Objective To describe the development of neurologic signs progressing to seizures in 2 dogs and 1 cat with unoperated single congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSSs) after general anesthesia for non-shunt-related surgery and no intraoperative shunt manipulation. Animals 2 dogs (dog 1 [a 5-year-old 7.1-kg castrated male Bichon Frise] and dog 2 [a 10-year-old 7.3-kg castrated male Bichon Frise]) and 1 cat (cat 1 [a 2-year-old 3.8-kg castrated male Ragdoll]). Clinical Presentation Medical records from the University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital and Royal Veterinary College Queen Mother Animal Hospital were searched for dogs and cats with unoperated CPSSs that developed neurologic signs progressing to seizures after general anesthesia for non-shunt-related surgery between January 1, 2015, and June 31, 2024. Results 3 animals were identified. Dogs 1and 2 both underwent cholecystectomy, whereas cat 1 underwent jejunal enterec-tomy. None had known preoperative seizures, although both dogs had experienced prolonged anesthetic recovery after previous surgery and the cat had a 3-day history of ataxia, walking into walls, and generalized weakness. All 3 animals developed severe neurologic signs including seizures within 48 hours postoperatively. Both dogs were euthanized before hospital discharge: dog 1 for suspected aspiration pneumonia coupled with severe neurologic signs and dog 2 for refractory neurologic signs. Cat 1 survived to hospital discharge and underwent 2 subsequent CPSS attenuation surgeries. Clinical Relevance Postanesthetic neurologic signs can occur in animals with CPSSs without intraoperative shunt manipulation. This possible complication should be discussed with owners of animals with unoperated CPSSs that require general anesthesia for non-shunt-related surgery.

OBJECTIVE:To report 30-day survival of cats that experienced postattenuation neurologic signs (PANS) after surgical attenuation of a single congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS), and to investigate prognostic factors for short-term survival. STUDY DESIGN:Multi-institutional retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION:A total of 59 cats with cPSS that experienced PANS. METHODS:The medical records of 10 institutions were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats that underwent cPSS attenuation from January 1, 2010 through June 30, 2023 and developed PANS within 7 days postoperatively. Exclusion criteria were cats with arteriovenous malformation and cats lost-to-follow-up prior to 30 days. Logistic regression identified factors associated with 30-day survival. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS:A total of 46 (78.0%) PANS-affected cats survived to 30 days. A total of 13 (50.0%) of 26 cats that experienced postattenuation seizures (PAS) survived to 30 days, with most non-surviving cats experiencing generalized PAS. Cats that experienced PAS (p < .01, OR: 0.015, 95% CI: <0.001-0.281) and treatment of PANS with propofol (p < .01, OR: 0.112, 95% CI: 0.022-0.569) were associated with decreased odds of 30-day survival. CONCLUSION:Most cats that experienced PANS survived to 30 days; however, short-term survival rate was worse for cats that experienced PAS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:The prognosis for cats that experience PANS is generally good but experiencing PAS and requiring treatment with propofol are negative prognostic factors.

A 3-month-old, male, entire, domestic shorthair kitten underwent investigations for stranguria and haematuria, and was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection secondary to a suspected extramural vesicourachal diverticulum. Lower urinary tract signs resolved with a 14-day course of amoxicillin clavulanate. Three months later, the kitten re-presented for investigation of acute onset ventral abdominal discomfort and bruising. On presentation, clinical examination revealed omphalitis and subcutaneous bruising, with no evidence of an umbilical stoma. Ultrasonography demonstrated a patent urachus communicating with the subcutaneous tissue space, resulting in accumulation of urine at the level of the umbilicus. A ventral midline coeliotomy was performed to allow resection of the urachal remnant, including a partial cystectomy. The cat was urinating normally within 10 hours postoperatively, and the wound healed without complication. No postoperative complications or recurrent lower urinary tract signs were reported at follow-up (312 days).

