ETHNICITY IN OAXACA DE JUAREZ. This paper looks at the level of non-Spanish spoken by migrants to the City of Oaxaca de Juarez, Mexico. Using data from a sample of households in the city we demonstrate that even though most household heads are migrants to the city, few speak a language other than Spanish. Nor do households participate in the types of “ethnic” or linguistically based organizations found in cities such as Los Angeles or Chicago. We conclude that when close to home identity is strongest with nation or home community. Social forces in the US cause migrants to shift their identity to a linguistic or ethnic group.

One of the primary goals of the 1996 federal welfare reform legislation was to reduce dependency on cash transfers and to promote self-sufficiency through employment in the paid labor force. This paper draws upon a qualitative study of 18 Iowa welfare recipients and tracks changes that occur over a three-year, post-reform period. Thick descriptions highlight the internal family dynamics of the choices made over time. The purposes of the study are twofold:first, to document changes in family composition, employment, housing, and program participation, and second, to report how recipients experience such changes. Findings reveal that the 11 families who left the cash benefit program were usually still dependent on Food Stamps, Medicaid, and other need-based programs to supplement family income. Income sources within families were often one or two low-wage jobs, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) payments. In addition, chronic health problems plagued most families still receiving cash benefits, and those cycling on and off cash benefits experienced frequent changes in employment and/or family composition.

This study investigated the effects of one rural high school's science course placement practices on Latino/a student success in science, as measured by performance in a required science course and enrollment in subsequent science courses. The high school involved in this study has experienced a rapid increase in language minority students and placed students considered to be “limited English proficient” into a science course intended for those with learning disabilities. The results indicate that track placement was inappropriate, as Latino/a students with demonstrated success on standardized tests written in English, and with high grade point averages, were placed in the lower-level science course. Students placed in the lower-level science course, regardless of academic ability, were unlikely to take subsequent courses required for college admission despite the fact that most had college aspirations. Conversely, low-achieving non-Latino/a White students were disproportionately placed in upper-level science classes, a track associated with greater success in science for all. Thus, despite this rural school's attempt to provide for the needs of all the students, the result in this case was decreased success in science for Latino/a students, regardless of their English fluency. Implications for inclusive rural science education are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 376–402, 2005

Personal financial management education has focused on recommended practices believed to ensure long-term financial security. Yet studies have found that few people actually implement such practices. This paper reports the study of seven family financial managers’ practices to better understand what families did and why. While these managers had a regular and systematic cashflow management process, the system was not what is generally recommended. The financial manager’s objectives are limited to the short-term, to pay the family’s bills on time, and to avoid overdrafts. Development of a practical system requires a paradigm shift built on the manager’s short-term perspective and definition of life satisfaction.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of variables related to the timing and sequencing of family and business development on the types of adjustment strategies that business and family managers use during hectic times. The purpose is accomplished through the analysis of a national sample of business-owning families in which the family manager had at least one child living in the household. Findings indicate that the stage of the business life cycle has a significant impact on reallocating family resources as an adjustment strategy. Additionally, family variables are most influential in the adjustment strategy of reallocating business resources. The findings underscore the importance of using variables from both the business and the family realms in attempting to understand the dynamics associated with family-owned businesses

Analyses of business owners from whom data were gathered in 1997 and 2000 are used to predict two family business phenomena: the continued involvement by the owner-manager in the business and the continuation of the business. The most important factor in continuity is the respondent's assessment of the business as a success; successful businesses continue or are sold or gifted when the owner-manager leaves the business. Ceasing to be involved in a business should not be viewed as a business or a managerial failure. Some changes may be failures, but others should be viewed as ordinary business or family developments.

In spite of different cultures, histories, and social-political backgrounds, in almost all countries in the world, the average incomes of men are considerably higher than the average incomes of women (Hakim 1996; Hatt 1997). Women in former socialist countries, such as countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR, had lower levels of income than men even though socialist ideology, legislation, and policies were designed to provide gender equality in income (Lobodzinska 1996; Putnam 1990). In Poland, over 40% of the entire labor force consisted of women, because of the full employment policy under socialism (Lobodzinska 1996). The average income of women was less than that of men, however, in spite of the egalitarian income policies (Reading 1992). Poland's Economic Transformation, begun in 1989, brought about striking changes in the market for labor, which may, in turn, affect the gender differential in earnings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting the income differences among employees and retirees in the early stages of the Economic Transformation in Poland. The purpose is accomplished by examining the effects of gender, human capital and family characteristics on current productive and retirement incomes among a probability sample of workers in the province of Lublin, Poland. The paper is divided into six part. In the first section, literature is reviewed on the relationship between gender and individual incomes. The impact of the Polish Transformation on the employment and the income of women is reviewed in the second section, followed by the conceptual framework guiding the research and the general hypotheses to be tested. The data and variables are presented in the next section, followed by findings and conclusions. GENDER AND INCOME Gender and Productive Income There can be little question that, in most developed countries of the world, there is a substantial gap between the earnings of men and those of women. For instance, the ratio of average female to average male earnings of Sweden in 1985 was 87.2%, which is the highest, and the ratio in Japan in 1985 was 48.9%, the lowest among the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Howes and Singh 1995). In the United States, for example, the median weekly earnings of females in full-time employment was 35% less than male median earnings in 1981. In 1995, the gap had decreased to 29% less (US Bureau of Labor Statistics 1982, 1996). Previous studies in the United States have indicated that the inequality of individual labor productivity (Corcoran and Duncan 1979), interruptions in labor market participation (Groot, Schippers, and Siegers 1990), or the differences in education and work experiences between genders (Goldin and Polachek 1987) are the primary causes of the gender-income gap. Such analyses assume that improvement in women's education, work experiences, and occupations would decrease the gender-wage gap (Blau and Kahn 1997). A study from India supports the idea that education is an important factor in determining the level of income (Swaminathan 1997). Rosholm and Smith (1996), however, argued that human capital, as assessed by education and work experience, does not fully explain the gender-wage gap among unskilled workers in Denmark, because the gap in human capital between men and women diminished in the 1980s, but the differential in income did not. Other studies have emphasized macroeconomic conditions, such as unemployment rate, job turnover rate, regulation of labor market (Howes and Singh 1995), and occupational segregation (Witkowski and Leicht 1995) as important determinants of the gender gap in earnings. Analyses of data from Central and Eastern European countries indicate similar patterns. Using national survey data from 1982, 1987, and 1991 to 1993, Krymkowski and Domanski (1997) investigated the effects of social background, educational attainment, and work experience on occupational prestige and earnings. …

