Abstract In this study, a polymer electrolyte—composed of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) as the host polymer, doped with the ionic liquid tributylmethylphosphonium iodide (TMPI)—is synthesized for use as an electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The ionic conductivity of the PEMA:TMPI polymer electrolyte is determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is observed that the conductivity of the polymer electrolyte increases in the presence of the ionic liquid, reaching a maximum value of 5.08 × 10−4 S/cm with 20 wt.% TMPI under ambient conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the complexation between PEMA and TMPI. X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy studies confirm the alteration of the polymer's crystallinity. The photovoltaic performance of the DSSC fabricated with the optimized polymer electrolyte demonstrated a solar conversion efficiency of 1.45% under solar illumination.

Polymer–carbon composites have garnered considerable attention as electrode materials for aqueous electrochemical energy storage due to their synergistic pseudocapacitive properties and electrical conductivity. Excessive polymer loading frequently results in pore blockage, diminished ion accessibility, and heightened charge-transfer resistance. This study utilized oxalic acid as a mild organic dopant to control the protonation level, morphology, and pore architecture of polyaniline (PANI) deposited on graphite felt (GF). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis indicated that direct PANI coating diminished the specific surface area due to pore obstruction, while subsequent carbonization produced a mesoporous structure with a high surface area of 234.19 m2 g−1. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy validated the uniform distribution of PANI and the presence of well-developed porous features on the carbon fibers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a significantly lower charge-transfer resistance of 25.7 Ω and an apparent electrical conductivity of 0.0195 S cm−1 for oxalic acid–doped PANI/GF in comparison to sulfuric acid–doped variants. Cyclic voltammetry measurements in aqueous electrolyte demonstrated significant pseudocapacitive behavior, yielding an overall capacitance of 0.65 F cm−2, an energy density of 0.832 J cm−2, and a power density of 5.2 mW cm−2. The findings underscore the synergistic function of oxalic acid in improving both electronic conductivity and electrode structure, illustrating its efficacy as a dopant and structural regulator for high-performance pseudocapacitive energy-storage electrodes.

ABSTRACTCation phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (PBILs) have recently gained attention since the 2000s due to their thermal stability and low viscosity for better ionic conduction in electrochemical devices. This paper introduces a new low‐viscosity phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (PBILs)—trihexyl (tetradecy) phosphonium dicyanamide—infused in polyethylene oxide: ammonium iodide (NH4I) complex polymer electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that the ionic conductivity reaches 2.03 × 10−4 S/cm at 6 wt.% PBILs at ambient temperature. The PBILs‐doped polymer electrolyte is predominantly ionic confirm by ionic transference numbers (tion) calculation. Also the electrochemical stability window was found to be 3.2 V suitable for energy storage devices. The highest achieve ionic conductivity PBILs‐doped polymer electrolyte sandwich between the electrodes for dual energy devices like electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This study shows improvements in ionic conduction, double‐layer stability, and light‐harvesting efficiency, resulting in higher energy density and power density in EDLCs and better photovoltaic performance in DSSCs. These findings highlight the versatility and efficacy of phosphonium‐based ionic liquid‐doped polymer electrolytes for advanced energy storage and conversion applications.

PVDF, or polyvinylidenefluoride, is a popular polymer in the fluoropolymer family because of its superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and piezoelectric qualities. It is chemically resistant to various substances, including diverse acids, bases, organic solvents, oil, and fat, and it is also easily processed. Electrochemical devices with superior energy storage effectiveness are necessary because of the increasing electricity consumption in the modern world. Because of its great power density, extended lifespan, remarkable charge/discharge cycle stability, and inexpensive cost, supercapacitors are regarded as amazing energy-storing devices. Supercapacitors' electrochemical performance is entirely dependent on the selection of their basic components and their manufacturing process. Materials made from carbon with improved thermophysical characteristics and deformation strength are currently of great interest. These materials have various applications in numerous sectors due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties. The abundance of research on the "structure-property," manufacturing, application, and ecology of composite polymers based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can be attributed to the many opportunities for their use in science and technology. It is feasible to achieve a high degree of multidisciplinarity and integration of polymer science by using innovative technologies to build an expanded conceptual picture regarding polymeric materials. This leads to the formation of fundamental problems in polymer science, the solution of which affects a significant improvement to the natural scientific picture of the modern world.PVDF is arguably the most sought-after polymer nowadays due to its ability to self-polarize in the presence of an electric field. Researchers and experts involved in the development of energy harvesting and storage devices such as self-charging supercapacitors are drawn to the piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric capabilities of PVDF. The advanced properties of PVDF and its potential applications in various polymer forms are explained.

