This observational longitudinal study examined the impact of six contextual on the match demands of professional soccer players using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data were collected from 17 male players across 37 official matches (September 2023-May 2024) of a Tier 3 Spanish team, utilizing 10 Hz GPS units. PCA, combined with hierarchical cluster analysis, effectively reduced the 17 initial external load metrics to eight representative variables, optimizing relevant information and minimizing redundancy inherent in performance monitoring systems. Six contextual factors (match outcome, location, player position, goal difference, halftime score evolution, and competitive block) were analyzed for their influence using ANOVA. Results indicated that player position was the most influential variable (p ≤ 0.001, large effect sizes), significantly affecting all external load metrics, with distinct profiles for forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Specifically, forwards excelled in high-intensity actions; midfielders recorded higher values in medium-intensity distances and decelerations, while defenders consistently exhibited the lowest overall physical demands. Match location significantly influenced high-intensity distance and decelerations (higher at home, small effect sizes). The competitive block showed a significant effect only on low-intensity distance, peaking during intermediate periods, suggesting that effective load management strategies mitigated fluctuations in high-intensity activity. Conversely, match outcome, goal difference, and score difference evolution had no significant effects on most physical demands. This study confirms player position as the predominant contextual factor and highlights the utility of PCA in refining load monitoring. Practical applications include individualized training regimens tailored to positional demands and optimized monitoring strategies for efficient performance analysis.

Purpose Firms operating in dynamic and innovation-driven environments face mounting pressure to align strategic intent with adaptable business models (BMs). Yet translating business strategies (BSs) into concrete BM transformations remains a persistent challenge. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes a conceptual approach that models BSs as systematic structural modifications, building on recent advances in BM innovation that adopt an operator-based design logic. The approach unfolds in three steps: establishing a baseline “Seed BM,” selecting BSs for integration and applying restructuring and specialization operators to capture their structural effects. A stylized illustration involving a delivery firm, DeliExpress, demonstrates the framework’s ability to visualize, compare and communicate how alternative strategies reshape components, channels and activities within a consistent representation. Findings This study shows that the proposed approach provides decision-makers with a structured method to embed strategic choices into BM design, enabling clearer assessment of trade-offs, comparability of alternatives and improved communication across stakeholders. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in formalizing BS integration as operator-driven BM transformations, thereby bridging the gap between abstract strategic intent and operational execution. While conceptual and demonstrated through a hypothetical case, the framework highlights avenues for empirical validation and broader application across industries. It offers practical implications by equipping managers with a visual and systematic decision-support tool and research implications by extending the strategic management literature with a theory-informed mechanism to operationalize the BS–BM relationship.

The aim of the study was to analyse the dates of birth of 36,268 football players with a federation licence registered on 1 January 2025, corresponding to 350 teams from the different youth football divisions of the football federation of Castilla y Le & oacute;n (RFCyLF) in order to observe the relative age effect (RAE). The player's date of birth was classified into quarters (T1, T2,T3 and T4), four-month periods (C1, C2 and C3) and semesters (S1 and S2). The RAE was analysed based on the type of category according to sex (Mixed, Male and Female), age (Debutante, Prebenjam & iacute;n, Benjam & iacute;n, Alev & iacute;n, Infantil, Cadete and Juvenil), competition level (Provincial or Regional) and the combination of these factors. The Chi-square test (chi(2)) was applied to analyse differences between observed and expected frequencies. Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated to assess the association between the different time groups. The results show an overrepresentation of players participating in the RFCyLF born in the first months of the year compared to those born in the last months, regardless of sex. This overrepresentation is more evident in younger age categories (Debutantes, Prebenjam & iacute;n and Benjam & iacute;n) and in male regional categories

