Growing demand for sustainable, plant-based protein sources has stimulated interest in new ingredients for food enrichment. This study investigates the nutritional and digestive implications of enriching wheat dough with RuBisCO, in comparison to pea protein-enriched and gluten-enriched doughs. The protein quality and digestibility of these enriched doughs were analysed through dough characterization, in vitro digestion experiments and biochemical analysis of digesta. Our findings indicate that an enrichment at 10% of RuBisCO or pea proteins improves the chemical score and the in vitro PDCAAS (IV-PDCAAS) score of wheat dough as compared to the control dough. Digestibility assays suggest that RuBisCO introduction modifies the protein hydrolysis kinetics: the nitrogen release is lower during gastric digestion but larger during intestinal digestion than other samples. The analysis of the protein composition of the soluble and insoluble parts of digesta, using size-exclusion chromatography, reveals that the protein network in RuBisCO-enriched dough is more resistant to gastric hydrolysis than the ones of other doughs. Indeed, non-covalently bound peptides and disulfide-bound protein aggregates partly composed of RuBisCO subunits remain insoluble at the end of the gastric phase. The digestion of these protein structures is then mostly performed during the intestinal phase. These results are also discussed in relation to the digestive enzymatic cleavage sites, the presence of potential enzyme inhibitors, the protein aggregation state and the secondary structures of the protein network in each dough type.

The food transition towards an increased consumption of plant proteins aimed at limiting environmental impacts requires a diversification of plant protein sources. In this study, we explored the potentialities of the sustainable oilseed crop camelina to provide dietary proteins and to prepare oil-in-water emulsions. An innovative green refinery process, including the removal by ultrasound of the mucilage attached at the surface of the seeds and extraction by grinding in water at pH 8, was used to recover aqueous extracts containing camelina seed proteins. These proteins, mainly composed of the 11S globulin cruciferins and the 2S albumin napins, contained the nine essential amino acids of nutritional interest. Camelina seed proteins exhibited low solubility in the range of pH 5.5-2, attributed to the cruciferins. Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by camelina seed proteins revealed the preferential adsorption of napin at the oil/water interface and exhibited physical instability below pH 7. Homogenization of the whole aqueous extracts containing oil bodies (OBs) induced the adsorption of cruciferins and napins together with oleosins at the surface of homogenized OBs, and their sedimentation below pH 6.5. Camelina seed proteins adsorbed at the oil/water interface governed the surface properties of the oil droplets and homogenized OBs as well as the physical stability of the emulsions as a function of pH. This work brings new insights into the potentialities of camelina seed proteins recovered by aqueous extraction that may serve as natural plant-based functional ingredients in the food industry and that will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable plant-based food emulsions.

An amaranth beverage (AB) was subjected to a simulated process of dynamic gastrointestinal digestion DIDGI®, a simple two-compartment in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal digestion system. The structural changes caused to the proteins during digestion and the digesta inhibitory capacity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated. In gastric compartment the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was 14.7 ± 1.5 % and in the intestinal compartment, proteins were digests in a greater extent (DH = 60.6 ± 8.4 %). Protein aggregation was detected during the gastric phase. The final digesta obtained both at the gastric and intestinal level, showed ACE inhibitory capacity (IC50 80 ± 10 and 140 ± 20 μg/mL, respectively). Purified fractions from these digesta showed even greater inhibitory capacity, being eluted 2 (E2) the most active fraction (IC50 60 ± 10 μg/mL). Twenty-six peptide sequences were identified. Six of them, with potential antihypertensive capacity, belong to A. hypochondriacus, 3 agglutinins and 3 encrypted sequences in the 11S globulin. Results obtained provide new and useful information on peptides released from the digestion of an amaranth based beverage and its ACE bioactivity.

