This study investigates the development strategies aimed at enhancing backpacker tourism in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with a focus on social, environmental, and economic dimensions. This study uses quantitative methods through the distribution of questionnaires to study the behaviour and opinions of backpackers in Kota Kinabalu. This study focuses on respondents at backpacker accommodation and tourist destinations in Kota Kinabalu. A total of 228 backpackers participated in this study. These strategies encompass social development, environmental development, and economic development, and encompass initiatives such as community engagement, environmental conservation, and collaboration with local businesses. Achieving a balance between economic growth and social and environmental sustainability is crucial in maximizing the potential of backpacker tourism. Successful implementation of these strategies necessitates the active involvement of various stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and the tourism industry. Integrating these strategies into destination management plans will elevate the backpacker tourism experience and facilitate sustainable growth. Further research and collaboration among stakeholders are imperative to effectively implement these strategies and harness the opportunities presented by backpacker tourism in the region.

Malaysia telah melaksanakan Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) pada 18 Mac 2020 diikuti dengan Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan Bersyarat (PKPB) dan Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan Pemulihan bagi membendun penularan pandemik COVID-19. Akibat pelaksanaan itu, kesan yang ketara dialami oleh penduduk terutamanya komuni pulau di Sabah disebabkan kejutan dan pengalaman yang baharu dalam menangani wabak penyakit pandemik. Kajian mengenaik impak pelaksanaan PKP adalah suatu pengalaman yang baharu dalam Malaysia terutamnya kepada komuniti pulau. Sehingga hari ini,dokumentasi dalam penyelidikan sain sosial mengenainya masih kurang dan terhad. Untuk kajian in yang meneliti implikasi Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) terhadap kesejahteraan komuniti pulau. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksplorasi dan evaluatif, iaitu suatu usaha untuk mengeksplorasi respon kumpulan komuniti berkenaan dan sekali gus menilai impak yang dialami dalam menghadapi pandemik ini. Reka bentuk kajian yang digunakan adalah kajian kes iaitu di Kampung Pulau Gaya, Pulau Gaya di Kota Kinabalu, Sabah dengan penekanan terhadap deskripsi tentang fenomena dan tingkah laku. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa implikasi Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan terhadap kesejahteraan Ekonomi iaitu impak terhadap peluang pekerjaan komuniti pulau sepanjang tempoh PKP merekodkan perubahan yang signifikan dalam nilai skor min iaitu 1.48 pada fasa PKP, 2.12 pada fasa PKPB dan meningkat kepada 3.72 pada fasa PKPB. Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan sememangnya menjejaskan peluang pekerjaan sehingga berlakunya pemberhentian kerja dan potongan gaji setiap bulan oleh majikan. Hasil kajian ini bermanfaat untuk perancangan dalam pengurusan risiko dalam menangani pandemik di Sabah khususnya dan Malaysia keseluruhannya.

COVID-19 has plunged global economy to recession and impacted businesses in all sectors, with reduction of manpower and termination of employment. Business organizations, especially those in the tourism industry may need to consider to continuously providing creative and innovative ways. Porter’s five forces model has been a popular tool to assess the dynamic environment affecting business organizations. However, the practice has always being exercised by top management in the firm, and lack of perspective from HR insight. This Hence, the study attempted to collect data from a specific focus group of people, who shared the common characteristic which is with HR-knowledge, and to consolidate their perception towards the five forces model in Sabah tourism industry led to generic strategies that perceived to be applicable to the industry player. A total of 37 focus group respondents answered the questionnaire, and data was valid for data analysis. The result suggested that five forces model as one main variable (model) is found to be significant to the three generic strategies which are cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategy. Although the relations between the model was found to be significant to the strategies, it is also to be noted that each of the single force was found to be not significant. Contributions of this study are the research conducted, was participated by HR-knowledge focus group respondents, and the sixth force (influence. of government). Recommendations for future research is to include HR planning strategy as response to the relation between the five forces model and perceived generic strategies.

The rising costs of living, the increasing trend of healthy lifestyle and limitations of agricultural area led to the introduction of community garden. Nevertheless, the low level of community knowledge and expertise by using technology in cultivation forces communities to continue cultivating crops using their existing experiences. Therefore, this study examines the role of institutions in increasing community involvement by utilizing fertigation methods to cultivate in community gardens. A quantitative study was conducted on 50 respondents in Kampung Gali Hilir, Pahang. In general, agripreneurs agree that agricultural institutions play a crucial role in providing information and assistance on fertigation cultivation through courses and training, providing agricultural inputs and conducting related programs. There is a need to strengthen the institutional approaches, thereby increasing farmers’ participation in new methods introduced. This to ensure that the community receives the benefit of new methods, as well as the sustainability of community garden and environment.