This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to update the analysis of the available body of peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) articles on the effect of plyometric jump training (PJT) on physical performance in female soccer players according to competitive level. Six databases (PubMed, Medline, Collection of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, CINAHL Complete, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. The PRISMA, TESTEX, RoB 2, and GRADE instruments were utilized to assess methodological quality and certainty of evidence. Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) for physical performance variables were calculated using both fixed and random-effects models. Subgroup analysis were conducted based on competitive level (amateur/professional), program duration, training frequency, and total number of sessions. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42025634705). Fourteen RCTs were included, with 149 participants in 15 experimental groups and 139 in 14 control groups. Several meta-analysis were conducted, revealing significant improvements in countermovement jump (p = 0.07; ES = 0.59), squat jump (p = 0.00; ES = 0.76), drop jump (p = 0.01; ES = 1.65), maximum jump power (p = 0.00, ES = 0.85), Illinois test (p = 0.00, ES = 1.15), 20-m shuttle run test (p = 0.13, ES = 1.12), and ball kicking (p = 0.00; ES = 1.30). Subgroup studies revealed that PJT was more effective in professional soccer players than in amateur players (p = 0.03, ES = 0.54). Interventions with fewer than 16 sessions (p = 0.003, ES = 0.52), more than 6 weeks in duration (p = 0.05, ES = 1.42), and fewer than 2 sessions per week (p = 0.005, ES = 0.50) resulted in a significant improvement in countermovement jump. In conclusion, PJT significantly improved jump height, agility, speed lineal and kicking power tests in female soccer players.Systematic Review RegistrationCRD42025634705.

Objective: To analyze the effect of activation through bilateral or unilateral strength and plyometric exercises on horizontal jump performance. Methodology: The study involved 15 highly trained male soccer players (age, 24.7 ± 3.1 years; height, 181.2 ± 4.7 cm; weight, 79.7 ± 3.4 kg) from the same team competing in the national league. Their regular training routine consisted of 4 sessions and 1 competitive match per week. Participants performed 1 control protocol (CON) and 3 activation protocols following a counterbalanced design based on specific soccer exercises (SIN), bilateral (BIL), and unilateral (UNI) strength and plyometric exercises. After each protocol, players underwent the horizontal jump test (HZB). Results: The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant positive effects on HZB for the SIN (p<0.01; diff = 2.95(2.00) %), BIL(p<0.01; diff = 3.22(2.61) %), and UNI (p<0.01; diff = 6.80(3.40) %) protocols compared to CON. Furthermore, HZB was significantly higher after the UNI protocol than after SIN (p<0.01; diff = 3.74(2.62) %) and BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.47(1.94) %). Individual response analysis reflected positive effects on HZB for SIN, BIL, and UNI compared to CON, while 89 % of players showed better HZB performance after UNI than after BIL. Conclusions: Activation incorporating unilateral strength and plyometric stimuli has a greater positive effect on horizontal jump capacity than activation involving general, soccer-specific, and bilateral exercises.

Understanding Business Models (BMs) has become an essential capability for organizations seeking to drive growth, revitalize a lagging core or defend against industry disruption. However, this concept still has multiple interpretations, as it is often intertwined with others, like business strategy (BS), making it difficult for stakeholders to understand and re-design their own BMs. In fact, current tools including taxonomies, have encountered difficulties in providing mechanisms to guide this process. Seeking to contribute with the strengthening of the theoretical basis and with tools to transform BMs, in this work, we follow a Design Science Research (DSR) approach to provide a theoretical foundation for the concepts of BM, Business Model Patterns (BMPs), and BS under a formal conceptual representation. In doing so, we propose a language to describe a BM and we introduce a set of mechanisms to transform BMs. Finally, we provide a collection of BMPs that serve as the foundation for the application of these mechanisms. Thus, we aim to contribute to the development of a solid knowledge base to be used as a source of inspiration when restructuring, specializing, or creating new BMs.

