as the vibrant pillar of the rural economy. The imperatives of returns to scale under technological change in the domain of vegetable production are gaining much attention of researchers and policy makers. This research endeavor is aimed to estimate of returns to scale under technological scenario. The return to scale and technological change indexes were calculated by employing survey data collected through primary sources. First, the constant return to scale point was estimated by BCC-DEA model. Then, based on Malmquist-DEA, the total factor productivity of vegetables was calculated for a time series of 2009 to 2016, and the technological progress index is decomposed. Then, the effects of technological progress on the same scale and different scales were determined respectively. The results reveal that most of the vegetable production at present is in the trajectory of small scale cultivation with increasing return to scale. The technical progress index of small-scale planting was better than that of larger scale planting in recent years. Therefore, considerable importance should be put to small-scale growers in vegetable technology popularization. Moreover, the promoting effect of technological progress on production efficiency varies with the difference of acreages. Hence, the possible policy guidance for further improving vegetable production efficiency has been articulated.

Agricultural risks potentially decelerate the growth of a country and augment poverty level. For understanding farmers' risk behavior and strategies to cope up possible related risks, the association to socioeconomic attributes, perceived risk sources and coping strategies were studied. A total of 480 farmers from the left bank of Indus River (Sindh Province of Pakistan) were interviewed using multistage cluster sampling method through valid and reliable means. Principal component analysis extracted 80% variations for both risk sources and risk coping strategies. While observing the effect of farmers' demographic attributes on risk sources and coping strategies, change in agricultural machinery (Mean=4.25) for risk source, and promotion of products internationally (Mean=4.2) for management strategies were ranked the foremost. However, crop insurance, precautionary saving, off-farm activities and crop diversification were also found significant. From the Goodness-of-Fit indices of CFA, the RMSEA value for risk sources was 0.056 and 0.074 for risk coping strategies indicating that the measurement models are fit and within the required limits and considerably acceptable for a measurement model or structural model. Hence, the outcomes of this study may provide useful insight for policy makers, advisers, for decision making, developers and sellers of risk coping mechanisms.

The present study analyses the relative importance of off-farm activities and factors influencing off-farm activities among rice farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. The data from 400 farmers were collected in detail, from which 262 farmers were characterized with off-farm activities. Results revealed that self-employment was the most important off-farm participating activity amongst the rice farmers in categorized off-farm work. While, public service was the second important off-farm activity of the farmers. The results of multinomial probit regression indicated that education has significant impact and stimulate for engagement in each four categories of off-farm employment. Presence of younger population in households and land renting opportunity stimulate migration in other cities and countries. Less farming area, dependency ratio and large family size are the driving factors for participation in off-farm labour activities. There should be off-farm promoting activities within the region to enhance rice growing households' income. Consequently, income will be helpful to mitigate the food security by investing in agricultural sector and also for improving the farmers' living standard and poverty reduction as well.

Objective: This study was carried out to assess the profitability and resource-use efficiency of rice production during monsoon and spring season in Chitwan district of Nepal in view to increase the rice production and food security.Methodology: Multistage sampling technique was followed to select a sample of 287 rice growing farmers selected randomly comprising 132 monsoon and 155 spring rice growers from the study area.The primary data collected through direct interviewing the sample farmers.The data was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software.Gross margin and cobb-douglas production function analysis were used to calculate the profitability and resource use efficiency, respectively in producing rice during two seasons.Results: The finding of this study revealed that rice production was more profitable during monsoon season.Cobb-douglas production function analysis showed that land, organic manure, potassium fertilizer and human labor, contributed significantly to the output of monsoon rice.Similarly, spring rice production was contributed significantly by land, seed, potassium fertilizer, human labor and irrigation.Rice growers of both seasons were in the second stage of the production function and were found inefficient in using the available resources.Organic manures, potassium fertilizer and human labor were over utilized and land was under-utilized in monsoon rice production.For spring rice, land and seed were under-utilized and potassium fertilizer, human labor and irrigation were over utilized.Conclusion: This study verified that appropriate adjustment is required for optimum allocation of resources that maximizes the revenue from the monsoon and spring rice production and also secures the domestic food supply.

The Election of 1970 results truthfully imitated the clumsy political certainty: the existing cleavage of the Pakistani voters along ethnic and regional lines and political schism of the state between East and West Pakistan. It provided a new political design with three assorted power centers: i) the Awami League under Sheikh Mujibur-Rehman in East Pakistan; ii) the Pakistan People’s Party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Sindh and the Punjab; and iii) the National Awami Party (Wali Group) and Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (under Mufti Mahmud) in Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province. However, at the top of these main stakeholders was the fourth and major center of preeminence, Pakistan army with their orator, General Yahya Khan. Therefore, the first ever elections in the political history of the country, Pakistan as a nation emerged divided. This split, mainly caused by economic disparity, between the two the wings ultimately resulted in the separation of East Pakistan and emergence of as an independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh.

The direct relationship exists between the quality of an animal protein source and its available amino acids. A number of samples of each of the fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were analyzed for their proximate composition. Then two samples of each ingredient one having the highest (grade A) other with lowest crude protein (grade B) were selected. They were analyzed for their available amino acids. The average availability of fifteen amino acids in high grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 85.68, 80.36, 85.53 and 77.62 percent, respectively. Whereas average availability of fifteen amino acids in low grade fish meal, feather meal, meat meal and blood meal were 78.12, 76.60, 67.10 and 69.46 percent, respectively. All protein sources were force fed to the birds and excreta samples were collected during the trial. Feed and excreta samples were analyzed for amino acid. The available amino acid contents of a feed protein were assayed by measuring the live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention of the chicks given the intact protein as a supplement to a diet deficient in a particular amino acid under investigation. It was clear after the determination of availability of each amino acid that more amino acids are available in high grade animal protein sources as compared to low grade animal protein source. Thus it was concluded that quality of feed ingredients impose direct effect on their available amino acids profile.