The state of Sabah is rich in unique and interesting natural resources, history, festivals and culture. This diversity of products and attractions has led to an increase in domestic and international tourist arrivals to the state. This article aims to examine the payment rates and tourist willingness to pay those who visit different tourist destinations in Kundasang-Ranau and Kota Belud, Sabah. The evaluation and case study research methods were used in this study. In this study, the evaluation and case study research methods were applied. A total of 150 people took part in this study, who visited a variety of tourist attractions in Kundasang-Ranau. There were 93 respondents in Kota Belud who took part in the study. The findings show that all the tourist destinations in Kundasang-Ranau charge visitors an entrance fee. Only five tourist attractions in Kota Belud require an entry fee. In Kota Belud, all designated tourist places charge a service fee, but in Kundasang-Ranau, only a few charges a service fee to tourists. The survey's findings also revealed that most respondents in both study locations considered the fee charged was appropriate in comparison to the services provided by the tourist attractions visited. In summary, the desire to pay among the respondents questioned was impacted by payment rates at tourist destinations in both locations.

Kota Kinabalu is one of the famous tourist destinations in the state of Sabah. This city also a starting point for most tourist circuits in this state. Therefore, this study is related to the travel tourist circuit patterns in Kota Kinabalu. There are three objectives set in this study, namely (i) identify the travel planning of the respondents, (ii) examine the pattern of tourist circuit in Kota Kinabalu and (iii) examine the pattern of tourist circuit outside of Kota Kinabalu. The study design used is a survey approach by applying quantitative methods as research methods. A total of 228 respondents who are backpackers in Kota Kinabalu answered the questionnaire in this study. The data analysis used is by using GIS software. The findings of the study found that the tourist circuit of backpackers in Kota Kinabalu is limited and heavily influenced by popular destinations visited by mass tourists who come to this district. In short, travel tourism has a high potential to grow and become one of the types of tourism that is the identity of the tourism sector in Kota Kinabalu. Hence, the government and related parties should increase efforts to promote travel tourism in Kota Kinabalu to the international level.

The tourist circuit pattern is one of the factors that are influenced by tourists' willingness to pay for a vacation at a tourist destination. As such, this article will examine the relationship between tourist space and willingness to pay in Kundasang - Ranau and Kota Belud, Sabah. The assessment and case study methods were used in the research. The study used quantitative methodologies, including a questionnaire survey of 150 respondents who visited selected tourist locations in Kundasang-Ranau and 93 respondents who visited Kota Belud. The survey's findings indicated that the majority of respondents (87.3% - Kundasang, Ranau) and (61.3%- Kota Belud) who visited the two study locations traveled privately and prioritized destinations they had never visited while selecting tourist destinations. The majority of respondents (70%) in Kundasang - Ranau agreed that the fee rate charged has an effect on the direction of their journey. In Kundasang - Ranau, the respondent's roaming space is dictated by the tourism package, and the tourist attraction visited by the respondent is nearby, whereas in Kota Belud, the opposite is true. Following that, the bulk of respondents who arrived at Kota Belud were determined by their roaming space in accordance with the institution or organization's determination. The study's findings also revealed that the majority of respondents who visited the two study areas did so on their own and that the tourist destinations visited were relatively near together.

The implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia which began on 18 March 2020 after the COVID-19 pandemic has profound implications especially to the local community in Sabah. The implementation of MCO is a new experience among the people in the country. Various efforts were made to alleviate the burden of the people as a result of the pandemic and the implementation of the PKP, including various assistance to the local community. The question is, to what extent is the procedure and effectiveness of aid distribution to the community during the period of the movement control order? Therefore, this study examines the related issue at few selected villages in the districts of Kunak and Lahad Datu, Sabah. The approach used in the study is exploratory and evaluative. This study uses a quantitative method through the distribution of questionnaires and observation in the study area. The study sample was a total of 105 people who were randomly selected. The result showed that there were three aid distribution arrangement procedures used: distribution arrangement through bank accounts (financial related), distribution arrangement through door-to-door delivery, and distribution arrangement through receipt at nearby aid centres. The majority of respondents stated that the aid distribution arrangement procedure of aid distribution which through door-to-door delivery, is 100 people or the equivalent of 75.2%. In addition, the results of the study also found that the majority of respondents, namely 70 respondents (66.7%) stated that the aid distribution arrangement procedure is ‘effective’, 27.6% thought as ‘very effective’ and the rest stated as ‘less effective’, that is about 5.7%. Therefore, the results of the study are important for documentation and literature reference related to pandemic and community issues as well as beneficial to the authorities to improve the effectiveness of aid distribution procedures to local communities in the future.