ObjectiveTo describe a case of concurrent septic pyothorax, peritonitis, and cholecystitis due to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a dog.Case SummaryA 10-year-old neutered male, medium-sized, mixed-breed dog presented with an acute abdomen. Initial investigations found the presence of a septic pyothorax, septic peritonitis, and bacterial cholecystitis. Exploratory celiotomy did not identify the source of infection, and no macroscopic communication between pleural and peritoneal space was detected. An abdominal Jackson-Pratt drain and bilateral small-bore thoracostomy tubes were placed for further management, with the dog receiving antimicrobial therapy and intensive supportive care. Subsequently, microbiological cultures confirmed scant growth of S. pseudintermedius in bile, pleural, and peritoneal fluid. The dog was discharged after 1 week of hospitalization. Antimicrobial therapy was discontinued 4 weeks after discharge due to an improvement of clinical signs and normalization of C-reactive protein concentration. A diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made 6 weeks after discharge, and appropriate therapy was initiated.New or Unique Information ProvidedSeptic peritonitis and septic pyothorax are both common life-threatening conditions in veterinary medicine. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing septic bicavitary effusion associated with a biliary staphylococcal infection in a dog. The exact mechanism by which the infection spread remains unclear, but hematogenous or lymphatic routes are considered the most probable. However, the presence of microscopic diaphragmatic defects and an anicteric gallbladder rupture cannot completely be excluded. The concurrent hyperadrenocorticism may have also contributed to an immunocompromised state, predisposing the dog to the development of infection.

OBJECTIVE To describe and evaluate the use of preoperative percutaneous ultrasound-guided anchor wire placement to aid intraoperative localization of superficial foreign bodies and abscesses in dogs. ANIMALS 11 dogs. CLINICAL PRESENTATION In a retrospective observational study, the medical records of dogs that underwent surgical exploration of superficial abscesses, guided by anchor wire, between 2018 and 2023 were reviewed for clinical and histopathological findings and complications. Owners or veterinarians were contacted to collect long-term follow-up information. RESULTS 11 dogs were included. Superficial swelling was the most common clinical presentation. Computed tomography and ultrasound revealed an abscess cavity and suspected foreign body in 9 dogs and an abscess cavity without evidence of a foreign body in 2 dogs. Anchor wires were placed in close proximity to the foreign body or inside the abscess. All documented foreign bodies were successfully located and retrieved. Two dogs suffered minor postoperative complications. No major intra- or postoperative complications were documented. One dog displayed recurrence of clinical signs, but no further surgical management was required. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preoperative percutaneous placement of an anchor wire via ultrasound guidance was successful in aiding intraoperative localization of nonpalpable abscesses and retrieval of foreign bodies. This technique may decrease surgical time, minimize the surgical approach required, and increase the likelihood of successful localization.

A 2-year-old, female, entire, German shepherd dog presented for investigation of non-weight-bearing right hindlimb lameness following a suspected road traffic accident 1 day prior. Orthopaedic examination confirmed right lateral patellar luxation. Stifle radiographs revealed normal patella positioning with stifle joint effusion and periarticular soft tissue swelling. A surgical approach to the stifle was performed via a craniomedial parapatellar incision. A 10 cm proximodistal tear was present in the medial retinacular muscular fascia, vastus medialis, medial parapatellar fibrocartilage and joint capsule. The soft tissues were meticulously reconstructed using absorbable monofilament sutures. Surgical repair of the traumatised medial soft tissues allowed for complete resolution of the traumatic lateral patellar luxation. Moderate right hindlimb lameness persisted immediately postoperatively and improved to only a mild lameness before discharge (4 days postoperatively). The dog returned to normal exercise, with no lameness or postoperative complications reported at short- or long-term follow-up (42 and 424 days, respectively).