Calcium addition to soybean protein dispersions increases nutritional value but harms functional properties, such as protein solubility and colloidal stability. The high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment can reverse those effects. The aims of this work were to evaluate the influence of pH and protein and calcium concentration on HHP solubilizing/stabilizing effect and to characterize the physicochemical properties of HHP-stabilized species. Proteins without calcium addition were stabilized by HHP at both pHs. However, calcium-added proteins behaved differentially: at pH 5.9, the effect was verified only at low protein concentration, whereas at pH 7.0, the effect was verified under both assayed protein concentrations (5 and 10 g L−1) and with a higher magnitude in calcium-added samples. Moreover, at pH 7.0, the effect was independent of the order of calcium addition and HHP treatment, whereas at pH 5.9, the effect was smaller when calcium was added after HHP treatment. At both pHs, the solubilizing/stabilizing effect of HHP on soybean proteins seemed to be largely dependent on the decrease in the size of protein species. The smaller the size, the greater the amount of protein that remained in dispersion after intense centrifugation (10,000g, 20 min, 4 °C). Although the effect of HHP consisted, at least in part, of stabilizing insoluble protein, turbidity decreased in all samples after HHP treatment. By combining different levels of pH, calcium, and protein concentrations, translucent or turbid colloidal-stable dispersions can be obtained by HHP treatment.

Natural oil-in-water emulsions containing plant oil bodies (OBs), also called oleosomes, rich in health-promoting omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (0)3 PUFA) are of increasing interest for food applications. In this study, we focused on walnut kernel OBs (WK-OBs) and explored their microstructure, composition and physical stability in ionic environments as well as the impact of homogenization. A green process involving aqueous extraction by grinding of WK allowed the co-extraction of OBs and proteins, and centrifugation was used to recover the WK-OBs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed the spherical shape of WK-OBs with an oil core envelopped by a layer of phospholipids (0.16 % of lipids) and embedded proteins. Their mean diameter was 5.1 & PLUSMN; 0.3 & mu;m. The WK-OBs contained 70.1 % PUFA with 57.8 % 0)6 linoleic acid and 12.3 % 0)3 a-linolenic acid representing 68 % and 11.6 % of the total fatty acids in the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols (TAG), respectively. Trilinolein was the main TAG (23.1 %). The WK-OBs also contained sterols (1223 & PLUSMN; 33 mg/kg lipids; 86 % 8-sitosterol), carotenoids (0.62 & PLUSMN; 0.01 mg/kg lipids; 49.2 % 8-carotene), and tocopherols (322.7 & PLUSMN; 7.7 mg/kg lipids; 89 % y-tocopherol), confirming their interest as health-promoting ingredients. The decrease in the size of WK-OBs under high-pressure homogenization avoided phase separation upon storage. The anionic WK-OB surface at neutral pH was affected by stressful ionic environments (pH, NaCl, CaCl2), that induced ag-gregation of WK-OBs and decreased the physical stability of the emulsions. Emulsions containing WK-OBs are promising to diversify the market of the 0)3-rich plant-based food products and beverages.

Hen egg yolk is a natural supramolecular assembly of proteins and lipids with different organization levels: plasma and granules, which are natural nano- and micro- assemblies. Plasma contains a high quantity of lipids structured in nanometric lipoproteins (Low-Density Lipoproteins), whereas granules are mainly composed of proteins aggregated in micrometric assemblies. Thus, depending on medium conditions, these differences of composition and structures explain their specific functionalities (emulsifying, coagulating, and/or gelling properties) and their own sensibilities to thermo-mechanical treatments. This chapter reviews the composition and the different levels of organizations of egg yolk fractions, and explore the changes induced by external constraints, among which thermo-mechanical and high-pressure treatments, to better understand the importance of the different structures of egg yolk for the control of its properties.