Four gender/role categories are compared to ascertain the influence that gender and management roles and related characteristics have on adjustment strategies selected during hectic times in the family or the family business. The five adjustment strategies involve reallocation of family or business tasks, intertwining tasks, using volunteer help and hiring outside help. Data are from the 1997 National Family Business Study (n = 673). Findings from multiple regression analysis indicate that, with the exception of intertwining tasks, there are not significant differences between men and women on adjustment strategies when controlling for family and business demands and human resources. Single-role managers are more likely to reallocate family resources to the business than are two-role managers, regardless of gender.

This research is intended to ascertain factors related to intrusion of home-based work into the life of the family, and identify the relative impact of characteristics of the home-based worker, his or her family, and the business on intrusions. Logistic regression was used to examine three types of intrusions. Seeing clients at home more than once a week is almost exclusively a function of the characteristics of the work; receiving telephone calls daily and frequently sharing space are functions of the characteristics of the work and of the worker. Understanding the nature of intrusions can help advise families contemplating home-based work and help home-working families find a balance between family demands and work.

Financial management researchers have typically used a checklist of recommended practices to examine the practices of family financial managers. These studies have shown only a minority use the recommended practices but have offered no insight into what is done. Using in-depth, semi-structured interviews of seven different families, it can be suggested that managers do develop an orderly cash-flow management process. The process is systematic, formalized, done in a regular manner and on a regular basis but not that recommended. The process adopted achieves the manager's objectives of paying the family's bills on time and avoiding overdrafts. The findings suggest that educators focus on developing easy, convenient short-term practices and tools that also would improve the family's long-term financial position.

A time management strategy would reduce the time conflicts from competing time demands of family and business, and contribute to the quality of life of family members in family business. Data were collected on 259 families where one family member was both a household manager and business manager. Household time management strategies and business time management strategies were compared. The individual performing two roles used different time management strategies in household and in business, and they were more likely to use time management strategies in business than in the household. Multiple regression analyses suggested that time management strategy contributed to increased quality of life of dual managers.

Data from two semi‐structured interviews gathered approximately six months apart from seven women who were receiving cash welfare benefits at the time of the first interview and were not receiving benefits at the second interview were used to analyze the experiences of leaving welfare. Emergent themes about the post‐welfare experience are: (1) the low wages and lack of advancement opportunities in jobs, (2) confusion related to program administration, (3) the continued reliance on income support programs and kin, and (4) the banking of cash benefits under the five‐year time limit as a new safety net.

The Family Business Research Group (FBRG) attempts toexplore the relationships between family and business activities within familyfirms by using a household sampling frame (rather than the traditional businesssampling frame). The FBRG is a group of researchers located at 16 U.S. land grantuniversities and the University of Manitoba. The result of the FBRG's effortswas the 1997 National Family Business Survey (NFBS), which required 794households to complete one business and one household interview. The NFBS was designed to analyze the structure, communication patterns,decision-making processes and management strategies in family owned businesses,and included questions on marketing strategies, the customer base and localeconomic viability.This research builds on work previously completed for'At-Home Income Generation: Impact oon Management, Productivity, and Stabilityin Rural-Urban Families,' also called the 'Nine State Study.' The FBRG survey has spawned numerous analyses and studies--e.g., a 1999study that uses the 1997 NFBS data indicates that the average small communitybusiness respondent was 46 years old, white, male, and married.The 1997NFBS challenges conventional notions of family-owned businesses as static andlinear. (SAA)

The relationships among the recent changes in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the household, domain conditions (objective well‐being), and the household members' assessment of their situation (subjective well‐being) are assessed with data from 600 households in the province of Lublin, Poland. Four domains are included in the measures of recent change, domain conditions, and well‐being: housing, household equipment, food consumption, and transportation. As expected, domain conditions are a function of household constraints; well‐being is a function of domain conditions and recent change. Rural residents have significantly poorer domain conditions than urban residents, but report significantly higher levels of well‐being.

Data from 600 households in the province of Lublin, Poland, are used to assess the relationships among self-rated household health, change in health status, sociodemographic characteristics, food purchasing behavior changes, and health care seeking behaviors. High ratings of health are enjoyed by rural families headed by comparatively young individuals with high education. Average household health is also a function of household changes in food purchasing behavior over the past 5 years and per capita consumption of starch-based foods. Families consuming greater proportions of bread and potatoes and purchasing foods of reduced quality, quantity, and price experience lower average levels of subjective physical health than other families. Reduction or postponement of medical or dental care over the past 5 years did not affect health status in this model.