Objective: To analyze the effect of activation through bilateral or unilateral strength and plyometric exercises on horizontal jump performance. Methodology: The study involved 15 highly trained male soccer players (age, 24.7 +/- 3.1 years; height, 181.2 +/- 4.7 cm; weight, 79.7 +/- 3.4 kg) from the same team competing in the national league. Their regular training routine consisted of 4 sessions and 1 competitive match per week. Participants performed 1 control protocol (CON) and 3 activation protocols following a counterbalanced design based on specific soccer exercises (SIN), bilateral (BIL), and unilateral (UNI) strength and plyometric exercises. After each protocol, players underwent the horizontal jump test (HZB). Results: The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant positive effects on HZB for the SIN (p<0.01; diff = 2.95(2.00) %), BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.22(2.61) %), and UNI (p<0.01; diff = 6.80(3.40) %) protocols compared to CON. Furthermore, HZB was significantly higher after the UNI protocol than after SIN (p<0.01; diff = 3.74(2.62) %) and BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.47(1.94) %). Individual response analysis reflected positive effects on HZB for SIN, BIL, and UNI compared to CON, while 89 % of players showed better HZB performance after UNI than after BIL. Conclusions: Activation incorporating unilateral strength and plyometric stimuli has a greater positive effect on horizontal jump capacity than activation involving general, soccer-specific, and bilateral exercises.

In the dynamic Industry 4.0 landscape, organizations aim to enhance economic performance and sustainability. Business Model Innovation (BMI) plays a vital role, enabling firms to integrate disruptive technologies and maintain competitiveness. However, current BMI research mostly focuses on static Business Models (BMs), neglecting the dynamic interactions between BMs components. However, dynamic BM analysis is critical in the era of Industry 4.0 as it is a valuable decision-making tool supporting strategic planning in complex BMs. In this work, we propose a novel approach to conceptualize dynamic BM scenarios through a metamodel. Then, we present a model to demonstrate the use of our approach in the context of Industry 4.0. Finally, we discuss the practical implications that our proposal has on equipping firms with mechanisms to foster innovation and adaptability and respond to market volatility and competition.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de la demarcación de los jugadores en el terreno de juego (defensa, centrocampista, delantero), la localización (local vs visitante) y el resultado obtenido (ganar, perder, empatar) sobre las acciones técnicas, a través de la técnica Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Se registraron datos de 27 partidos oficiales disputados por un equipo profesional. Las variables utilizadas fueron, i) ofensivas: pases (PAS), regates (REG) y tiros (TIR) y ii) defensivas: interceptaciones (INT), duelos aéreos (DAE) y despejes (DES). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en todas las demandas técnicas atendiendo a la demarcación. Defensa fue la que menor número de REG y TIR realizó, y la que más acciones de DAE y DES. Los centrocampistas, fueron los que obtuvieron un mayor número de PAS y menos DAE. Los delanteros fueron los que menos acciones de PAS, INT e DES ejecutaron, obteniendo el mayor recuento en REG y TIR. Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas en INT cuando se analizó la influencia de la localización del partido, obteniéndose valores superiores como visitante. El equipo presentó valores superiores en PAS, TIR, INT y DAE cuando consiguió la victoria. Con derrota se realizaron un mayor número de DES que con victoria o empate. Recomendamos a los entrenadores programar sus entrenamientos potenciando con los DEF acciones de DES y DAE, con los CEN, de PAS y TIR y con los DEL, de TIR y REG. Dentro de un deporte de alta complejidad como el fútbol sugerimos a los entrenadores considerar a las variables DAE, INT, PAS y TI, como acciones técnicas a potenciar en los entrenamientos debido a su relación e influencia sobre la consecución de una victoria durante los partidos de competición. Palabras clave: Fútbol, match analysis, técnica, análisis de componentes principales, indicadores de rendimiento. Abstract. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the demarcation of the players on the field of play (defence, midfielder, forward), the location (home vs. away) and the result obtained (win, lose, draw) on the technical actions, through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique. Data were recorded from 27 official matches played by a professional team. The variables used were, i) offensive: passes (PAS), dribbles (REG) and shots (TIR) ​​and ii) defensive: interceptions (INT), aerial duels (DAE) and clearances (DES). The results showed significant differences in all technical demands depending on the demarcation. Defense was the one that carried out the least number of REG and TIR, and the one that carried out the most DAE and DES actions. The midfielders were the ones who obtained the highest number of PAS and the least DAE. The forwards were the ones who executed the fewest PAS, INT and DES actions, obtaining the highest count in REG and TIR. Significant differences were only found in INT when the influence of the location of the match was analyzed, obtaining higher values ​​as a visitor. The team presented higher values ​​in PAS, TIR, INT and DAE when it achieved victory. With defeat, a greater number of DES were carried out than with victory or draw. We recommend that coaches program their training by enhancing the actions of DES and DAE with the DEF, with the CEN, with PAS and TIR, and with the DEL, with TIR and REG. Within a highly complex sport such as football, we suggest that coaches consider the variables DAE, INT, PAS and TI, as technical actions to enhance in training due to their relationship and influence on achieving a victory during soccer matches. competition. Key words: soccer, match analysis, technique, principal component analysis, performance indicators