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, private higher education institutions increasingly rely on innovative digital marketing strategies to promote specialized courses, such as those in polymer science. This paper explores the effectiveness of various digital marketing approaches, including search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, content marketing, email marketing, and influencer marketing, in enhancing the visibility and attractiveness of polymer courses to prospective students. Through a comprehensive literature review, the study identifies key trends and practices that have successfully attracted students to these specialized fields. The findings indicate that a well-integrated digital marketing strategy, leveraging the strengths of each marketing channel, can significantly increase enrollment rates and build a strong online presence for polymer courses. By adopting these innovative marketing tactics, private higher education institutions can better meet their enrollment goals and contribute to the advancement of the polymer science field.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a category of third-generation solar cells technology, which gained significant attention due to their cost-effectiveness and electricity generation capabilities. However, there are concerns regarding the use of lead (Pb) in traditional PSCs, particularly its potential impact on the environment and human health. Consequently, the advancement of lead-free perovskite solar cells is of utmost importance to safeguard both the environment and human well-being. Tin-based perovskites present a promising alternative to lead-based PSCs. Tin (Sn) has shown promising optoelectronic properties and can be used as a substitute for lead. However, there are obstacles associated with the weak stability of Sn2+ ions that must be overcome in order to develop tin-based PSCs that are both extremely stable and efficient. This review specifically examines the progress made within the field of lead free tin-based perovskite solar cells, with a particular focus on stability and efficiency. The discussion delves into the effect of various cations and their compositions on the devices' stability. It is important to mention that devices based on tin halide perovskites have achieved an unexpectedly high level of efficiency in a short amount of time. Moreover, this review provides a summary of the strategies that have been employed to enhance, and improve the stability and the overall efficiency of tin-based PSCs.

The detail study of structural and ionic conductivity characterization of Poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) based polymer composite electrolyte were modified by the incorporation of Cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanomaterial. PEMA in addition with 40 % wt. potassium iodide (KI) and ethylene carbonate (EC) having 60 % wt., has the highest ionic conductivity of 4.65 x 10-5 S/cm when employed the solution casting technique. Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) was incorporated with PEMA + KI 40 % wt. + EC 60 % wt. sample to get maximum conductivity sample. The highest ionic conductivity 2.65x10- 3S/cm, was attained at 7 % weight percentage of Cadmium sulphide (CdS). The conductive sample's morphology was examined using SEM, its amorphicity and crystalline structure was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique, and FTIR 'wavenumbers of the maximum conductive sample of PEMA polymer + KI salt + EC plastizer and PEMA polymer + KI salt + EC plastizer + CdS nanoparticles were compared. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the amorphous nature of the maximum conductive sample of polymer composite electrolyte. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to find out the glass transition (Tg) temperature of maximum conducting sample of polymer composite. The doctor blade method was employed to develop the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), and it had been observed that, under one sunlight situation, the energy conversion efficiency was 2.09 %, having parameters fill factor was 79.77 %.

In this present communication, we have synthesized the Bi2S3-xC dots (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.13, 0.27, 0.67 and 1.0) nanocomposite samples by using low temperature hydrothermal method. The XRD measurements confirmed the phase purity and nanocomposite nature of the synthesized samples. FESEM and TEM measurements confirmed that, Bi2S3 samples have rod shape of morphology and their sizes (diameter) are between 15-30 nm in pristine Bi2S3 and Bi2S3-xC dots samples allografted with amorphous C dots. The photocatalytic properties of the Bi2S3-xC dots nanocomposite samples against the ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic were studied in detail. The maximum photocatalytic activity was shown by x = 0.67 sample (maximum 88

Taking into account energy demand a new highly conducting ionic liquid (IL) c (EmImTCM) mixed corn starch (CS) biopolymer electrolyte is synthesized for dual electrochemical application electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. Electrical, structural, thermal, and optical studies are carried out in detail and presented in this communication. Maximum conducting IL-incorporated biopolymer electrolyte film has been sandwiched between electrodes to develop EDLC and DSSC. The sandwich-structured EDLC delivers a high specific capacitance of 250 F/gram while DSSC shows 1.44% efficiency at one sun condition.

This study investigates the development and performance analysis of a supercapacitor using activated carbon synthesized from polyethylene oxide (PEO) as the electrode material, and a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)-based polymer electrolyte, prepared using a solution-cast technique for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. This paper deals with polyether-based electrochemical devices, where electrode material is developed by polyethylene oxide (PEO), while an electrolyte is prepared using PVdF-HFP. Detailed electrical and photoelectrochemical studies were carried out using various characterization tools, and the results are discussed in detail. Sandwich structure supercapacitors and DSSCs are developed using maximum conducting polymer electrolyte that has an ionic conductivity of (8.3 × 10−5) Scm−1, exhibiting a high specific capacitance of 395 Fg−1 and DSSC efficiency ranging from 1.6 to 3.5

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a semiconductor material that widely used in numerous applications due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. This study explores the structural, electronic and elastic properties of TiO2 phases in rutile, anatase and brookite under hydrostatic pressure up to 100 GPa. At 0 GPa, the computed lattice parameters and volumes align closely with experimental data. The band structure reveals that rutile and brookite exhibit direct band gaps while anatase shows an indirect band gap. Elastic properties including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Cauchy pressure, Pugh ratio and Poisson’s ratio were calculated using the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation. Our findings confirm the mechanical stability of all TiO2 phases and offer insights that align with existing theoretical and experimental data. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of behavior of TiO2 under high-pressure condition which is crucial for optimizing its applications in various fields such as photocatalysis and solar cells.