The Sabah Native Court is a legal institution created specifically to address the application of customary law among the ethnics or indigenous peoples of Sabah. Sabah Native Court is a legal institution established by a special act known as the Native Courts Enactment 1992 amendment 1995. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges to the governance and structural ecosystem of native courts in selected districts, specifically Kudat District and Matunggong Sub-district. This study uses qualitative methods through in-depth interviews with district heads in these two native court. Among the study's interesting findings is the hierarchy of the organisational structure of the native court institution found in both study locations, which has differences in the number of staff appointments either at the decision-making level for district head or among native court implementers such as native chiefs and deputy native chiefs. Furthermore, the two study locations have different day-to-day governance and assignment for every entity within the native court. Questions about the benefits and drawbacks of challenges to both governance and the structural ecosystem of the native courts in both study locations were also addressed in the discussion section. Due to its importance in monitoring these challenges, this study will examine how well the native courts can resolve the concerns of each ethnic in the state compared to other judicial institutions such as the Syariah Court and Civil Court.

Persoalan pangkal terhadap penyelesaian konflik ruangan perlu dilaksanakan segera antaranya untuk mewujudkan sebuah ruangan bandar yang berdaya huni untuk komuniti. Bagi mencapai matlamat keruangan tersebut, penekanan perlu diambil perhatian terhadap aspek keselamatan, keselesaan dan kesejahteraan ruangan fizikal. Justeru, dalam menyediakan ruangan fizikal seimbang, penelitian pemerkasaan berfokuskan kepada tiga domain bandar berdaya huni perlu dilakukan iaitu domain perumahan, domain ruang awam dan bangunan dan domain pengangkutan dan jalan raya. Makalah ini menjelaskan kesesuaian langkah memperkasakan domain bandar berdaya huni di zon black spot jenayah di Sabah merangkumi lima belas (15) zon black spot jenayah di sekitar Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan dan Tawau. Soal selidik diedarkan kepada 1,152 responden dan data dianalisis melalui SPSS menggunakan kaedah skor min. Penemuan mendapati langkah sesuai yang menjadi pilihan dominan responden bagi domain perumahan adalah melaksanakan aktiviti rondaan dan kawalan keselamatan tidak kira siang atau malam di kawasan perumahan (4.59). Manakala, domain ruang awam dan bangunan pula dengan memastikan pengurusan sisa pepejal adalah sistematik dengan nilai skor min (4.57). Sementara itu, domain pengangkutan dan jalan raya menekankan kekerapan menyelenggarakan jalan raya untuk kegunaan komuniti (4.62). Walau bagaimanapun, hasil analisis mengikut zon adalah berbeza mengikut ruangan dan lokasi. Oleh itu, adalah perlu pihak berwajib mengambil kira dan meneliti maklum balas komuniti dalam ruangan dalam memastikan usaha memperkasakan ruangan bandar berjalan baik.

The existence of various monuments and buildings built since the early 1900s needs to be preserved as heritage tourist attractions. Taiping is one of the cities that has the potential to be promoted as a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak. To that end, the purpose of this study was to identify the types and categories of various buildings and monuments that have the potential to be used as heritage tourism attractions in the city; by examining the perceptions of local people on the potential of Taiping and to suggest strategies and measures preserve and conserve the heritage of the city. This study uses a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show that there are various monuments and old buildings being the potential to be heritage tourist attractions, including Rock Garden, Chinese Pagoda, F.M.S Station, Peking Hotel, railway station, Rest House 1894, clock tower, Silver Museum, and First Galeria. Among the things that need to be given attention in order to make Taiping a heritage tourist attraction are the level of cleanliness and cheerfulness of the environment, provision of basic facilities, maintenance and conservation of heritage site structure, promotional aspect, and security level in the area. Various strategies and measures are proposed to make Taiping a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak in particular and Malaysia in general.