ChatGPT is an advanced large language model (LLM) capable of generating code to solve specific problems when presented with carefully designed prompts, among other capabilities. The existence of ChatGPT raises signifi-cant questions regarding teaching practices and evaluations within the dis-cipline. If ChatGPT can effectively solve exercises assigned to students, it prompts a reevaluation of the skills and knowledge that we teach and eval-uate. The objective of this paper is to assess the proficiency of ChatGPT in solving exercises commonly encountered in a CS1 course. This serves as an initial step in exploring the implications of ChatGPT for computer science education. By examining ChatGPT’s performance and comparing it with real students, we aim to gain insights into its capabilities and limitations. Our evaluation encompasses a comprehensive examination of 125 problems specifically designed for CS1-level learners. The experiment revealed that ChatGPT successfully solved approximately 60% of the provided prob-lems. Subsequently, we conducted a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the problems that ChatGPT could not solve, aiming to gain a deeper un-derstanding of the nuances that make them challenging for LLMs. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the integration of AI-based tools, such as ChatGPT, in computer science education, and high-lights the need for a reevaluation of educational objectives and methods employed in traditional educational institutions.

El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de la edad sobre las demandas físicas y fisiológicas de juegos reducidos con diferente espacio de interacción individual. Treinta jugadores de edad sub-12 (U12: n=10; edad, 11.2  0.8 años; altura, 145.4  6.4 cm; masa corporal, 37.5  3.9 kg), sub-14 (U14: n=10; edad, 13.5  0.6 años; altura, 163.7  5.9 cm; masa corporal, 51.5  6.2 kg) y sub-16 (U16: n=10; edad, 15.8  0.4 años; altura, 172.8  7.3 cm; masa corporal, 61.2  9.3 kg) participaron en el estudio. Se analizaron juegos reducidos (JR) de 5 vs 5, realizados con espacio de interacción individual (EII) pequeño = 50 m2 (JRp), medio = 100m2 (JRm) y grande = 150 m2 (JRg). La demanda física se obtuvo con GPS registrando la distancia recorrida, la carga neuromuscular y el desplazamiento en rangos de velocidad. La carga fisiológica se obtuvo con 3 zonas de intensidad a partir de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmax): Z1 < 80% FCmax, Z2 = 80-90% FCmax y Z3 > 90% FCmax. Los U12 recorrieron significativamente menos distancia que U14 (p < 0.05) y U16 (p < 0.05) en todos los formatos. En JRm el desplazamiento a alta velocidad fue significativamente mayor en U16 que en U14 (p = 0.000) y U12 (p = 0.000). En U12 a medida que el EII era mayor se incrementaban de forma significativa Z3 (JRp vs JRm: p = 0.001; JRp vs JRg: p = 0.001; JRm vs JRg: p = 0.000). El EII provoca un estímulo diferente en los futbolistas según la edad.

Purpose This paper aims to propose a conceptualization of the supply chain resilience domain using conceptual modelling techniques formalized through a metamodel and illustrated through an example. Design/methodology/approach This research uses conceptual modelling techniques to build and modularize the metamodel, the latter to manage complexity. The metamodel was built iteratively and subsequently instantiated with an example of a yogurt factory to analyse its usefulness and theoretical relevance, and thus its contributions to the domain. Findings Conceptual modelling techniques can represent a complex domain such as supply chain resilience simply, and the proposed metamodel makes it possible to create models that become valuable decision support tools. Originality/value Consolidation and structuring of concepts in the supply chain resilience domain through conceptual modelling techniques.