The burgeoning demand for efficient energy storage systems requires advancements in electrolyte materials, with particular emphasis on improving ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have emerged as promising options due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, including high ionic conductivity, low vapor pressure, and wide electrochemical windows. This analysis focuses on the integration of RTILs into polymeric matrices to create ionic liquid-based polymeric electrolytes (ILPEs), emphasizing their potential to revolutionize energy storage systems. The use of RTILs in polymeric electrolytes addresses critical drawbacks of traditional liquid and solid-state electrolytes, such as limited ionic conductivity and poor thermal stability. We describe the methods by which RTILs boost ionic transport within polymeric networks, thereby improving the overall performance of storage devices, using a comprehensive review of recent advances. This article seeks to encourage further research and innovation in energy storage materials by offering a comprehensive assessment of the current status and future possibilities of RTIL-based polymer electrolytes.

This work describes the design and characterization of a compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna for pentaband applications, including antenna geometry optimization and feedline alignment. The design uses flame-retarded woven fiberglass (FR-4) substrate material with circular slits on a rectangular radiating stub for broad impedance bandwidth. Antenna-2 proposes penta-band applications in Wi-MAX (3.5 GHz, 3.4-3.69), WLAN (5.2 GHz, 5.15-5.35), 5G (3.5-6.0 GHz), C-band (4.0-8.0 GHz), and 6G (7.0-20 GHz; mid-band) current wireless communications. The suggested antenna has good impedance matching and low reflection power loss across the important frequencies, according to S-parameter |S11| measurements. This means microwave frequency applications can transmit and receive efficiently.

This paper investigates a compact Spider-wave hexagonal-shaped radiating stub Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-fed multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) for triple-band wireless applications. The proposed antenna dimension (L x W x h) is 30 x 35 x 1.6 mm(3) laminated on FR-4 dielectric substrate material with a dielectric constant (epsilon r) 4.4. The proposed antenna operates for 4th Generation Mobile Networks (4G; 2-8 GHz), 5th Generation Mobile Networks (5G; 3.6-6 GHz, bandwidth 50-400 MHz), and 6th Generation Mobile Networks (6G; Midband, 7.0-20 GHz; bandwidth >160 MHz) at resonating frequencies of 3.27 GHz, 5.89 GHz, and 8.29 GHz, respectively. It shows that the proposed antenna is highly matched to input impedance and considering reflection coefficients (|S11|) of-28 dB at 3.27 GHz,-25 dB at 5.89 GHz, and-23 dB at 8.29 GHz, respectively, for triple-band applications. This compact design can be used in modern wireless communication systems requiring operation on multiple bands.

This bibliometric study's aim is to determine whether or not the use of polymer-based materials in the apparel industry can be considered sustainable. The Web of Science database provides the researchers with access to 92 research publications that are published between 1975 and 2023 for the purpose of this study. According to the findings of the investigation, there has been a recent rise in the number of publications that discuss the topic of sustainability in the apparel business, with a particular emphasis on the utilization of materials that are based on polymers. The study outlines the themes that are explored the most often, such as the effects of polymer-based products on the environment, techniques of recycling and upcycling, and sustainable concept practices. In addition to this, the study identifies the authors, research institutes, and publications in this subject that are considered to have the highest influence. This study, in its whole, sheds light on the present state of research on polymer-based materials in the apparel industry and offers possible pathways for future research to reach a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to fashion. Overall, the findings of this study give insights into the current state of research on polymer-based materials in the apparel industry.

Recently, lithium metal orthosilicates Li2FeSiO4 and Li2MnSiO4 are attracted attention as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Here, Li2FexMn1-xSiO4 (x= 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) cathode materials are synthesized by using sol-gel method, and physically characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The FESEM images confirm the cubical shape particles in nanometers scale. The EDX mapping indicates the presence of iron, manganese, and silicates in different samples. The Li-ion batteries are assembled with gel polymer electrolyte PVdF-HFP/LiClO4/EC-PC, and Li2FexMn1-xSiO4 (x= 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) cathode and graphite anode. The assembled cells are electrochemically characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. It is observed that the oxidation and reduction peaks of the cells shifted as scan rate increases which indicate the charge transfers are diffusion controlled at the interface. The cell Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4//graphite offers highest discharge capacity∼220 mAh g-1 at 1 mA cm-2.