Exploring and deciphering the biodiversity of oil bodies (OBs) recovered from oilseeds are of growing interest in the preparation of sustainable, natural and healthy plant-based food products. This study focused on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and camelina (Camelina sativa L.) seed OBs. A green refinery process including ultrasound to remove mucilage, aqueous extraction by grinding and centrifugation to recover OBs from the seeds was used. The microstructure, composition and physical stability of the OBs were examined. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that chia and camelina seed OBs are spherical assemblies coated by a layer of phospholipids and proteins, which have been identified by gel electrophoresis. The mean diameters determined by laser light scattering measurements were 2.3 and 1.6 µm for chia and camelina seed OBs, respectively. The chia and camelina seed OBs were rich in lipids and other bioactive components with, respectively, 64% and 30% α-linolenic acid representing 70% and 53% of the total fatty acids in the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols, 0.23% and 0.26% phospholipids, 3069 and 2674 mg/kg oil of β-sitosterol, and lipophilic antioxidants: 400 and 670 mg/kg oil of γ-tocopherol. Phenolic compounds were recovered from the aqueous extracts, such as rutin from camelina and caffeic acid from chia. Zeta-potential measurements showed changes from about −40 mV (pH 9) to values that were positive below the isoelectric points of pH 5.1 and 3.6 for chia and camelina seed OBs, respectively. Below pH 6.5, physical instability of the natural oil-in-water emulsions with aggregation and phase separation was found. This study will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable food products based on natural oil-in-water emulsions containing chia and camelina seed OBs for their nutritional and health benefits.

This study provides a detailed characterisation of a leaf protein concentrate (LPC) extracted from Cichorium endivia leaves using a pilot scale process. This concentrate contains 74.1% protein and is mainly composed of Ribulose-1,5-BISphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO). We show that the experimentally determined extinction coefficient (around 5.0 cm(-1) g(-1) L depending on the pH) and refractive index increment (between 0.27 and 0.39 mL g(-1)) are higher than the predicted ones (about 1.6 cm(-1) g(-1) L and 0.19 mL g(-1), respectively). In addition, the UV-visible absorption spectra show a maximum at 258 nm. These data suggest the presence of non-protein UV-absorbing species. Chromatographic separation of the concentrate components in denaturing conditions suggests that RuBisCO SC may be covalently bounded to few phenolic compounds. Besides, the sol-ubility of LPC proteins is higher than 90% above pH 6. Such high solubility could make LPC a good candidate as a functional food ingredient.

Consumer demands for healthier foods are constantly on the rise and results in the diversification of sources such as vegetable oils. Chia oil is a relevant source of alpha-linolenic acid. One of the targeted applications is the inclusion of chia oil in emulsified form in beverages where it is necessary to obtain stable submicron emulsions, acting as carrier of nutrients such as lipids. In the present work, high-pressure homogenization was employed to produce emulsions (10% chia oil) with small oil droplets (300 nm), formulated with different emulsifiers (beta-lacto-globulin (BLG), lecithin and Tween 80). These emulsions were submitted to a dynamic in vitro digestion (DIDGI) to better understand the main mechanisms involved in the process of lipolysis, in order to design systems that may allow the modulation of the digestive action of lipases, thus ensuring the maximum bioaccessibility of the lipids. This device mimics part of the transient biochemical conditions as well as the flow of foods through the different compartments occurring in the real digestion. Significant differences were observed in the lipolysis during the gastric phase. BLG emulsions reached a lipolysis degree of 30%. Lecithin-stabilized emulsions behave similarly to BLG ones during the first 90 min but lipolysis levelled off further similar to 20%. Finally, Tween-80-stabilized emulsions remained almost undigested (around 2%). No significant differences were noticed in duodenum and distal small intestine, irrespective of the emulsifier employed. After digestion, the fatty acid bioaccessibility was higher with BLG as emulsifier.

Hemp seed oil bodies (HSOBs) are of growing interest in response to the demand of consumers for healthy and natural plant-based food formulations. In this study, we used minimal processing including aqueous extraction by grinding and centrifugation to obtain HSOBs. We determined the lipid composition of HSBOs, their micro-structure, and the impact of the homogenization pressure, pH and minerals on their surface properties and the physical stability of the emulsions. HSOBs contain high levels of well-balanced PUFA with LA/ALA = 2.9, gamma-tocopherol, lutein and phytosterols. The mean diameter of HSOBs was 2.3 +/- 0.1 mu m with an isoelectric point in the range of pH 4.4 to 4.6. Homogenization of hemp seed extracts induced a decrease in the size of HSOBs but did not eliminate the sedimentation of the protein bodies composed of the globulin edestin. By changing the surface properties of HSOBs, pH values below 6 and NaCl induced the aggregation of HSOBs, while CaCl2 induced both aggregation and membrane-fusion mediated coalescence of HSOBs by involving probably the anionic phospholipids together with membrane proteins. This study will contribute to extend the range of novel food products and designed emulsions containing hemp seed proteins and oil bodies.