Dalam mencapai usaha mewujudkan sebuah bandar selamat dan berdaya huni, terdapat beberapa elemen penting yang perlu ditekankan dalam merealisasikannya. Salah satunya ialah elemen keterlibatan komuniti bandar yang merupakan agen pembangunan dan perubahan kepada sesuatu dimensi ruang. Kota Kinabalu adalah sebuah bandar yang pesat membangun dari pelbagai aspek seperti ekonomi, sosial dan fizikal dan ia mendorong kepada keinginan masyarakat untuk berhijrah ke kawasan bandar, sama ada secara kekal atau sementara bagi memenuhi keperluan dan kelangsungan hidup. Justeru, penghijrahan masyarakat ke bandar Kota Kinabalu telah menyumbang kepada tuntutan sosial dan fizikal yang membawa kepada isu keselamatan, keselesaan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Maka, dalam mewujudkan sebuah bandar berdaya huni (BDH) untuk komuniti, bagaimana pula dengan tahap kesediaan dan keterlibatan komuniti untuk memperkasakan usaha ini di peringkat lokal. Kajian ini dijalankan di sekitar Kota Kinabalu dengan memfokuskan kepada lima buah zon black spot jenayah iaitu sekitar Sadong Jaya, Segama, Sinsuran, Sembulan dan Tanjung Aru. Justifikasi pemilihan lokasi ini adalah disebabkan indeks jenayah di kawasan tersebut tinggi, menjadi zon pelaksanaan program bandar selamat di bawah pihak berkuasa tempatan, populasinya yang ramai dan pusat tumpuan segala aktiviti masyarakat. Zon yang terlibat terletak berhampiran pusat bandar raya. Seramai 384 orang responden terlibat dalam penyelidikan ini. Penggunaan soal selidik digunakan bagi menjawab objektif kajian dan data dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) melalui analisis frekuensi, crosstabs dan skor min. Dapatan kajian menjelaskan bahawa keterlibatan komuniti dalam memperkasakan BDH di zon black spot jenayah di Kota Kinabalu masih rendah. Oleh itu, pelbagai usaha dan mekanisme perlu dilaksanakan khususnya dalam agenda pemerkasaan komuniti secara komited dan konsisten. In achieving the efforts to create a safe and liveable city, several important elements need to be emphasized in realizing it. One of them is the urban community engagement element which is the agent of development and change to a dimension of space. Kota Kinabalu is a rapidly developing cityfrom various aspects such as economic, social, and physical and it encourages the desire of the community to migrate to urban areas either permanentlyor temporarily to meet the needs and survival. Thus, the migration of the community to Kota Kinabalu has contributed to the social and physicaldemands that lead to the issue of safety, comfort, and well-being of the community. Thus, in creating a livable city for the community, what aboutthe level of preparedness and community involvement to strengthen this effort at the local level. This study was conducted around Kota Kinabalu focusingon five criminal black spot zones which are around Sadong Jaya, Segama, Sinsuran, Sembulan, and Tanjung Aru. The justification for the relocation ofthis location is due to the high crime index in the area, being a safe urban program implementation zone under the local authorities, its large population, and the focus center of all community activities. The affected zones are located near the city centre. A total of 384 respondents were involved in this research. The use of a questionnaire is used to answer the objectives of the study and data is analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software through frequency analysis, crosstabs, and mean score. The findings explain that community involvement in empowering the livable city in the criminal black spot zone in Kota Kinabalu is still low. Therefore, various efforts and mechanisms should be implemented especially in the agenda of communityempowerment in a committed and consistent manner.

The tourism sector is the single largest contributor to the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are divided into three levels: micro, small and medium-sized - enterprises, in a programme initiated by the government to reduce poverty and cut the income gap between rural and urban residents. The involvement of SMEs in the tourism industry has contributed to the development of a competitive advantage for the tourism industry in Malaysia. SMEs are an important component of the Malaysian economy, accounting for more than a third of the total GDP and providing employment to more than seven million people. However, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a worldwide pandemic, it has radically changed the direction of the tourism sector in Malaysia, especially among the micro and small scale enterprises (SMEs). In an effort to slow the spread of the virus, numerous countries introduced and mandated the use of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) including hand washing and sanitisation, social distancing and social isolation. Furthermore, the government has introduced several policies, improved public health systems and closed borders. These developments have restricted and even banned international travel and domestic travel, resulting in severe negative effects on the tourism sector. This unforeseen shock, to the tourism and other sectors, has dragged on for more than 12 months. It has severely curtailed the growth of micro and small scale enterprises (SMEs), leaving many such enterprises on the brink of closure. This study examines the literature and critically reviews the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted SMEs. The methodology of this study uses the method of highlighting literature material systematically. A conceptual research method using secondary data was used in this study.