The aim was to analyze the effect of age on the physical and physiological demands of small games with different individual interaction spaces. Thirty players under-12 (U12: n=10; age, 11.2 +/-0.8 years; height, 145.4 +/-6.4 cm; body mass, 37.5 +/-3.9 kg), under-14 (U14: n=10; age, 13.5 +/-0.6 years; height, 163.7 v 5.9 cm; body mass, 51.5 +/-6.2 kg) and under-16 (U16: n=10; age, 15.8 +/-0.4 years; height, 172.8 +/-7.3 cm; body mass, 61.2 +/-9.3 kg) participated in the study. Sided games (SG) of 5 vs 5 with individual interaction space (IIS) small = 50 m2 (SGs), medium = 100 m2 (SGm) and large = 150 m2 (SGl) were performed. The physical demand was obtained with GPS recording the total distance, the neuromuscular load and the distance in speed ranges. The physiological load was obtained with 3 intensity zones from the maximum heart rate (HRmax): Z1 < 80% HRmax, Z2 = 80-90% HRmax and Z3 > 90% HRmax. The U12 covered significantly less distance than U14 (p < 0.05) and the U16 (p < 0.05) in all formats. In SGm the distance at high speed was significantly greater in U16 than in U14 (p = 0.000) and U12 (p = 0.000). In U12, a higher IIS corresponds to a significant increase in Z3 (SGs vs SGm: p = 0.001; SGs vs SGl: p = 0.001; SGm vs SGl: p = 0.000). The IIS causes a different stimulus in soccer players according to age.

PurposeNumerous challenges in education emerge as our technology-driven society rapidly evolves and manifests more exigent requirements from engineering professionals. Higher education, nonetheless, seems to adapt to such requirements at an unequal speed, generating some tensions between industry and higher education institutions. The purpose of this paper is to share the experiences obtained through a process of assessment and redesign of a large enrollment course of programming from which the authors developed a systematic approach for course design/redesign.Design/methodology/approachA mixed method approach was deployed for data gathering and evaluation, consisting of close-ended surveys, open-ended questionnaires, information matrices and state of the art compilation. Triangulation of the information offered clear data about the necessity of curriculum redesign; therefore, a new programming course curriculum encompassed with relevant necessities in engineering and science was developed.FindingsThe authors produced a coherent and dynamic systematic path for assessment and design/redesign of course curriculum, which the authors find extremely helpful to improve negotiation processes inside higher education institutions, as it can be implemented to improve any large enrollment course curricula in engineering and science.Research limitations/implicationsBy following the systematic path for assessment and design/redesign of curricula the authors developed, higher education systems could embark more efficiently in the ever-challenging process of adapt their courses and programs to tackle the upcoming demands of our society.Originality/valueSo far, a systematic path for assessment and design/redesign of course curriculum was not published, and it supports the improvement of pedagogical approaches in academic institutions.

The aim of the study was to analyze variations in performance and subjective perception of well-being in youth soccer players between menstrual (FM), follicular (FF) and luteal (FL) phases.Twelve female soccer players participated (age, 16.18 ± 1.68 years; height, 164 ± 7.27 cm; body mass, 61.90 ± 6.37 kg), all with 4 years of competitive experience, and 3.1 ± 1 years with a regular menstrual cycle.The maximum speed in 40-m, ability to change direction (25-m with 5 changes of direction of 45º every 5 m), explosive strength of the lower limbs with dominant, non-dominant, bipodal leg and vertical jump height were evaluated using Squat Jump into each phase, along with the Hooper's subjective well-being questionnaire.No differences between menstrual phases were obtained in any performance outcome, sleep, fatigue, stress, or muscle pain (all p> 0.05).However, a lower (worse) general wellbeing (p <0.01) was noted during FM and FL compared to FF. Youth female soccer players well-being perception between menstrual phases provides relevant information to take into account by practitioners working with such athletes.