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to develop guidelines for the optimal location of drill entry and exit points for insertion of a transcondylar screw across the feline humeral condyle. METHODS:Multiplanar reconstruction of feline elbow CT scans performed between 2016 and 2021 at one referral institution were reviewed. The optimum medial and lateral epicondylar entry and exit points for transcondylar screw placement were determined. These values were normalised to the humeral condylar diameter (HCD) for each elbow to determine the transcondylar screw placement guidelines. These guidelines were applied to each elbow and tolerance angles were determined in the transverse and frontal plane CT images to determine the safe corridor for screw placement. RESULTS:Twenty elbows from 12 cats were evaluated in this study. The guidelines for transcondylar screw placement were as follows: the medial entry/exit point was 0.38 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the medial epicondyle, and the lateral entry/exit point was 0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the lateral epicondyle. Tolerance angles were statistically significantly (P <0.05) larger in both frontal (34.5% larger) and transverse (21.1% larger) planes when drilled from a lateral to medial direction compared with drilling from a medial to lateral direction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:The guidelines determined from this study may aid clinicians in the placement of humeral transcondylar screws in cats. Where possible, drilling from a lateral to medial direction is recommended owing to the higher tolerance angles reducing the likelihood of articular surface damage. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these guidelines are clinically useful and result in the safe insertion of a transcondylar screw in the clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the clinical presentation, treatments, and long-term outcomes following cholecystectomy in cats.STUDY DESIGN:Clinical retrospective study.ANIMALS:Twenty-three client-owned cats.METHODS:Medical records of all cats undergoing cholecystectomy between 2005 and 2021 at a single referral hospital were retrospectively reviewed. No cats were excluded. An owner questionnaire assessed long-term outcomes.RESULTS:Vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal pain were the most common clinical signs; median duration of signs was 4 days (range 1-21). Cholelithiasis was the major indication for cholecystectomy followed by cholecystitis. Intraoperative hypotension and postoperative anemia were commonly encountered. Nine cats required a postoperative blood product transfusion. Cardiopulmonary arrest and death occurred in five cats. Eighteen cats (78.3%) survived to discharge. Long-term follow up (>60 days) was available for 16 cats at a median of 1003 days (range 81-4995). Fifteen cats survived over 6 months with eight cats (44.4%) surviving over 3 years. The most common short-term and long-term postoperative complication was vomiting. Owners assessed postoperative outcome as excellent in all cats and quality of life as excellent or good.CONCLUSION:The most common indication for cholecystectomy was cholelithiasis. Perioperative complications were commonly encountered. Perioperative mortality rate was 21.7%. Long-term owner evaluation of clinical outcome was considered excellent.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Cats undergoing cholecystectomy for non-neoplastic causes can have a favorable prognosis for recovery and quality of life. Concurrent extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction is not a contraindication for cholecystectomy provided that patency of the common bile duct is restored.

Historically, omentalisation and serosal patching have been used to augment gastrointestinal wall defects or incisions where gastrointestinal viability is of concern. This report describes the novel use of a transversus abdominis muscle on-lay flap to augment and provide support to compromised intestine in three cases. The muscle flap was used to support: the ileum following reduction of an intussusception in a dog (case 1), the gastric wall following gastric strangulation, dilation and volvulus in a diaphragmatic rupture in a cat (case 2) and the jejunum following enterotomy and full-thickness ulcer resection with primary repair in a dog (case 3). All animals were discharged within 4 days postoperatively with no short- or long-term complications reported by either the referring veterinary surgeons on routine postoperative examination or on telephone follow-up with the owners (case 1: 10 months, case 2: 30 months, case 3: 6 weeks). The creation of a flap of the transversus abdominis muscle may provide a useful alternative or adjunct to previously described techniques for supporting the gastrointestinal tract when gastrointestinal tissue viability is questionable or resection is not feasible. Further prospective clinical evaluation studies would be indicated to determine whether the muscle flap remains viable or compare whether this technique should be recommended over conventional methods.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of complications during bone marrow sampling and associated patient and procedural factors in dogs and cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study, records were evaluated to identify dogs and cats that had bone marrow sampling between 2012 and 2019. Data including signalment, the presence of specific clinicopathological findings, anatomical site of bone marrow sampling, number of attempts, diagnostic quality of sampling, analgesia protocol and complications postprocedure were recorded. RESULTS A total of 131 dogs and 29 cats were included in the study. Complications were recorded in 22 of 160 (14%) of cases. Pain was the most common complication of bone marrow sampling in 20 of 22 (91%) of cases with bruising reported in the remaining patients. A local anaesthetic block was used in 98 of 160 (61%) of patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Excluding pain, complications associated with bone marrow sampling were rare and no clear association were detected between patient or procedural variables. Haemorrhage and infection are rare complications in dogs and cats when thrombocytopenia and neutropenia are present. Peri-procedure analgesia is strongly recommended to minimise complications.

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Retrocaval ureters form due to a congenital malformation of the caudal vena cava. This anomaly has been reported in cats and is usually incidental. Retrocaval ureters are rare in dogs, but have been associated with ureteral obstruction. When presented with a dog with hydroureter and hydronephrosis, an obstructed retrocaval ureter should be considered as a rare differential. This case report describes a left retrocaval ureter causing ureterohydronephrosis diagnosed by CT.

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A dog presented following a suspected dog bite with a large area of necrotic skin centred over the caudo-dorsal lumbar area extending laterally to the left and right thigh and to the level of the vulva on the right side. This case report describes the successful use of a lateral caudal axial pattern flap (APF) used simultaneously with a caudal superficial epigastric APF to provide complete closure of the wound. Skin flap survival was 100% with no reported complications.