Community engagement and involvement is vital for the success of urban water management. However, poor public engagement, cheap water tariffs, apathetic attitude and lack of public interest are identified as the main reasons for high water wastage in Penang State, Malaysia. The N Park Resort Condominium rainfall harvesting and water saving project in Penang, Malaysia is a prime example of successful urban water management involving government, private sector, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and local communities. The N-Park condominium consisting of 965 units is the first condominium in the country to initiate a community water- saving project. Started in August 2009 and completed in December 2010, the project is jointly implemented by the Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) Malaysia (Government), Water Watch Penang (WWP) (NGO), N-Park Management Corporation (NPMC)(Community) and the Penang Water Supply Corporation (PWSC). The methodology involved installation of a rainwater harvesting system, installation of water-saving devices and a water-saving campaign. Results of the project showed that the rainwater harvesting system was most successful as the rainwater harvested was used for gardening, washing common areas and toilets, flushing toilets, and washing vehicles. The installation of water-saving devices was also successful as it resulted in substantial water savings. Results showed reduced total water usage from 8 to 25 % between September 2009 to March 2010. The greatest reduction by 50 % was between May and July 2011, followed by 47.5 % in January 2011. During the time of the project, the amount of water saved was equivalent to RM1,3971 in monetary savings per month. Over a year, this is translated to a savings of 16,818 m3 of water or the equivalent of RM 16,782. More recently, between February 2020 and April 2021, the average water saved was 5852 m3 per month or averaging 48.77 % per month, equivalent to about RM34,255. Results also showed enhanced water awareness and better relationships between neighbours. Overall, this project proved that collaboration between government-private sector-NGOs is workable, and the project can be replicated nation-wide in apartments, hotels, factories, universities, and schools.

The issue of tourist safety and security is not new, but studies on the awareness of female tourists on aspects of safety and security threats are still lacking and limited. Therefore, this article aims to (i) identify the types and factors of security threats that concern female tourists when traveling in a city and (ii) to examine their awareness of the safety aspects when traveling in the city. In the context of this study, the location chosen is the city of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. This study uses quantitative approach through distribution of questionnaires. To this end, 93 respondents were selected randomly from those involved in women's tourism in this city. The findings showed respondents were concerned about the threat of being threatened or robbed, followed by the threat of abduction and rape. Subsequently, there were two main factors that posed a threat to female tourists when travelling in the city, namely location factors and congestion of tourist areas. For situations that secure safety when traveling in the city, the mean score of ‘very high’ is when there is a presence of security officers or police on duty in tourist areas. Meanwhile, the situation that recorded a ‘low’ mean score was when walking in the tourist hotspot at night. For the aspect of female tourists’ awareness of the safety aspects when travelling, the mean score for ‘very high’ is on the statement 'I am more concerned with safety when travelling in a new place'. They also scared when approached by a beggar while on vacation in Kota Kinabalu. In summary, the findings of this study are important and relevant to the stakeholders who are directly involved in enhancing the safety features of the city which will ultimately increase the confidence of tourists especially women to travel with a sense of safety while enjoying Kota Kinabalu city.

Liminality is important in the tourism field to measure the tourist experience from their satisfaction, whether the actual reality experienced meets their expectations. Conceptual research method using secondary data are used in this study. This paper reviews some selected theories and models to comprehend more on the concept of liminality with tourism. For that, the theories and models that would be examined are Five Phases Tourism Model (1966), SERVQUAL Model (1988), Liminality Tourism Structure Model (2019) and Classical and Post-modern Liminality Comparative Theory (2016). The Five Phases Tourism Model is a model used to describe the experience in various phases: expectation, away trip, tourist destination, return trip, and memories, while a SERVQUAL Model is used to measure the quality of service. The Liminality Tourism Structure Model describes the tourist experience from various elements such as physical, social, and emotional. Finally, the Classical and Post-modern Liminality Comparative Theory compares the classical liminal experience of society in ancient times and the liminal experience of post-modern society. The literature review results show that the theories and models aid in explaining tourist experience using five phases and was influenced by several aspects. Thus, the combination of all these existing models related to liminality will help to understand tourists more deeply and measure the level of tourist satisfaction that are seen from their experience, expectation, and the actual reality being experienced by them.