Rapeseed and sunflower meal are mainly used as animal feed but they can also be considered as a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds. However, the desolventization/toasting processes that are needed to produce these meals might influence concentration and chemical structure of phenolic compounds, and change their bioactive properties. Moreover, the recovery processes of these molecules from meals are based on the use of solvent that generates effluents and might affect the integrity of the other constituents of the meals. Knowing this, the PHENOLEO project, funded by the SAS PIVERT, was a research program based on the biorefinery of rapeseed and sunflower meals that aimed to develop new routes of valorization of these materials mostly by the separation and valorization of their simple phenolic compounds. Thus, we decided to focus this study on the impact of the desolventization process on the biochemical composition of meals, the separation process of their simple phenolic compounds, the production of phenolic acids from meals and the potential valorization routes of the phenolic fraction.

Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), a leaf protein, has an interesting amino acid profile and promising functional properties. Incorporated in wheat-based products, it would increase their protein content and improve their essential amino acid profile, particularly lysine. The impact of rubisco enrichment on wheat dough mechanical properties and protein-protein interactions was investigated using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis and Size-Exclusion chromatography, respectively. Experiments were also performed on gluten and pea protein enriched doughs as a comparison. Wheat doughs with increasing concentrations of rubisco, gluten or pea proteins (from 0 to 33% of total proteins) were prepared using a 2 g-mixograph at constant hydration. In contrast to pea proteins and gluten, rubisco does not reduce dough stiffening during heating, probably due to its own reactivity to temperature and to low competition with starch for water. Detailed analysis of protein interactions showed that rubisco is part of the gluten network formed during dough mixing through the establishment of weak and disulphide bonds. In addition, rubisco subunits form new covalent bonds during the heat treatment thereby increasing the concentration of SDS insoluble high molecular weight aggregates. These results suggest that rubisco actively participates in the formation of the dough protein network. The colocation of gluten and rubisco proteins on micrographs supports the hypothesis that they form a co-protein network.

Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid provided exclusively by the diet, that has protective functions and beneficial effects on human health. Supplementation in lutein is necessary to reach the recommended daily dietary intake. However, the introduction of lutein into foods and beverages is a real challenge since this lipophilic nutrient has a poor aqueous solubility and a low bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the capacity of egg-sphingomyelin (ESM) vesicles called sphingosomes to solubilise lutein into the bilayers. The thermal and structural properties of ESM bilayers were examined in presence of various amounts of lutein by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-controlled X-ray diffraction (XRD), the structures of sphingosomes and lutein crystals were observed by microscopic techniques. ESM bilayers were in the fluid L-alpha phase above the phase transition temperature T-m = 39.6 degrees C and in the lamellar ripple P-beta' phase below T-m where ESM sphingosomes exhibited ondulations and were facetted. Lutein molecules were successfully incorporated into the ESM bilayers where they induced a structural disorganisation. For ESM/lutein 90/10 %mol (91.8/8.2 %wt; 89 mg lutein / g ESM), lutein partitioning occured with the formation of lutein crystals in the aqueous phase together with lutein-loaded ESM vesicles. This study highlighted the capacity of new lipid carriers such as egg-sphingosomes to solubilise lutein and opens perspectives for the formulation of effective lutein-fortified functionnal foods and beverages providing health benefits.

Pulses are essential for the sustainability transition of agrifood system. Their nutritional values allow animalbased protein intake reduction and contribute to healthy diets. Moreover, increasing their cultivation reduces fertilizers' uses and so, greenhouse gases emissions. But in high-income countries, and particularly in Europe, pulses consumption is very low. Previous works explained the mechanisms that led to a strong lock-in on pulses compared to the development of major crops, calling for stronger research and innovation to develop alternative food based on pulses. Food innovation remains strongly linked to the scientific knowledge and understanding how research output could sustain food innovation dynamics for sustainability is challenging. Mobilising scientometrics, STS Science and Technology Studies(STS) and Food Sciences and Technology(FST) scholars, the aim of this interdisciplinary study is to conduct a first map of the pulses FST. Describing what are the main issues tackled by FST on pulses will give to stakeholders a better understanding of the opportunities and expectations that could emerge in the development of a new food industry sector on pulses, as it will help academic research to identify specific field of interest to invest into. We considered 16 main pulses to build a dataset of more than 2,000 scholarly publications including at least one European author(articles, book, book chapters, and reviews) between 1980 and 2018, retrieved from the Web of Knowledge(Clarivate Analytics). Based on natural language processing clusterisation method we defined the main research themes structuring of the FST on pulses. We show that pulses have become a specific subfield of interest for FST in Europe, organized around of a great variety of subjects, and we focus on identifying the current gaps and opportunities to question science and innovation policies for pulses.