Background:Youth female soccer players require high muscular power to overcome their opponents. Jump training can facilitate improvements in muscular power as has been demonstrated in youth male soccer players. However, studies in female players are comparatively scarce.Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a jump-training program, as compared to soccer training alone, on the physical fitness of youth female soccer players.Methods:Fourteen physically active youth female soccer players (age: 16.0±2.2 years) were randomly divided into a jump-training group (n=8) or control group (n=6). Before and after a 4-week intervention period, the players were assessed with a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, multiple 4-bounds test (4BT), a 20-m sprint, maximal kicking velocity (MKV) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1; Yo-Yo IR1).Results:No significant changes in any of the dependent variables were noted in the control group, although small effect sizes were observed in CMJ (ES=0.33) and 4BT (ES=0.27). In contrast, the jump training group achieved significant improvements in CMJ (p=0.001; ES=0.85), 4BT (p=0.002; ES=1.01) and MKV (p=0.027; ES=0.77), with small to medium effect sizes observed in the 20-m sprint (p=0.069; ES=0.59) and Yo-Yo IR1 (p=0.299; ES=0.20) tests.Conclusion:Compared to regular soccer training that induced only small improvements in CMJ and 4BT, a jump training intervention resulted in small to large improvements in the physical fitness of youth female soccer players with changes seen in CMJ, 4BT, 20-m sprint, MKV, and Yo-Yo IR1.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la carga externa de las sesiones de un microciclo de entrenamiento en un equipo de fútbol semiprofesional, teniendo en cuenta el rol del jugador durante la competición y la localización del partido. Dieciocho futbolistas que competían en la tercera división española fueron monitorizados mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global durante siete microciclos compuestos por cinco sesiones categorizadas en función de su situación respecto al día de partido (DP). Los datos fueron analizados en función de la condición de titular o suplente del jugador, así como de la condición de local o visitante. Las variables de carga externa utilizadas fueron la distancia total (DREL), la distancia a esprint (DE), a alta (DAV), media (DMV) y baja velocidad (DBV), expresada en función del tiempo de sesión, junto con el número de aceleraciones por minuto (ACC n/10). La carga externa fue mayor en DP+1 (p < .01) para los jugadores suplentes (DE, DAV y ACC) y en DP-1 (p < .05 y p < .01) para los titulares (DREL, DE y DAV). Por otra parte, en las sesiones centrales del microciclo, la carga (DP-4: DREL, DE y DAV; DP-3: DREL, DE y DMV; DP-2: DREL, DMV y DBV) fue mayor (p < .05 y p < .01) cuando el equipo jugaba de local que cuando lo hacía como visitante. Los hallazgos de esta investigación son relevantes para programar el proceso de entrenamiento y las estrategias de recuperación postcompetición.