The present study reports the synthesis of novel selenium containing 24 ( 1 )- and 28 ( 2 )-membered macrocyclic Schiff base ligands and their reactivity with Hg(II) metal ion to form complex 3 and 4 , respectively. The synthesis of the ligands are carried out by a simple condensation of 2,6-dibenzoyl-4-methylphenol and bis(aminoethyl/propyl)selenides in [2+2] dipodal manner in dry acetonitrile solvent under inert atmosphere. Furthermore, the reaction between the 24- and 28-membered selenium containing ligands and Hg(II) metal ion are carried out in dry methanol in argon atmosphere. Following the complexation of both the ligands, 1 (C 50 H 48 O 2 N 4 Se 2 ) and 2 (C 54 H 56 O 2 N 4 Se 2 ) when reacted with HgBr 2 yields monometallic complexes 3 and 4 with molecular composition of C 50 H 50 O 3 N 4 Se 2 HgBr 2 and C 54 H 58 O 3 N 4 Se 2 HgBr 2 , respectively, as calculated via elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the synthesized compounds are also characterized by various physicochemical techniques to determine the structure and reactivity, which includes UV–vis, FT-IR, multinuclear ( 1 H and 77 Se) NMR, and cyclic voltammetry.

The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns necessitate the development of sustainable energy storage solutions. Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance and low cost of sodium. This study investigates the impact of incorporating hybrid nanoparticles, specifically polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane- poly(ethylene glycol) (POSS-PEG(13.3)), on the performance of polyethylene oxide (PEO)- sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). The results demonstrate that the incorporation of POSS-PEG(13.3) effectively disrupts the crystallinity of the PEO matrix, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Consequently, the ionic conductivity of the SPEs increases with increasing POSS-PEG(13.3) content, reaching a maximum of 1.02 x 10(-4) S/ cm at 30 degrees C for the electrolyte containing 40 wt.% of POSS-PEG(13.3). Furthermore, the addition of POSS-PEG(13.3) significantly improves the mechanical properties of the SPEs, enhancing their stability and durability. The ionic transference number (t ion = 0.988) confirm that ions are the primary charge carriers in these electrolytes. Additionally, linear sweep voltammetry and battery discharge studies indicate a wide electrochemical stability window of 3.32 V, demonstrating the suitability of these SPEs for Na-ion battery applications.

In this work, we investigate the synthesis and characterisation of a new ionic liquid-doped solid polymer electrolyte (ILDSPEs) tailored for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSCs) and electric double layer capacitor (EDLCs) applications, based on poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) complexed with sodium iodide (NaI) and ionic liquid-trifluoromethanesulfonic chloride (CClF3O2S). The ionic liquid was added to improve the ionic conductivity and enhance the electrolyte’s electrochemical performance. The synthesized ionic liquid-doped solid polymer electrolyte’s (ILDSPEs) ion transport characteristics and electrochemical behaviour were examined using various characterization technique, i.e. impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, ionic transference number, polarizing optical microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synergistic effect of the ionic liquid and sodium iodide within the PEMA matrix was responsible for the considerable reduction in bulk resistance and rise in ionic conductivity up to 10−4 S/cm observed in the impedance. The enhanced ionic conductivity polymer electrolyte with improved stability and compatibility, coupled with DSSCs and EDLSs components, underscores the potential of highest conducting ionic liquid-doped polymer electrolyte for high-efficiency DSSCs and high specific capacitance EDLS applications.

The new materials like quaternary chalcogenides semiconductors is an approach towards environment-friendly photovoltaic materials due to their promising potential as thin film solar cell absorbers. This work investigates the density functional theory (DFT) and density functional theory plus Hubbard U (DFT + U) approach on the kesterite phase of sulfide-based chalcogenides, Cu2XSnS4, CXTS (X = Zn and Fe) materials. The inclusion of the potential correlation term, U, plays a vital role in aiding the understanding of the complex many-electron problem, which LDA and GGA from DFT might not adequately describe. It was found that, by applying Hubbard U terms on p and d orbital states, the value of electronic band gaps can be significantly fixed close to the experimental value (similar to 1.3 eV-1.5 eV). The parametrized dependence of the band gap was well explained. The investigation of optical properties associated with the thin film applications on imaginary parts of the dielectric function shows that both structures have greater absorption at the energy range of 0-5 eV. Moreover, the refractive index and optical absorption show good results for both kesterite CXTS in the most effective wavelength of light to absorb sunlight (visible spectrum), which could exhibit a better finding for a suitable candidate for cost-effective new thin film solar cell application.