Grain-legume crops are important for ensuring the sustainability of agrofood systems. Among them, pulse production is subject to strong lock-in compared to soya, the leading worldwide crop. To unlock the situation and foster more grain-legume crop diversity, scientific research is essential for providing new knowledge that may lead to new development. Our study aimed to evaluate whether research activity on grain-legumes is also locked in favor of soya. Considering more than 80 names grouped into 19 main grain-legume species, we built a dataset of 107,823 scholarly publications (articles, book, and book chapters) between 1980 and 2018 retrieved from the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) reflecting the research activity on grain-legumes. We delineated 10 scientific themes of interest running the gamut of agrofood research (e.g., genetics, agronomy, and nutrition). We indexed grain-legume species, calculated the percentage of records for each one, and conducted several analyses longitudinally and by country. Globally, we found an unbalanced research output: soya remains the main crop studied, even in the promising field of food sciences advanced by FAO as the “future of pulses”. Our results raise questions about how to align research priorities with societal demand for more crop diversity.

Acid milk gels with fat (3.5 or 10%) or without fat containing 0.2-1% of whey proteins (WP) or 0.2-1.5% of protein aggregates (fractal aggregates, microgels and mixed casein/WP aggregates with an 80/20 ratio) were investigated. The fat-containing systems were homogenized and the systems were preheated (90 degrees C, 11 min) and acidified to a pH of 4.6 by adding glucono-delta-lactone. The protein composition of the fat droplet interface was characterized by SDS-PAGE and the textural and rheological properties, microstructure, and whey separation of acid networks were determined. WP and fractal aggregates showed the best ability to improve the textural properties and microstructure of all acid milk gels and reduce whey separation. Increasing the concentrations in microgels and mixed aggregates did not lead to an increase in gel firmness or generate a strong impact on the protein network, but a high concentration in mixed aggregates could reduce whey separation. The fat droplet interface was made almost exclusively of caseins, even if the fractal aggregates could also be adsorbed when the interfacial surface was increased either through fat content or through an increase in homogenization pressure. Adding proteins changes the textural properties of the acid gels in all the systems, mainly due to their role in the continuous phase.

Malgre un elan positif mondial favorisant la consommation des legumineuses, le contexte francais reste complique avec une crise de la production et une fermeture de marches historiques, bien qu’opportunistes, en alimentation humaine. L’interprofession Terres Univia a souhaite mieux caracteriser les connaissances scientifiques mondiales concernant le debouche alimentation humaine pour ces graines. Terres Univia a donc mene le projet BIPROL en collaboration avec l’INRA et Orchidali dans le but d’evaluer les niveaux de connaissance et d’identifier les sujets investis et emergeants sur le pois, le lupin, la feverole et le soja, legumineuses les plus cultivees en France, pour une utilisation en alimentation humaine, de mieux apprehender les verrous et opportunites pour chacune d’entre elles, et in fine d’en degager des pistes de recherche et thematiques a developper par la filiere. Une analyse bibliometrique de plus de 11000 articles scientifiques publies au niveau mondial entre 2000 et 2016 a permis d’explorer la place de ces legumineuses en termes de nombre de publications, d’evolution temporelle et de repartition des especes selon quatre domaines (procedes de transformation/technologies, nutrition/sante, allergenicite, proprietes sensorielles/ acceptabilite consommateur); et d’evaluer la place de la France et de l’Europe dans l’acquisition de connaissances sur ces thematiques, au regard de la production de ces graines et de leur consommation.