El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de diferentes tipos de feedback sobre variables psicológicas y de rendimiento en función de la percepción del deportista de la competencia del entrenador. Se realizó un estudio de caso con 33 futbolistas asignados aleatoriamente a tres condiciones experimentales (feedback positivo, negativo y ausencia de feedback). Se midieron velocidad y precisión de lanzamientos a portería, valoración de competencia, competencia percibida, motivación autónoma y vitalidad subjetiva. Se empleó un nivel ? de 0,05 para los análisis. El grupo feedback positivo exhibió niveles más altos de valoración de competencia, competencia percibida, motivación autónoma y bienestar, que los de feedback negativo y ausencia de feedback, en sujetos con alta percepción de competencia del entrenador. Este efecto no se observó en aquellos con baja percepción de competencia del entrenador. La percepción del jugador sobre la competencia del entrenador podría ser un factor en la modulación de las diferencias generadas en cuanto al tipo de feedback.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el valor de mercado (VM) de futbolistas profesionales de las 5 mejores ligas europeas de fútbol. Se analizó el efecto de las variables independientes sobre el VM de los futbolistas, mediante una ANOVA con un nivel de significación de p <0.01. Los futbolistas de la Premier League (PL) mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los de otras ligas. Los futbolistas extranjeros mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los futbolistas nacionales. Los futbolistas entre 21-30 años mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los <21 y > 30 años. Los delanteros y centrocampistas, mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los porteros y los laterales. Los futbolistas que representaron a sus países en partidos internacionales mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los que no lo hicieron. Los futbolistas de formación juvenil en clubes de la PL y La Liga (LL) mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los futbolistas de otros clubes. En conclusión, factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos afectan el VM de los futbolistas. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden ser útiles para los directores deportivos en el proceso de selección de futbolistas profesionales. The objective of this study was analysed to the market value (MV) of professional soccer players from Top-5 European Soccer Leagues. An ANOVA analysed the effect of the independent variables on the MV of the soccer players, with p<0.01. Soccer players from the Premier League (PL) showed greater MV compared to other leagues. Foreign soccer players showed greater MV compared to national soccer players. Soccer players between 21-30 years showed greater MV compared to those <21 and >30 years. Forward and midfielders showed greater MV compared to goalkeepers and backs. Soccer players that represented their countries at international matches showed greater MV compared to those that did not. The soccer players with a youth background formation in their clubs in the Premier League and La Liga showed greater MV compared to soccer players coming from other clubs. In conclusion, intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect the MV of soccer players. Research results may be useful to the sport managers in the selection of professional soccer players. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o valor de mercado (VM) de jogadores de futebol profissional das 5 melhores ligas europeias de futebol. O efeito das variáveis independentes sobre a VM dos futebolistas foi analisado por meio de uma ANOVA com nível de significância de p <0,01. Os jogadores de futebol da Premier League (PL) apresentaram MV mais alto em comparação com os de outras ligas. Os jogadores de futebol estrangeiros apresentaram VM superior em comparação aos jogadores de futebol nacionais. Jogadores de futebol entre 21-30 anos apresentaram maior VM em comparação com aqueles com <21 e> 30 anos. Os atacantes e meio-campistas mostraram maior VM em relação aos goleiros e laterais. Os jogadores de futebol que representaram seus países em jogos internacionais apresentaram maior MV em comparação com aqueles que não o fizeram. Jogadores de futebol em formação de jovens em clubes da PL e La Liga (LL) apresentaram maior VM em comparação com jogadores de futebol de outros clubes. Em conclusão, fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos afetam a VM dos jogadores de futebol. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser úteis para dirigentes esportivos no processo de seleção de jogadores profissionais de futebol.

PurposeThis study compares the effects of 6 weeks of pre-season cardiopulmonary- vs. neuromuscular-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in female basketball players’ physical fitness.MethodsOverall, 16 female regional-level U19 basketball players were randomly allocated to a cardiopulmonary-based HIIT (C-HIIT) group (n = 8; age: 17.9 ± 0.6 years; height: 175.4 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 68.1 ± 7.2 kg) or a neuromuscularbased HIIT (N-HIIT) group (n = 8; age: 18.0 ± 0.4 years; height: 175.6 ± 3.6 cm; body mass: 69.8 ± 5.0 kg). At the PRE-, MID- (3 weeks), and POST-training time points, the participants performed a 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT; aerobic performance) and a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (6 × 15 + 15 m [with 180° change of direction] with 20-second passive recovery).ResultsA 2 × 3 mixed model analysis of variance revealed that both training interventions improved (p < 0.05) 30-15 IFT after 6 weeks (C-HIIT, 8.6% and ES = 2.01; N-HIIT, 3.3% and ES = 0.52). C-HIIT improved (p < 0.05) 30-15 IFT after 3 weeks (3.8%, ES = 0.90). Neither group improved (p > 0.05) in RSA results.ConclusionsC-HIIT and N-HIIT improves aerobic performance in female basketball players. However, for improvements in RSA, other training drills (e.g., repeated sprint training) and tasks with a higher number of changes of direction may be investigated.