Houseboats are one of the tourist attractions in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. Their unique services have not been documented much which prompted this study. The objectives of this study are (i) to identify the features of houseboats as tourist attractions in Tasik Kenyir, and (ii) to examine the characteristics of services offered by houseboat operators to tourists visiting the lake. The design of this study is exploratory and the approach used is qualitative through in-depth interviews supported by observation. Eight houseboat operators and workers were involved in the study as informants. The results showed that the features of houseboats are unique in that they have complete facilities like those found in a house. Among the facilities provided are a living room, bedrooms, kitchen area, toilet/bathroom, barbeque area, and provision of safety jackets. The services include the types of packages, rental price, booking mode, and duration of booking including houseboat services payment method. In summary, the fundamental study of houseboats as a tourist attraction in Tasik Kenyir is relevant for the purpose of documentation and as a reference to various parties such as tourism policymakers, houseboat operators and researchers.

Sistem perundangan tradisional dalam kalangan masyarakat orang asal merupakan sebuah peninggalan unik dari segi sistem kawalan sosial tingkah laku masyarakat serta banyak diamalkan dalam kalangan masyarakat peribumi di seluruh dunia. Mahkamah Anak Negeri di Sabah merupakan institusi kehakiman yang bertanggungjawab dalam menguruskan hal-hal perbicaraan yang berlaku dalam kalangan penduduk orang asal atau yang lebih dikenali sebagai Anak Negeri di negeri ini. Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk memberi gambaran secara lebih mendalam berkenaan latar belakang ataupun sorotan literatur berkenaan struktural ekosistem dan tadbir urus yang dilaksanakan khususnya di Mahkamah Anak Negeri Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan kualitatif sebagai metodologi kajian iaitu meruju dan menganalisis sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder dalam menghasilkan dapatan kajian. Antara dapatan kajian yang ditemui adalah penjelasan berkenaan struktural ekosistem Mahkamah Anak Negeri Sabah dan tadbir urus Mahkamah Anak Negeri Sabah pada masa kini. Misalnya, hasil daripada penelitian, didapati bahawa bidang tugas Ketua Kampung adalah agak banyak berbanding bidang tugas yang dipegang oleh perjawatan lain yang terdapat dalam struktur pentadbiran Mahkamah Anak Negeri di Sabah. Oleh itu, penelitian yang lebih menyeluruh dalam struktural ekosistem dan tadbir urus Mahkamah Anak Negeri adalah amat penting untuk memastikan fungsi Mahkamah Anak Negeri Sabah ini dapat dioptimumkan.

In driving sustainable tourism, the concept of carrying capacity in tourism needs to be applied. This concept of carrying capacity gives a comprehensive emphasis in the development of tourism whether in physical, social or economic aspects. If this concept is applied, it is in determining the situation in a tourist destination whether it is still in a state that can be accepted by the stakeholders in tourism, namely tourists, locals and tour operators. In this paper, emphasis is given to social carrying capacity in tourism which is one of the parts in tourism carrying capacity. This social capacity is the most difficult part to examine because it involves unequal perceptions and views from various parties. It involves interactions between tourists and tourists that cover issues of congestion and the quality of their tourism and interactions between tourists and locals or hosts that involve issues of their quality of life. Due to that, this social capacity is quite difficult to implement in some tourist areas.

Implementing effective leadership for special education requires a higher level of effort than educational leadership in the mainstream. As is well known, special education is a unique branch of education with its citizens consisting of special education teachers and students with diverse special needs. In addressing any problems in special education, leadership needs to exercise leadership more efficiently. As such, there are several things to avoid in the implementation of special education leadership. This study was conducted to explore certain aspects that should be avoided in implementing leadership in special education. This qualitative study uses interviews as a means of collecting data. A total of 20 special education teachers were involved in this study which was randomly selected in the district of BatuPahat, Johor, Malaysia. The findings of the study show that special education leaders need to avoid five things in their leadership namely biased, overly assertive, untrustworthy, autocratic and punitive. It is hoped that this brief study can help future researchers in conducting further research related to this issue.